organic chemistry macromolecules of life organic molecules o organic molecules are found in living...
TRANSCRIPT
ORGANIC CHEMISTRYMACROMOLECULES
OF LIFE
ORGANIC MOLECULESO Organic
molecules are found in living things.
O The chemistry of carbon
O Carbon can bond with up to four other atoms
DIFFERENT SHAPESO Straight chains
O Branched chains
O Rings
DIFFERENT STRENGTHS O Single bonds 1 pair e- sharedO Double bonds 2 pairs e- sharedO Triple bonds 3 pairs e- shared
BONDS OF ORGANICO Alkanes: single
bonds
O Alkenes: double bonds
O Alkynes: triple bonds
O http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itWLaLat8LU&feature=player_detailpage
BIOMOLECULES
OCarbohydrates – sugars and starches
O Lipids – fats and oilsO Proteins-enzymesO Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA, ATP,
ADP
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
O Monomer: single building unit
O Monosaccharides
O Amino acids
O Nucleotides
O Polymer: many monomers
O Carbohydrates
O Proteins
O Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDESO Glucose—blood
sugar
O Fructose-fruit sugar
O Galactose—used in milk
FUNCTIONO Monosaccharides Glucose, fructose, galactose
Quick Energy
CONDENSATION—DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
O Chemical reaction that builds molecules by the loss of a water molecule
DISACCHARIDESO Sucrose glucose + fructose
O Lactose glucose + galactose
O Maltose glucose + glucose
FUNCTIONO Disaccharides Sucrose, lactose, maltose
Short-term energy storage
Pre-game meals
POLYSACCHARIDESO Glycogen—animal
storage in liver and muscles
O Chitin—exoskeleton in insects
O Starch—plant storage
O Cellulose—cell wall structure
FUNCTIONO Energy storage Glycogen—animals Starch--plants
O Structural Chitin—insect exoskeletons Cellulose—cell walls in plantshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=hsBQsv01aks
LIPIDSO Mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms
(hydrocarbon chains); very few oxygen
O Fatty acids + glycerol molecule
WHAT DO LIPIDS DO?
SATURATED FATS
O Long hydrocarbon chains
O Single bondsO Solid; Bad fatsO Function Long-term energy storage Insulation to retain heat
UNSATURATED FATSO Long
hydrocarbon chains
O Single double bond
O Liquids; Good fats
O Long-term storage
WAXESO Protective fruit
coatings
O Protective water proofing on feathers
PHOSPHOLIPIDSO Major component of cell membranesO Phosphate head—hydrophilic and
polarO Fatty acid tails—hydrophobic and
nonpolar
PHOSPHOLIPIDSO 2 fatty acids—glycerolO 1 phosphate--glycerol
STEROIDSO Ring shaped
lipidsO Hormones—
regulatorsO Sex hormonesO Cholesterol
CHOLESTEROLO Does not occur in
plantsO Most abundant
steroid in human body
O Not soluble in waterO Cannot be
transported in blood unless linked with a lipoprotein (water-soluble proteins)
O High levels of LDL increase heart disease risk
O High HDL reduces heart risk
O LDL:HDL ratio better indicator of heart disease risk
HDLO Transport excess cholesterol from various
tissues to the liver where it is metabolized
O Basically they are removing cholesterol from the blood
O Increase HDL by: Exercise Lose weight
LDL AND HDL
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=wnK1Kv3XkZI
PROTEINSPOLYMERS OF AMINO ACIDS
PROTEIN FUNCTIONSO control the rate of chemical reactions
- enzymesO regulate cell processesO transport oxygen in the blood -
hemoglobinO help fight disease - antibodiesO form bone and muscle
PROTEIN MONOMERSO Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
O R-groups: identification of amino acid
O Carboxyl—acidO Amino-Carboxyl
by peptide bond
PEPTIDE BONDO Condensation reaction by releasing water between amine group and carboxyl acid
TYPES OF PROTEINS
Primary—hair, nails, Secondary--DNA skinLinear sequence Double helix
TYPES OF PROTEINS
Tertiary—Enzymes Quarternary-- hemoglobinDouble strands folded 4 strands foldedback over themselves
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?O Catalyst is
something that speeds up a chemical reaction
O Lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY - the energy required for a reaction to begin
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES
O They are not changed by the reactions they speed up
O Can be reusedO They are SPECIFIC- means that only
one particular enzyme will work with one particular substrate
FYI ABOUT ENZYMESO Suffix of –aseO Substrate—material being acted onO Active site—on enzyme where substrate
fitsO Many times enzyme named for substrate
they act on
maltose—maltase sucrose—sucrase
LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS
EFFECTS ON ENZYMESO Temperature, pH, concentration of
substrate, concentration of enzymes
O Optimum ranges for enzymes
After this point the rate of reaction decreases until there is no reactionAt this point enzyme is said to be DENATURED – active site destroyed
ENZYMEShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=UXvCyLFszOU
NUCLEIC ACIDSPolymer made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
DNA RNAO Double strandO Deoxyribose
sugarO Adenine—
ThymineO Only in nucleusO Genetic Code
O Single strandO Ribose sugarO Uracil—ThymineO Nucleus and
cytoplasmO Decoder
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
FUNCTIONThe main function of nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic (hereditary) information
Monomers—nucleotides to code for amino acid sequence
NUCLEIC ACIDShttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=NNASRkIU5Fw