chapter one
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Chapter OneChapter One
Science Skills
Daily Assignment
• What is Science? Where does it come from?
What is Science
• Science begins with curiosity and ends with discovery.
• Science can also happen by accident.• Science versus Technology
– Science aims to understand the world– Technology aims to change the world
Branches of Natural Science
• Physical Science– Chemistry and Physics
• Earth and Space Science– Geology and Astronomy
• Life Science– Biology
Physical Science
• Space and Time• Matter and Change• Forces and Motion• Energy
The Scientific Method
• The Scientific Method is the process by which scientists approach the solving of a problem.
• Sometimes scientists make discoveries by accident, but many are solved in this manner.
Identify the Problem
• Present the problem in a question form.
Examples:• Which paper towel is
the most absorbent?• Which cell phone gives
the most bars in our area?
Gather information• Use
observations to gain perspective and data about your problem.
Hypothesis• Make a testable
solution to the problem.
• Base your hypothesis on the information you’ve collected
Design an Experiment• Plan an
experiment to test the hypothesis.
• This should be performed under controlled conditions.
Perform the Experiment
• Follow your plan as written. Collect data and note any problems with your procedure.
Analyze the data
• Use the information collected to support or refute your hypothesis
• Make a choice
Hypothesis not supported by data
Data supports my hypothesis
Conclusion• Communicate your
results.• Make charts and/or
graphs to summarize your results.
• If your hypothesis is wrong, come up with a new one!
The Variables• Independent Variable: is the item
which you will change in the experiment.
• Dependent Variable: is the item that will change depending on what independent variable is used.
• Control: the experiment run changing only one variable at a time.
Example Experiment
• Suppose my electricity bill was higher than normal recently (Problem).
• I would notice that my bills have been getting higher recently (Gathering Data)
• I believe that this is caused by my old refrigerator (Hypothesis)
Example Experiment• I plan to test all of my appliances using an
Ohm meter to see which draws the most electricity (Designing the Experiment)
• I test all of my appliances to see which draws the most current (Perform the Experiment)
• I then analyze the data and notice that my refrigerator does draw the most power, but it has not been running more than usual. (Conclusion?)
Example Experiment• My hypothesis was wrong, so I need
to get a new one! • Perhaps something has been used
more frequently recently?• It turns out that my ceramic heater
was the culprit because it has been working overtime to keep up with the very low temperatures!!
Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ?
• Over this weekend, you are to perform an experiment
• Come up with a question that you want answered
• Go through the scientific method step by step and try to get an answer.
Can you put the Scientific Method to the test ?
• Come in on Monday either with an answer or a new hypothesis.
• Make sure you have all the steps represented of what you did.
• This does not have to be a lengthy report, just an explanation.
Theories vs. Laws
• What’s the difference?– A Scientific Law describes a pattern in
nature without explaining it. A theory is the accepted explanation of that pattern.
– Examples:
Lab Procedures• Any time we are in a lab setting, the following rules must apply
– Do not touch, take, taste, handle, caress, or drink anything without my permission
– We may have dangerous chemicals, sharp objects, or other lethal / poisonous materials in the classroom
– Make sure your work area is clean before and after the lab
Lab Procedures– Labs will be most likely accompanied by a lab
report, so make sure you are paying close attention to what you are doing.
– Always follow my directions exactly. – There is to be no horse play during labs.– All materials and tools are to be returned to me
at the end of the lab in their original condition.
Scientific Notation
• A short-hand way of writing large numbers without writing all of the zeros.
• The number is written as a base X power of 10.• 2.3 x 10 5
The Distance From the Sun to the Earth
• 93,000,000 miles
Step 1• Move decimal left• Leave only one number to the left of
decimal
Step 2• Write number without zeros
Step 3• Count how many places you moved decimal• Make that your power of ten
Practice Problem
1) 98,500,000 =2) 64,100,000,000 =3) 279,000,000 =4) 4,200,000 =
• 9.85 x 107
• 6.41 x 1010
• 2.79 x 108
• 4.2 x 106
Write in scientific notation. Decide the power of ten.
What about really small numbers? Picture of a dust mite on
the top of a pinhead
The size of dust mite is
0.00000000024 meters
For numbers less than zero
• Move the decimal right, so there is one numeral to the left of the decimal.
0.00000000024 = 2.4• Count the number of spaces you moved the
decimal. This becomes the exponent. The exponent is negative.
2.4 X 10 -10
More Practice Problems
1) 734,000,000 = _____________2) 870,000,000,000 = __________3) 90,000,000,000 = ___________4) 0.0000000034500 = _________5) 0.0000122 = ______________6) 0.00454000 = _____________
On these, decide where the decimal will be moved.
Scientific Notation to Standard Form
When the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right
3.4 x 105 in scientific notation 3.40000 --- move the decimal
340,000 in standard form
Write in Standard Form
• 6.27 x 106
• 9.01 x 104
• 6,270,000• 90,100
Scientific Notation to Standard Form
• 4.33 x 10-6 in scientific notation
• 0.00000433 --- move the decimal left
When the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the left. Add zero’s as
spacers.
Write in Standard Form
• 7.11 x 10-4
• 5.001 x 10-8
• 2.34 x 10-20
• 0.000711• 0.00000005001• 0.00000000000
00000000234
Introduction to the Metric System
• Click here
Daily Assignment
• Multiply (no calculators) the following:
3 X 5 = a x 2 = 2 4 3 4ac
Systems of MeasurementSystems of Measurement
A History of Measurement
In all traditional measuring systems, short distance units were based on the dimensions of the human body.
