chemistry: the final chapter: the organic macromolecules
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Organic MacromoleculesOrganic MacromoleculesMacro: LargeMajor Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P =
96% of our Body WeightCarbon forms the “backbone” of
“Organic” moleculesHydrocarbons: Most of these large
molecules are mostly Carbon and hydrogen complexes
Four Molecular TypesFour Molecular Types
Carbohydrates: C, H, OLipids: C, H, O, (P, N)Proteins: C, H, O, N, (S)Nucleic Acids: C, H, O, P, N:
DNA and RNA
Functional GroupsCarbohydrates: OH-
(hydroxys) and either C=O (ketone) or CHO (aldehyde)
Lipids: COOH (carboxyl groups) on fatty acids, OH- (hydroxyl) in Glycerol
Fuctional Groups: cont.Proteins: COOH (carboxyl)
and NH2
Nucleic Acids: Complex structures called nucleotides containing: sugar, phosphate, and base
Carbohydrates:Carbohydrates:Functions: EnergyBuilding Blocks:
Monosaccharides: Glucose, Galactose
Chains of carbon rings: Di- and Polysaccharides
Sugar Terminology“-ose”: mono and
di-saccharidesGlucose, Fructose
SucroseGlucose, Galactose
Lactose
“Simple sugars”
Carbohydrate Carbohydrate TerminologyTerminology
Polysaccharide Cellulose (plants)
Glycogen: (muscle)
“Complex Carbohydrates”
Take “2”:What are the three elements that
make up carbohydrates?How do I know that galatose,
lactose, and fructose are all simple sugars?
Polysaccharides: In animals is called ______________, in plants it is __________________?
LipidsLipidsFats: Made of 3 fatty acids
and a glycerol = triacylglycerol
Phospholipids: In addition to triacylglycerol, contain a phosphoric residue: Cell Membranes
Triacylglycerol: “Triglycerides”Triacylglycerol: “Triglycerides”
Glycero
l
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Lipid PropertiesLipid Properties
Relatively insoluble in H2O because it is non-polar
Functions: Energy, Structure (compartmentalize H2O), Regulation (steroid hormones)
Saturated, Unsaturated, Transfatty...Saturated: No double bonds, “full”
of HydrogenUnsaturated: 1 or more double
bonds (mono, poly)Transfatty acids: Hydrogen
“transferred” to previously unsaturated on opposite sides of the carbon chain
Saturated Fatty Acid
C – C – C – C – C - C
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
H H
Single C-C bonds because the “Hydrogen spots are full”
You Draw Them!You Draw Them!
“Unsaturated”: Means “not full”
Of What?What happens to the C-C
bonds ?
Saturated and Saturated and Transfatty AcidsTransfatty AcidsSolid at room temperatureAnimals, some tropical
vegetationExamples: stearic acid,
“partially hydrogenated” polyunsaturated oils (trans)
UnsaturatedUnsaturated
Remain liquid at lower temperatures
Vegetables and “cold-blooded” animals
Examples: Mono (Oleic), Poly (Linolenic)
Take “2”: You know the Take “2”: You know the routine!routine!Draw the three types of fatty
acidsWhat is the most common lipid
(stored in adipose / circulating)?Why is fat an important source
of energy?
Protein Structure:Protein Structure:Building Blocks: amino acids
(8-10 essential, 22 total)Chains: PolypeptidesPeptide bonds: between amino
acids – primary structureFolded chains: H-bonds or S-S
bonds => Unique shapes!
Stucture is Function!Stucture is Function!Globular: very
compact “globs” (insulin)
Fibrous: chains and coils (myosin)
Shape is Critical to Shape is Critical to FunctionFunctionDenaturation: Breaking the
weaker “shaping” bonds - i.e. Hydrogen, S-S bonds.
Denaturing conditions: low pH or high Temperatures
(Hmmm…how do denaturing conditions help us digest meat?)
Put Your Knowledge to Put Your Knowledge to Work:Work:Experiment A: If you mix two
solutions together at room temperature, they react.
Experiment B: If you boil the solutions first, allow them to cool, then mix them, they don’t react.
What is your conclusion?
Enzymes: Special Enzymes: Special ProteinsProteinsUnique shapes => SpecificityEssentially all biological reactions
involve enzyme catalystsEnzyme activity and rates are
responsive to changes in homeostasis – act as effectors in negative feedback!
Did I say “Homeostasis”?The molecular
level of all homeostasis is to regulate the activity of enzymes!
Regulating EnzymesRegulating EnzymesGenetically turning on/off
enzyme genes-productionReactant/Product
concentrationsIntra Cellular signalsNervous SignalsHormone Signals
Nucleic Acid: Blueprints for LifeDNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Double Stranded helix
arrangement of nucleotide chains: Phosphate, sugar, and:
Four bases: Adenine, Guanine (Purines) and Cytosine and Thymine (Pyrimidines)
RNA: RNA: Link Between Gene Link Between Gene and Proteinand ProteinRiboNucleic Acid: messenger
(mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) and transfer (tRNA)
Single strand of nucleotidesComplimentary to DNA except:
RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine as the 2nd pyrimidine base
Able to Translate the DNA CODE
Central Dogma of GeneticsCentral Dogma of Genetics
One Protein – One Geneand
One Codon – One Amino Acid
Genes: (1 gene = 1 protein)Codons: blueprints for amino
acids (1 codon = 1 amino acid)
Codon sequences dictate amino acid sequence
Codons are arranged in 3 basepair segments of DNA
Protein Synthesis
Transcription: Making an RNA copy of the DNA blueprint
Translation: Making an amino acid “chain” from the RNA copy
Summary: cont.
C, H, O, N = 96% of body wtCarbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins and Nucleic Acids are primary macromolecules
Macromolecules
Building Blocks: monosaccharides, fatty acids/glycerol, amino acids, and nucleotides
Chains: Polysaccharides, Triacylglycerides, Polypeptides, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Enzymes: The important Enzymes: The important Protein for HomeostasisProtein for HomeostasisShape = specificityHomeostasis is maintained
by regulating ENZYME ACTIVITY and Concentration
Denatured: Lost shape = Lost function
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA“Blueprints” and machinery for
protein synthesisGenes can be turned on and off
to regulate enzyme concentration, which regulates chemistry and HOMEOSTASIS!
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