chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995

Chapter 9 - 1981 to 1995

Workstations, UNIX & the Net

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Next Step - Workstations Inexpensive microprocessor

Motorola 68000 Cost less than mini; more than PC Main Features

UNIX Extensive Networking Capabilities

Idea: Attach these to mainframe rather than dumb terminal

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Apollo - First Workstation Bill Poduska, from Prime Computer Domain: own OS and NW system $40,000 Used for CAD & engineering Mid-1980 - sold 1,000 1989- bought by H.P.

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Sun Microsystems 1982- founded by

Vinod Khosla Also Bill Joy

Grant - UNIX

Stanford University Network Workstation Andy Bechtolsheim

June 1982- SUN-2, $20,000 Berkeley UNIX

First SUN Workstation - 1983

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UNIX AT&T Bell Labs, NJ; Ken Thompson,

Dennis Richie Not a complete OS

Set of tools to manipulate & share files Due to legal actions

AT&T couldn’t sell for profit Universities got license for cheap Commercial could also buy

Open Source 5

The UNIX Journey Developed in New Jersey

To easily share files; Very frugal Not for masses;

Univ. of Illinois-Champagne-Urbana U.C. Berkeley

Extensively rewritten Bill Joy

Took it to SUN6

UNIX and Universities Cheap source code Written in C; run any machine with C

compiler Free to modify code - and they did Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)

UNIX 1978-Joy offering tapes cheap

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Universities (cont.) 1980 - ARPA backed BSD Version 4.2

Network Protocol TCP/IP ARPA promoted TCP/IP Forever linked UNIX & Internet

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UNIX * Miscellaneous VAX - Berkley UNIX w/ TCP/IP

Helped transform ARPANET to Internet

Vulnerable to viruses Never really challenged Windows

Not even LINUX, yet

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Vax Strategy - 1980’s Offer single architecture (VAX) with single

OS (VMS) in solitary or networked configurations ranging from desktop to mainframe capability

Networking – Ethernet - from Intel & Xerox “The network is the computer.” Several Modes: 11/780, 11/750, MicroVAX

II, 8600 (Venus), 9000

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Vax Strategy Risks Similar to IBM’s “betting the

company” Had to supply customers with

everything without seeming to change too much

Entire line had to be high in quality

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Risks (cont.) Stop marketing own competing H.W.

PDP-10- Outdated Public outcry over PDP-10 &

DECtape Phase out an announcement

Historical Perspective- Pg. 186

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Vax Strategy Results Did not stick with it

1982 - 3 incompatible machines (not IBMPC compatible - fatal)

Strategy went well through 1980’s 1987 stock market crash Competition - UNIX workstations & IBM PC DEC couldn’t recover #2 position Final blow: Did not develop current

architecture13

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer IBM-360, DEC VAX

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) 200+ instructions, each Due to slow access core memory Due to immature compilers Trying to close “English Instruction” gap Cheap ROM allowed low cost of CISC

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RISC- More #1 John Cocke, IBM “wild duck”

Improved technology believed smaller set of instructions with more loads & stores would be faster than 370

Experimental: IBM 801, 1979 Did not make market

1980 - Berkeley- RISC Project 1981- Stanford

MIPS (Millions of instructions per second) Skepticism outside university environment Everything else booming - so why change? 15

RISC - More #2 1987- SUN SPARC- RISC Chip

Scalable Processor Architecture Overcame Skepticism

RISC improved microprocessors speeds faster than mainframe & mini- processors were improving

Sun Licensed SPARC to others Hoped it would become the standard But would not be profitable 16

RISC – More #2 (cont.)

