chapter 30 how animals move
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BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
CHAPTER 30How Animals Move
Modules 30.2 – 30.6
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• Three major functions
– Support
– Movement
– Protection of internal organs
30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection
SKELETAL SUPPORT
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• Three main types of skeletons
– Hydrostatic skeleton
– Exoskeleton
– Endoskeleton
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• Hydrostatic skeleton
– fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
– cushions organs from shock
– Provides body shape
– Provides support for muscle action
– Earthworms, hydras, and jellies have hydrostatic skeletons
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• The hydrostatic skeleton of a hydra
Figure 30.2A
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• Exoskeleton
– Rigid external skeleton
– hard or leathery
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– The shells of mollusks
– The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of chitin
Figure 30.2B, C
Shell (exoskeleton)
Mantle
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• Endoskeleton
– Most echinoderms, including sea stars and sea urchins, have an endoskeleton of hard plates beneath their skin
Figure 30.2D
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– Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage or combo of cartilage and bone
Figure 30.2E
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Figure 30.3A
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• Bones - several kinds of living tissues
– fibrous connective tissue covers bones
– Cartilage at the end of bones cushions joints
• Bone tissues – surrounded by blood vessels and nerves
30.5 Bones are complex living organs
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• A human humerus
Figure 30.5
Cartilage
Spongybone(contains redbone marrow)
Compact bone
Central cavity
Yellowbone marrow
Fibrousconnectivetissue
Bloodvessels
Cartilage
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• Muscles pull on bones
• Tendons: muscles to bone
30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement
MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND MOVEMENT
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Figure 30.7
Biceps contracted,triceps relaxed(extended)
Triceps
Tendon
Biceps
Triceps
Tricepscontracted,biceps relaxed
Biceps
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• Muscles perform work only when contracting
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• Skeletal muscle - voluntary body movements
• Cardiac muscle pumps blood
• Smooth muscle - lines walls of internal organs ex. stomach
20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement
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Figure 20.6
Unit ofmusclecontraction
A. SKELETAL MUSCLE
Musclefiber
Nucleus
B. CARDIAC MUSCLE
Musclefiber
Nucleus
Junction betweentwo cells
C. SMOOTH MUSCLE
Muscle fiberNucleus
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Figure 30.8
Skeletal muscle
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30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments
Figure 30.9A
Sarcomere
Dark band
Relaxedmuscle
Z Z
Contractingmuscle
Fully contractedmuscle
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Figure 30.9B
ATP binds to myosin head, which is releasedfrom an actin filament.
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head.
The myosin head attaches to an actin bindingsite.
The power stroke slides the actin (thin)filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament(actin)
Myosinhead
Z line
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• Motor neurons carry AP that initiate muscle contraction
• A motor unit consists of a neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
• Strength of muscle contraction depends on number of motor units activated
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction
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Spinal cord
Motorunit 1
Motorunit 2
Nerve
Motor neuroncell body
Motor neuronaxon
Neuromuscularjunctions
Muscle
Tendon
Bone
Muscle fibers(cells)
Nuclei
Figure 30.10A
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• neuromuscular junctions
– A neuron releases neurotransmitter acetycholine
– Acetycholine triggers AP in muscle fiber
– Calcium released from ER
– Calcium initiates muscle contraction
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Figure 30.10B
Motor neuronaxon
Action potential Mitochondrion
Tubule
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Myofibril
Plasma membrane
Sarcomere
Ca2+ releasedfrom ER
BIOLOGYCONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
CHAPTER 25Control of the Internal
Environment
Modules 25.1 – 25.4
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Figure 29.3A
Heat Lighttouch
Pain Cold (Hair) Lighttouch
Epidermis
Dermis
Nerve Touch Strongpressure
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• Pain receptors
– Sense dangerous stimuli
• Thermoreceptors
– Detect heat or cold
• Mechanoreceptors
– Respond to mechanical energy (touch, pressure, and sound)
29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli
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• Bears don’t technically hibernate
– They do enter a dormant state, when their body temperature drops by several degrees
– Endotherms:
– derive most of their body heat from metabolism
– Ectothermic- warm themselves mainly by absorbing heat from their surroundings
Body Temperature
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– Thermoregulation maintains body temperature within a tolerable range
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• Body temperature regulation requires adjustment to heat gained from or lost to an animal’s environment
25.1 Heat is gained or lost in four ways
THERMOREGULATION
Figure 25.1
Convection Radiation
Evaporation
Conduction
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• Blood flow to the skin affects heat loss
Figure 25.2B
Top view of shark
Blood vesselsof gills
Heart
Artery and veinunder the skin Dorsal aorta
Capillary networkwithin muscle
Skin
Artery
Vein
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Too hot /too cold
• When body temp goes up:
- blood vessels widen (release heat – looks flushed)
- sweat glands – sweat evaporates heat
• When body temp goes down:
- blood vessels constrict
- shivering
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• Basking in the sun
• Sitting in the shade
• Bathing
• Burrowing or huddling
• Migrating
25.3 Behavior often affects body temperature
Figure 25.3
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• reduced activity and lowered metabolic rate
– Hibernation in cold weather
25.4 Reducing the metabolic rate saves energy
Figure 25.4
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