chapter 4 dimensioning - 2010

Chapter 4:Dimensioning

Basic TopicsAdvanced Topics

Exercises

Dimensioning: Basic TopicsSummary4-1) Detailed Drawings4-2) Learning to Dimension4-3) Dimension Appearance and Techniques.4-4)

Dimensioning and Locating Simple Features.

4-6) Dimension Choice.

Dimensioning: Advanced Topics4-5)

Dimensioning and Locating Advanced Features.

Dimensioning: ExercisesExercise 4-1: Dimension typeExercise 4-2: Spacing and readability 1Exercise 4-3: Spacing and readability 2Exercise 4-4: Duplicate dimensionsExercise 4-5: Dimension placementExercise 4-6: Circular and rectangular viewsExercise 4-7: Dimensioning and locating featuresExercise 4-8: Advanced featuresExercise 4-9: Dimension accuracyExercise 4-10: Round off

Dimensioning: ExercisesExercise 4-11: Dimension choiceExercise 4-14: Dimensioning 1Exercise 4-15: Dimensioning 2Exercise 4-16: Dimensioning 3Exercise 4-17: Dimensioning 4

Dimensioning

Summary

Dimensioning Summary What will we learn in Chapter 4?

→ How to dimension an orthographic projection using proper dimensioning techniques.

Key points → Dimensions affect how a part is

manufactured.

Dimensioning

4-1) Detailed Drawings

Detailed Drawings Orthographic Projection: A shape

description of an object (front, top, right side views).

Detailed Drawing: An orthographic projection, complete with all the dimensions and specifications needed to manufacture the object.

Detailed Drawing Example

Detailed Drawings Should we dimension an object using the

dimensions that we used to draw the object?No

These are not necessarily the same dimensions required to manufacture it.

We need to follow accepted standards. (ASME Y14.5 – 1994)

Dimensioning

4-2) Learning To Dimension

Learning to Dimension What is our goal when dimensioning a

part?→ Basically, dimensions should be given in a

clear and concise manner and should include everything needed to manufacture and inspect the part exactly as intended by the designer.

Learning to Dimension Proper dimensioning techniques

require the knowledge of the following three areas. → Dimension Appearance/Technique → Dimensioning and Locating Features→ Dimension Choice

Dimensioning

4-3) Dimension Appearance and Techniques

Learning to Dimension Dimension Appearance/Technique:

Dimensions use special lines, arrows, symbols and text.

a) The lines used in dimensioning.b) Types of dimensions.c) Dimension symbols.d) Dimension spacing and readability. e) Dimension placement.

Lines used in Dimensioning Dimensioning requires the use of

→ Dimension lines→ Extension lines→ Leader lines

All three line types are drawn thin so that they will not be confused with visible lines.

Dimension Line Dimension line: A line terminated by

arrowheads, which indicates the direction and extent of a dimension.

Dimension Line Dimension line: Ideally, the dimension

line is broken to allow for the insertion of the feature’s size.

Extension Line Extension line: An extension line is a

thin solid line that extends from a point on the drawing to which the dimension refers.

Long extension lines should be avoided.

Leader Line Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid

line leading to a note or dimension value.

Leader Line Leaders may be terminated:

→ with an arrow, if it ends on the outline of an object.

Leader Line Leaders may be terminated:

→ with a dot or nothing if it ends within the outline of an object.

Leader Line Avoid!

→ Crossing leaders.→ Long leaders.→ Leaders that are parallel to adjacent

dimension, extension or section lines.→ Small angles between the leader and the

terminating surface.

Arrowheads Arrowheads are drawn between the

extension lines if possible. If space is limited, they may be drawn on the outside.

Types of Dimensions Dimensions are given in the form of

linear distances, angles, and notes.

→ Linear distances: They are usually arranged horizontally or vertically, but may also be aligned with a particular feature of the part.

→ Angles: Used to give the angle between two surfaces or features of a part.

→ Notes: Used to dimension diameters, radii, chamfers, threads, and other features that can not be dimensioned by the other two methods.

Exercise 4-1

Dimension types

Exercise 4-1 Count the different types of dimensions.

