chapter 22 baroque art
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CHAPTER 22: BAROQUE ARTAP Art History
Magister Ricard
What is Baroque?
Art produced from the end of the 16th to early 18th centuries
Stresses emotional, rather than intellectual responses; likes drama Grew out of the tug-of-war between Protestant
Reformation (Northern Europe) and Counter Reformation (Italy)
Artists tried to persuade to the faithful through dramatic works
Used by “absolute” rulers (popes and kings) to overwhelm and awe
Culture of Baroque Era
Wealthy middle class continues to pursue strong patronage of arts
Buildings, painting, sculpture continue to be adapted Still lifes and genre paintings (everyday life) emerge
Science begins to challenge religion, Earth is not center of the universe
Workshops begin to churn out copies of popular themes
Value on the original work is a modern notion
Baroque Art
Italy
Bernini
A child prodigy who the pope demanded an audience of
Deemed the “Michelangelo” of his generation
His David is hailed as the first Baroque sculpture – it depicts a dramatic moment and involves the audience (many ducked when seeing the statue for the first time)
Bernini and St. Peter’s
The façade was completed in 1626 by Carlo Maderno Used both Renaissance (Michelangelo’s dome) and
Baroque (Maderno’s façade) styles Bernini is named architect of St. Peter’s
Oversees many projects for next 51 years Baldachino was the first project – directly under
Michelangelo’s dome and the tomb of St. Peter Rumored to have been heavily worked by
Borromini Four bronze spiral columns recall Temple of
Solomon, are 95’ high – bronze stripped from the Pantheon
Bernini and St. Peters
Bernini also was responsible for the courtyard extending in front of the basilica
From Bramante’s original central plan design to the extensions made by Maderno, Bernini unified these artistic styles
Two curved porticoes extended like the “motherly arms of the Church”
Borromini
A rival of Bernini’s, regarded himself as an architect (and not Bernini)
Regarded buildings as exercises of geometry Unlike Brunelleschi and Alberti, who built flat
symmetrical walls, used undulating walls to create motion
Façade used a mixture of concave and convex bays
Creates dramatic use of light and shadow Oval-shaped dome uses different coffers which
decrease as they reach the apex
Caravaggio
Recast biblical scenes or themes in new light
Used naturalism but instead did not idealize the narratives
Accentuates the “sinner” or the lower classes in his works
Strong use of light with deep pockets of shadow - tenebrism
Strong personality, thrived in Roman underground scene – nec spe nec metu
Baroque Art
The Habsburg Lands
The Habsburgs
Charles V abdicates Holy Roman Empire throne in 1556 The Western portion (Spain, American colonies,
Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples and Sicily) go to his son Phillip II
The Eastern portion (Germany and Austria) go to his brother Ferdinand
Even as Spain’s gold imports lessen from New World, and eventual bankruptcy in 1692, this is known as Golden Age of Spain
The artwork tends to support heavily the Catholic Church and the Habsburgs liked the use of strong dramatic effect and lighting
Baroque Art
Flanders and the Netherlands
Peter Paul Rubens
(1577-1640) Born in Germany, trained in Antwerp and studied in Rome
Influenced by Michelangelo and Caravaggio Became synonymous with Flemish Baroque Combined portraiture and historical narrative for
a cycle of 21 paintings dedicated to Marie de’Medici
Unified the styles of northern and southern Europe
Upon his return to Antwerp, built a house with a large studio that allowed his workshop to crank out works
The Golden Age of Dutch Art The Dutch Republic was based on
commerce and trade; merchant class held power, wealth
No royal court and officials and lacking Catholic church commissions, artists turned to merchant class for work
Portraiture rose in popularity as did works showing their possessions and land Still lifes, landscapes, genre scenes and
portraits
Rembrandt
Based in Amsterdam (1606-1669), the financial center of Europe
Became cities most-renowned portrait artist
Was well-established in creating group portraiture (“The Night Watch)
Held a range of interests, also was a master of etching and used drypoint technique later
Jan Vermeer
Not much is known about his life, but he is considered one of the Dutch masters
Typical paintings have light coming from source on left side, uses yellows and blues, subjects tended to be women
Believed to have used the camera obscura, an instrument that created an image through a hole set inside a dark box
Baroque Art
France
The Rise of France
France really shifted the center of European art and culture away from Italy Italy began to dominate art in the 1300’s with
the return to the classics When Louis XIV took over in France in
1661, everything changed He reigned for 54 years, established
France as the leading superpower From 1661-1789 French art took
prominence
The “Sun King”
Louis XIV (1661-1715) defined his era All life “revolved” around him, he
envisioned himself as Apollo Oversaw the construction of Versailles –
palace and gardens were unfortified Style emphasized glory; lavish and
luxurious At 63, most famous portrait not just for
the opulence of his position, but also the vanity of his legs!
Baroque Art
England
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