A History of MeasurementHistorical = current = measurement
Uncia = Inch = width of the thumb Cubit = Foot = length of a foot (length of forearm) Span = Yard = length of arm from
nose to finger
Standard Of Measurement
An exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison.
Two criteria a standard must meet:
Accessible to allNever changing
The English System Uses historical units based on an
agreed upon standard.
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feetThe English system is used primarily in the USA only.
Metric MapUSA, Burma, Liberia
Length
Is defined as the distance between two points
Length is measured using a RulerEnglish units of length are inch, foot,yard, and mile.
Mass
Is defined as the amountof matter in an object.
Is measured using a Balance English units are ounces, pounds, tons
VolumeIs the amount of space an object takes up
Liquid volumeVolume - solid
Volume (continued)Liquid English units are
ounce, pint, quart, gallon
Solid English units are pint, quart bushel, peck,
TimeIs defined as the interval between two events
Is measured using a stopwatch or a clock
Temperature
Is defined as the amount of energy contained in an object
Is measured using a Thermometer
Daily AssignmentEstimate your age as a decimal
Ex : Birthday June 1st = 15.5 years Birthday Feb. 5th = 15.1 yearsNow, convert your age in years to your
age in seconds.
English System ConversionsTo convert from one unit to another in the English system, you must know the equivalent unit’s value
5 miles = _______ feet
.
Daily Assignment• Your mom sends you to Price
Chopper for the first time alone. Wanting to impress her, you try to shop only for the best price.
• Orange juice is on sale for $2/quart or $4/gallon.
• Which is the better price?
Metric System VS. English• Metric is much more user friendly than
the English System.
• Metrics uses the same set of prefixes to relate the base units of mass, length,
volume, time and temperature.
Metric Base UnitsLength = meter (m)
Mass = gram (g)
Volume = liter (l)
Time = second (s)
Temperature = Kelvin (K)
The Metric System• The metric system is based on the
number 10. • Each multiple of ten is assigned aprefix. This prefix is combined with a base unit to give the resultingunit a value.
The Metric PrefixesPrefix = Meaning = Abbreviation kilo = 1000 x larger = k hecta = 100 x larger = h deca = 10 x larger = da Base Unit deci = 10 x smaller = d centi = 100 x smaller = c milli = 1000 x smaller = m
Metric Prefixes
Base unit m l g s
The Metric Staircase kilo
hectadeca
Basedeci
centimilli
Up staircase(.) goes left.
Down staircase(.) goes right.
Metric MeaningsA km is a ______. A dal is a ____
A cg is a ______ A mm is a ____
The abbreviation for decigram is __
The abbreviation for hectaliter is ___
Metric MeaningsA kilometer is ____ larger than a meter?
1000 x A centigram is _____ smaller than a gram?
100 xHow many times larger than a millisecond is a centisecond? ______ 10 x
Converting with Metrics
• To convert between Metric units, simply move the decimal point the same number of steps you move up or down the staircase.
Converting with Metrics• Try some of these:• My motorcycle
traveling at 209 km / hr to m / s
• A snail traveling 123 cm / day to km / hr
• 125,000 meters to centimeters
• 57 nanometers to kilometers
Daily Assignment:In the circles below list three statements of comparison for each system. In
the middle section, list the definition of a system of measurement. System of
measurement
Accuracy Vs. Precision
• Precision: how exact your measurement is, limited by significant digits.
• Accuracy is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured.
What is a graph? A graph is a visual display of
information or data.
Graphing Different types of graphs are
appropriate for presenting different types of information.It is important to use the correct type of graph for the data you are presenting.
Types of Graphs – Pie graphIs used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into its parts.
Types of Graphs – Bar graph A bar graph is
useful for comparing information in a number of separate, or distinct, categories.
Types of Graphs – Line graph A line graph is
used to display data that shows how one variable (dependent) changes in response to another variable.
Interpreting a Graph• Each graph will be titled. This will
tell you the information contained in that graph.
• For bar and line graphs, the x and y axis should be clearly labeled. On circle graphs, all data sections will be labeled.
Proportion
• Graphs that are said to have proportion behave in a certain way.
• Direct proportion means that if one thing goes up, the other goes up. Or, if one thing goes down, the other goes down.
• Inverse proportion means if one things goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa.
Try this out!!
• http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph/default.aspx
Test Review
• What is Science• Branches of Natural Science• Physical Science• The Scientific Method• Theories vs. Laws• Lab Procedures
• Scientific Notation
Test Review• Metric System• Standard Of Measurement• Length, Mass, Volume, Time,
Temperature• Metric System VS. English• The Metric Prefixes• The Metric Staircase
Test Review• Converting with Metrics• Accuracy Vs. Precision• Graphs
– Line– Bar– Pie
• Proportion
Practice with Scientific Notation• 4.56 x 107
• 1.23 x 10-4
• 987,000,000
• .000,0001
• 90,000,000,000
• .000,000,000,000,000,000,000,1
• 8.7 x 1025
• 9.9 x 1011
Metric Conversion Practice• 112 hl to ml
• 43.7 km to cm
• 60 days to s
• Tony running at 8 km / hr to m / s
• Big rig covering 1000 km / day in mm / s
• Faucet dripping at 3 ml / s in kl / hour
Test Review
• When you are done with these problems, do the Chapter Assessment on page 29 in your book, numbers 1-22.
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