→ How many linear horizontal dimensions are there? 5

→ How many linear vertical dimensions are there? 3

→ How many angular dimensions are there? 1

→ How many leader line notes are there? 1

Lettering Lettering should be legible, easy to

read, and uniform throughout the drawing. → Upper case letters should be used for all

lettering unless a lower case is required. → The minimum lettering height is 0.12 in (3

Dimensioning Symbols Dimensioning symbols replace text.

→ The goal of using dimensioning symbols is to eliminate the need for language translation.

Why is it important to use symbols.→ How many products are designed in the

United States?→ How many products are manufactured or

assembled in the United States?

Dimensioning SymbolsTerm SymbolDiameter nSpherical diameter SnRadius RSpherical radius SRReference dimension (8)Counterbore / Spotface vCountersink wNumber of times or places 4X

Dimensioning SymbolsTerm SymbolDepth / Deep xDimension not to scale 10 Square (Shape) oArc lengthConical Taper y

Slope z

Symmetry i

Spacing and Readability Dimensions should be easy to read,

and minimize the possibility for conflicting interpretations.

Spacing and Readabilitya) The spacing between dimension lines

should be uniform throughout the drawing.

b) Do not dimension inside an object or have the dimension line touch the object unless clearness is gained.

Spacing and Readabilityc) Dimension text should be horizontal

which means that it is read from the bottom of the drawing.

d) Dimension text should not cross dimension, extension or visible lines.

Exercise 4-2

Spacing and Readability 1

Exercise 4-2 List the dimensioning mistakes and then

dimension the object correctly.

What are the 5 types of dimensioning mistakes?

1) Spacing

5) Missing dim. (n of hole)

3) Text

4) No Gap

2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

Correctly Dimensioned

Spacing and Readabilitye) Dimension lines should not cross

extension lines or other dimension lines.→ Extension lines can cross other extension

lines or visible lines.

f) Extension lines and centerlines should not connect between views.

Spacing and Readabilityg) Leader lines should be straight, not

curved, and point to the center of the arc or circle at an angle between 30o – 60o.

Exercise 4-3

Spacing and Readability 2

3) Text

2) Center line

4) Crossing dim. and ext. line

1) Leader line

Spacing and Readabilityh) Dimensions should not be duplicated or

the same information given in two different ways. → If a reference dimension is used, the size

value is placed within parentheses (e.g. (10) ).

Exercise 4-4

Duplicate dimensions

Exercise 4-4 Find the

duplicate dimensions and cross out the ones that you feel should be omitted.

Are there any duplicatesin this group?Which one shouldbe omitted?

Are there any duplicatesin this group?

Which onesshouldbe omitted?

Are there any duplicatesin this group?Which one shouldbe omitted?

Dimension Placement Dimensions should be placed in such a

way as to enhance the communication of your design.

Dimension Placementa) Dimensions should be grouped

whenever possible.

b) Dimensions should be placed between views, unless clearness is promoted by placing some outside.

Dimension Placementc) Dimensions should be attached to the

view where the shape is shown best.

d) Do not dimension hidden lines.

Exercise 4-5

Dimension placement

Exercise 4-5 List the

dimensioning mistakes and then dimension the object correctly.

1) Between views

2) Leaders float up

3) Don’t dim. Hidden lines

4) Dim where feature is shown best

6) Long ext. line

5) Group

Dimensioning

4-4) Dimensioning and Locating Simple Features

Learning to Dimension Dimensioning and Locating Features:

Different types of features require unique methods of dimensioning.

Dimensioning Featuresa) A circle is dimensioned by its diameter

and an arc by its radius using a leader line and a note.

Exercise 4-6

Circular and rectangular views

Exercise 4-6 Answer questions

about the cylindrical and hole features of the part shown.

Find the hole and cylinder.

Which view is considered the circular view and which is considered the rectangular view?

Circular view

Rectangular view

Looking at just the top view, can you tell the difference between the hole and the cylinder?

So that the cylinder is not confused with a hole.

Why is the diameter of the hole given in the circular view and diameter of the cylinder given in the rectangular view?

Dimensioning Featuresb) Holes are

dimensioned by giving their diameter and location in the circular view.

Dimensioning Featuresc) A cylinder is

dimensioned by giving its diameter and length in the rectangular view, and is located in the circular view.

Dimensioning Featuresd) The depth of a blind hole may be

specified in a note and is the depth of the full diameter from the surface of the object.

Dimensioning Featurese) If a hole goes completely through the

feature and it is not clearly shown on the drawing, the abbreviation “THRU” follows the dimension.