MIPS computer systems Stanford MIPS project DEC bought RISC chip for workstation Silicon Graphics

1990- IBM R/6000 1990’s early: IBM & Apple

Power PC, Motorola Chip17

Workstation vs. PC RISC Architecture Scientific & Engineering Apps. Networking (Ethernet) Cost

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Ethernet Developed @ Xerox PARC, 1973 Robert Metcalfe & David Boggs Metcalfe

At MIT in 1969- helped connect PDP-10 to ARPNET – to do same in ‘72 at PARC

Focus @ PARC was local networking PARC Local Network

Data General minis in star technology Expensive, inflexible, not robust

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ALOHAnet To connect among Hawaiian

Islands Radio Signals Wireless Packets of 1000 bits; address of

recipient attached to head of each message

Computers turned to UHF frequency & listened for packets

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Network Features #1 Radio (medium) was passive Computers (Nodes) did the work

Process, queue, route

“Ether”- invisible medium Replaced by coaxial cable

New Computer just taps into cable21

Network Features #2 Computer “listens” before sending Collision: random pause, try again

If many collisions, send less frequently Math analysis showed would work 1974- Running @ 3 million bps

Arpanet 50 (telephone) - kilobits/sec

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Ethernet Impacts Speed changed relationship between

small and large computers 1st affected workstations, then PC market DEC, INTEL, Xerox: accepted as

standard for VAX DOS/ Early PC chips - not well suited

for networking23

Apple PC’s With Lotus 1-2-3, Word Processing,

& dBase III, IBM compatibles began to replace Apples & Word Processors in office environment

Less expensive clones

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“Personal” Computing in Business Employees had personal SW

Not in line with business goals Some sw not very good

Became problem for I.S. people So LAN’s helped to “control” technology

Irony: networking made it not so personal

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Novell Networking practical after 80386 1989 - had half business Complex, expensive, overlaid DOS

File server with software Not as good a UNIX networking with

workstations Backups, messaging, sharing

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Internet LAN’s provided access to Internet Key features

Descendent of ARPANET Packet switching No dedicated line necessary TCP/ IP- standard protocol Open to public, commercial

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Internet Success ARPA’s support; adoption of

TCP/IP in 1980 TCP/IP inclusion into Berkeley

UNIX Not proprietary

Rise in number of LAN’s

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Success (cont.) Ethernet Speeds Grove’s Law

Telecommunication bandwidth doubles every 100 years

Cable, etc. have improved “Last Mile Problem”

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Internet Before WWW Arpanet- goal was resource sharing

FTP, Telnet: had to know location of information Email - did emerge

Groups Bulletin Boards, Discussion Groups, Etc.

Gopher- 1990/91 Univ. of Minnesota Search for Data on campus Spread

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Before WWW (cont.) WAIS - Wide Area Information

System Thinking Machines Corp., Cambridge Searched documents & made index of

words

All were short lived But demonstrated what could be done

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WWW - The Beginning Doug Englebart: mouse + on-line

system, NLS Vannevar Bush: 1945 paper - hypertext Ted Nelson: Xanadu System

Computer Lib/Dream Machines Hypertext: forms of writing which branch or

perform on request; they are best presented on computer display screens

Worked on Xanadu during 70’s & 80’s Apple Macintosh HyperCard - 1987 32

WWW Finally Tim Berners-Lee @ CERN

European particle physics lab Swiss- French border

Features and Goals A shared information space, inclusion Across platforms URL- Uniform Resource Locator

To avoid database restrictions HTTP- to replace FTP HTML 33

WWW Early Years Slow Start - few but CERN supported Hard to program links Just a few browsers-

Lynx & Viola

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Mosaic Marc Andreessen & Eric Bina

U. of Illinois January 1993- released Mosaic, a

browser, over the Internet Used Mouse, hypercard Links in different color Seamless integration of text and graphics Re-written for Windows and Macintosh

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Netscape Navigator 1994 – Jim Clark, Silicon Graphics

Commercialize Mosaic Univ. of Illinois – objected

Andreessen had been a student there Clark & Andreessen

Netscape Communications Corp Mosaic died

1995 – Public release of stock $28 $58 (day 1) $150

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Chapter 91981-1995

Workstations, UNIX & the Net

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