chapter 5 consciousness. in your notebooks… 1. how many hours do you sleep a night? 2. do you feel...
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Chapter 5Consciousness
In your notebooks…
1. How many hours do you sleep a night?
2. Do you feel this is too much/not enough?
3. Do you dream?
4. Are your dreams vivid?
5. Are your dreams in color or black & white?
6. Do you believe any myths about dream interpretation?
SLEEP SURVEY
1. I need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.
2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.
3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times to get more sleep.
4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.
5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.
6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative.
7. I often fall asleep watching TV.
8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures or in warm rooms.
9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals.
10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.
11. I often fall asleep within 5 minutes of getting into bed.
12. I often feel drowsy while driving.
13. I often sleep extra hours on the weekend mornings.
14. I often need a nap to get through the day.
15. I have dark circles around my eyes.
"We can see other people talking or moving around, but we can
not actually measure consciousness." - William James"The time seems to have come when psychology must
discard all references to consciousness." - John Watson
Consciousness as a legit field of study...1960s with advances in
neuroscience
Philosophical discussions...
1. Mind-body problem: explores the relationship between the physical body and brain AND the immaterial mind and consciousness.
2. Dualism: Descartes saw the mind and brain as separate entities that interact to produce free will.
3. Monism: the view that the mind and body are one
Psychological Construct
Consciousness cannot be seen, touched, or measured directly (construct).
Generally speaking, consciousness is "awareness"
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious level: level at which a person is aware of mental events at a given time
Nonconscious level: level at which a person does not normally perceive or control mental processing consciously (e.g., blood pressure, nails growing, breathing)
Preconscious level: level at which a person's mental events that are outside of his/her awareness can be brought into consciousness voluntarily (e.g., remembering)
Unconscious level: structure Freud theorized; sometimes referred to as the subconscious; holds repressed memories and desires
Circadian Rhythms
Biological clocks
Sequence of bodily changes that occur every 24 hours
When removed from cues that signal day/night - last up to 26 hours
The Biological ClockCircadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and
include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light.
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic (SCM) nucleus to decrease(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at nightfall.
So wait….knowing info about our circadian rhythm…when SHOULD we
start/end school?Task: In groups, write a speech that you
would like to present to the school board.Try to persuade them to either change the time schedule of school OR to implement a
naptime or “siesta”.
Use information from your text books to support your opinion.
Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
...Sleep & Dreams...
1/3 of our lives is spent asleep
Sleep stages are defined by brain-wave patterns that are measured by an EEG
beta - alpha - theta - delta
[awake] - [relaxed] - [stages 1-2] - [stages 3-4]
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hypnagogic Images-Hallucinations during sleep false sensory
experiences
Sleep and Dreams
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Levels of SLEEP
Awake – beta brain waves
Relaxed state - experience visual images/sensations (falling!); alpha brain waves
Stage 1: light sleep accompanied by dreamlike images; time spent from 10-40 minutes; if awakened will recall images; theta waves
Stage 2: lasts about 20 minutes; 40-50% of sleep; theta waves
Stage 3: transition to Stage 4; beginning of delta waves; delta waves
Stage 4: deep sleep lasting about 30 minutes; delta waves
Then we begin a quick journey to stage 3, 2
Total: 90 minutes
REM SleepRapid - eye movement
Researchers consider REM to be a separate state of consciousness than a stage of sleep
Characteristics: irregular breathing; blood pressure rises; higher heart rate
All dreams occur in REM
periods of REM increase during the night from less than a minute to almost an hour
Totals 25% of an average night's sleep – about 100 minutes if getting the sufficient amount of sleep
Causes atonia - paralysis of body
Average adults experience 4-6 90-minute cycles of NREM and REM sleep per night
NREM - Stages 1-4
Biological Rhythms and SleepTypical Nights Sleep
Functions of SLEEP
REM - hormones released that influence the thinking process and counteract fatigue, irritability, and in attention
NREM - body replenishes itself physically
REM deprivation - REM-rebound...increased REM sleep (catch up)
Other theories: restorative; adaptive; behavioral
Sleep Deprivation
Decreases levels of hormones necessary for our immune system
Increases stress hormone – cortisol: damage to brain cells responsible for learning and memory
Contributes to: hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, suppression of cancer-fighting immune cells, premature aging
Studies show: 4-5 students are “’dangerously sleep deprived’”
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
immune system greater
vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
Review
1. What is the adaptive theory of sleep?2. What is our internal “biological clock”?3. How many sleep cycles do we
experience a night?4. Explain the sleep cycle. Include stages
and brain waves experienced.5. Why is REM known as paradoxical
sleep?