Dimensioning Featuresf) If a dimension is given to the center of a

radius, a small cross is drawn at the center.

Dimensioning Featuresf) Where the center location of the radius is

unimportant, the drawing must clearly show that the arc location is controlled by other dimensioned features such as tangent surfaces.

Dimensioning Featuresg) A complete sphere is dimensioned by its

diameter and an incomplete sphere by its radius.

Dimensioning Featuresh) Repetitive features or dimensions may

be specified by using the symbol “X” along with the number of times the feature is repeated. → There is no space between the number of

times the feature is repeated and the “X” symbol, however, there is a space between the symbol “X” and the dimension.

Exercise 4-7

Dimensioning and locating features

Exercise 4-7 Dimension the object shown.

How do we dimension the hole diameters?

How do we locate the holes?

How do we dimension the cylinder diameters?

How do we dimension the cylinder heights?

Completely dimensioned.

Dimensioning

4-5) Dimensioning and Locating Advanced Features

Skip advanced topic

Dimensioning Featuresa) If space is at

a minimum, the size and location of a radii may be given by using a false center and jogged dimensions.

Dimensioning Featuresb) Solid parts with rounded ends

® Give the overall dimension. ® Partially rounded ends: radii are also given.® Fully rounded ends: radii are indicated but

the value is not given.®

Dimensioning Featuresc) Slots

® Overall dimension, or dimension between centers.

® Overall width. ® The radii are

indicated but the value is not given.

Dimensioning Featuresd) The length of an arc is dimensioned

using the arc length symbol.

Dimensioning Featurese) Equally spaced features

# of spaces

Space dim

Total distance

Reference

Dimensioning Featurese) Equally spaced features

Dimensioning Featuresf) If a part is symmetric, it is only necessary

to dimension to one side of the center line of symmetry.

Dimensioning Featuresg) Counterbored holes

Drill DIA

C’Bore DIA

C’Bore depth

Dimensioning Featuresg) If the thickness of the material below the

counterbore is significant, this thickness rather than the counterbore depth is given.

Application Question 4-1 What do you think a counterbored hole is

used for?

Dimensioning Featuresh) Spotfaced Holes: The difference between

a C’BORE and a Spotface is that the machining operation occurs on a curved surface.

Notice that the depth can not be specified in the note.

Dimensioning Featuresi) Countersunk Holes

Drill DIA

Drill Depth

C’Sink DIA

C’Sink angle

Application Question 4-2 What do you think a countersunk hole is

used for?

Dimensioning Featuresj) Chamfers: Dimensioned by a linear

dimension and an angle, or by two linear dimensions.

Dimensioning Featuresj) Chamfers: Dimensioned by a linear

dimension and an angle, or by two linear dimensions.

Application Question 4-3 What do you think a chamfer is used for?

Safety.

Improve engagement of mating parts.

Drawing Notes Drawing notes give additional

information that is used to complement conventional dimension. → manufacturing requirements → treatments and finishes → blanket dimensions (e.g. size of all rounds

and fillets on a casting or a blanket tolerance).

The note area is identified with the heading “NOTE:”.

Exercise 4-8

Advanced features

Exercise 4-8 List the

dimensioning mistakes and then dimension the object correctly.

1) Use symbols

2) Spaces 3) Angle up5) Radius

7) Locate radius center

6) Don’t dim. hidden features

4) Dim. where features is shown best

Dimensioning

4-6) Dimension Choice

Learning to Dimension Dimension Choice: Your choice of

dimensions will directly influence the method used to manufacture the part.

a) Units and decimal places. b) Locating feature using datums. c) Dimension accuracy and error build up.

Dimension Choice Dimension placement and dimension

text influences the manufacturing process used to make the part. → Manufacturing process should not be

specifically stated on the drawing.

Choose dimensions based on function first then manufacturing.

Units and Decimal Placesa) Decimal dimensions should be used for

all machining dimensions. → You may encounter a drawing that specifies

standard drills, broaches, and the like by size.

→ For drill sizes that are given by number or letter, a decimal size should also be given.

Units and Decimal Placesb) On drawings where all the dimensions

are either in inches or millimeters the following note should be used.

® UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MILLIMETERS (or INCHES)

Units and Decimal Placesb) If an inch dimension is given on a

millimeter drawing or visa versa, the abbreviations IN or mm should be placed after the dimension value.

Units and Decimal Placesc) Metric dimensions are given in ‘mm’ and

to 0 or 1 decimal place (e.g. 10, 10.2). → When the dimension is less than a

millimeter, a zero should proceed the decimal point (e.g. 0.5).

Units and Decimal Placesd) English dimensions are given in ‘inches’

and to 2 decimal places (e.g. 1.25). → A zero is not shown before the decimal point

for values less than one inch (e.g. .75).

Units and Decimal Placese) Metric 3rd angle drawings are

designated by the SI symbol.

Locating Features Using Datums Consider three mutually perpendicular

datum planes. → These planes are imaginary and

theoretically exact.

Locating Features Using Datums Now, consider a part that touches all

three datum planes. → The surfaces of the part that touch the

datum planes are called datum features.

Locating Features Using Datums Most of the time, features on a part are

located with respect to a datum feature.

Locating Features Using Datums

Locating Features Using Datums How do we choose which surface will

be a datum feature?

Good datum features are: → functionally important surfaces → mating surfaces → big enough to permit its use in

manufacturing the part

Locating Features Using Datums In a class setting, do we always know the

function of the part?

We need to make an educated guess as to the function of the part.

Locating Features Using Datumsa) Datum dimensioning is preferred over

continuous dimensioning.

Locating Features Using Datumsb) Dimensions should be given between

points or surfaces that have a functional relation to each other → Slots, mating hole patterns, etc...

Application Question 4-4 Why is the distance between the two

holes functionally important?

If the hole pattern mates with 2 pins or bolts, the distance between the holes is more important than the distance from the edge to the second hole.

Dimension Accuracy There is no such thing as an "exact"

measurement. → Every dimension has an implied or stated

tolerance associated with it. → A tolerance is the amount a dimension is

allowed to vary.

Exercise 4-9

Dimension Accuracy

Exercise 4-9 Which dimensions have implied

tolerances and which have stated tolerances?

Implied StatedImplied

Exercise 4-9 Does the arrow indicate an increasing

or decreasing accuracy?Increasing

Exercise 4-9 Write down the range in which the

dimension values are allowed to vary.> 0.5< 1.5

> 0.95< 1.05

0.9991.001

Rounding Off The more accurate the dimension the

more expensive it is to manufacture. → To cut costs it is necessary to round off

fractional dimensions.

Rounding Off How do we round off?

→ Let’s round off to the second decimal place.

2nd decimal place 3rd decimal place

Rounding Off If the third decimal place number is:

→ less than 5, we truncate after the second decimal place.

1.123 1.12

→ greater than 5, we round up and increase the second decimal place number by 1.

1.126 1.13

→ exactly 5, whether or not we round up depends on if the second decimal place number is odd or even. If it is odd, we round up and if it is even, it is kept the same.

1.165 1.16

1.135 1.14

Exercise 4-10

Rounding Off

Exercise 4-10 Round off the following fractions to

two decimal places according to the rules stated above.(5/16) .3125 ®

(5/32) .1562 ®

(1/8) .125 ®

(3/8) .375 ®

Cumulative Tolerances Continuous dimensioning has the

disadvantage of accumulating error. → It is preferable to use datum dimensioning to

reduce error buildup.

Cumulative Tolerances What is error build up?

→ e = individual dimension error

x.e 3x.e

x.e + x.e + x.e = 3x.3e

Exercise 4-11

Dimension Choice

What are the 5 dimensioning mistakes?

1 & 2) 2 decimal places / No leading zero

4) Symbol 5) Decimal

3) Use datum dimensioning

6) Don’t dim. hidden features

Exercise 4-14

Dimensioning 1

Exercise 4-14 Dimension

the following object using proper dimensioning techniques.

Did we need the right side view?

Notice the datum features that were used.

Exercise 4-15

Dimensioning 2

Exercise 4-15 Dimension the following object using

proper dimensioning techniques.

Exercise 4-16

Dimensioning 3

Exercise 4-16 Dimension the following object using

proper dimensioning techniques.

Exercise 4-17

Dimensioning 4

Exercise 4-17 Dimension

the following object using proper dimensioning techniques.

Dimensioning

The End

chapter 4 dimensioning - 2010

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