...DREAMS...
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions usually occurring in a story-like form
Duration ranges from a few seconds to as long as an hour
"A dream is a wish your heart makes."
Cinderella
Freudian View
Dreams reflect a person's unconscious wishes and desires
Some unconscious wishes may be unacceptable
These appear in symbols - providing a way to deal with painful material that they cannot deal with consciously
Activation-Synthesis Theory (Hobson)
Also known as the biopsychological theory
During sleep, neurons fire randomly
As the brain tries to make sense of these random bursts, it does so by weaving stories
The most current activity of the brain concerns events or problems of the day so the brain uses everyday matters to give structure
Cognitive, Problem-solving (Cartwright)
Dreams allow people to engage in creative thinking about pressing personal issues
Dreams are not restrained by logic or realism
Critical Considerations: Does not address the neuroscience of dreams.
Sleep Disorders...
Insomnia
Inability to sleep
Worrisome; "racing minds" at bedtime
Treatments: sleeping pills; relaxation techniques; establishing regular routines
Hypersomnia
Sleeping too much occurs in SAD and teenage depression
Nightmares & Night Terrors
Nightmares - occur during REM sleep
Night terrors - occur during stages 3-4 during the first couple sleep cycles; more severe than nightmares; don't fully wake up; memories vague
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2
or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Narcolepsy
Daytime sleeping disorder characterized by a sudden lapse into REM sleep with loss of muscle tension
Treatments: drug therapy and naps
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbmbQkX7czo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKbvHN2AZmY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2x14qETS7E
Sleep Apnea
Breathing interruptions during sleep
Wake to resume breathing and fall back asleep; typically people are unaware that they wake up; can occur hundreds of times a night
Occurs when a person's air passages are blocked which results in snoring
Found more often in men
Causes: obesity, alcoholism, genetic factors
Treatments: weight loss; nasal mask that provides a steady stream of air
Other disorders...
Somnambulism (Sleepwalking): delta-sleep disorder; common is young children; cause may be the immaturity of their nervous system
Jet lag: temporary feeling of fatigue, irritability, in attention caused by a change in normal sleep routine
SIDS: sudden infant death syndrome; sleeping infant stop breathing; causes are unknown
http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/talking-in-your-sleep
Hypnosis
Altered state of consciousness that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist subject relationship
Characterized by increased suggestibility to changes in experiences and behaviors
Brain patterns are similar to those when awake not asleep
History
Frank Mesmer - 1700s
thought the universe was connected by forms of magnetism; to cure patients he would pass magnets over their bodies
Some patients fell into a trance and awoke feeling better
Little scientific basis
Facts
Openness to suggestion is key
20% of people are highly hypnotizable; 10% difficult/impossible
Expectancy plays a role
How is it achieved?
Focus on something specific
Hypnotists suggest that people's arms and legs become warm, heavy, and relaxed – hypnotic induction
Tell the person they are becoming sleepy or falling asleep
Hypnosis is NOT SLEEP though; brain waves do not change
Effects of Hypnosis
Age regression - act child-like
Relaxed reflection may boost recall (police may use to jog memory of witnesses)
False recollections and increased false memories often occur
Effects continued…
Memories are often constructed - susceptible to hints and suggestions
May not remember they were hypnotized at all - posthypnotic amnesia
Changes Exhibited during Hypnosis
Reduced painfulness
Vivid imagination and fantasizing
Increased role-testing
Uses
Pain control
Quit a bad habit - posthypnotic suggestion (link habit to something repulsive or give positive suggestions)
Levels of Analysis for Hypnosis
Meditation
A technique designed to create an altered state of consciousness characterized by inner peace and tranquility
Attention is focused on one thing, often a word, sound, or object, until thoughts slow or stop
Narrow consciousness to suspend planning, worrying, and other concerns
"oneness with the universe"
Meditation
Yoga-complete relaxation or strenuous exercise or controlling bodily functions
Zen- concentrate on paradoxical events TM transcendental meditation-simplified
yoga concentrate on a “mantra” a special word or phrase
Meditation has medical and psychological benefits. It reduces pain and chronic anxiety and reduce drug consumption among addicted patients.
Effects
Slower breathing; slower heart rate; lower muscle tension; lower blood pressure; lower oxygen consumption; alpha-waves found in relaxed, eye-closed waking stage
Correlated with: reduced anxiety levels, lower resting blood pressure, reduced insomnia, improved self-esteem, social openness
Drugs & Consciousness
Addiction. Tolerance. Psychological dependence. Learned expectations
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-
manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
Levels of Analysis for Drug Use
Treatments
Detoxification
Maintenance programs
Counseling
Support groups
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