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CHAPTERS 11 & 12
Circulation & Blood
CIRCULATION Body is made of cells
Cells various need chemicals Circulatory system: made of your
blood, blood vessels, and heart Blood delivers oxygen, water, and food to
the rest of your body Blood picks up the cell’s waste products
Carbon dioxide, water, etc blood travels through a series of tubes:
Blood vessels Heart pumps the blood through the vessels
CIRCULATION IN OTHER ANIMALS Not all animals have circulatory
systems Simple animals:
Sponge, sea anemone, hydra, etc. Bodies are only a few cells thick
Allows water to move in and out Every part of their body comes in contact with water Oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into the cells Waste products (like carbon dioxide) diffuse out
Complex animals Earthworms, insects, etc. Many layers of cells and tissues
CIRCULATION IN OTHER ANIMALS Complex animals
Earthworms, insects, etc. Many layers of cells and tissues Closed Circulatory System:
Has blood vessels and a heart Example: earthworm
Open Circulatory System: Has heart but no blood vessels Blood moves around without a blood vessel to guide
it
Heart: muscle that pumps blood through the body
Two sides: Two separate
pumps (left & right)
Each side has a small chamber on the top and large chamber on the bottom
HEART STRUCTURE
This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heartThe bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heartThe pink represents heart muscle
Small chambers on the top are called Right atrium Left atrium
Large chambers on the bottom are called ventricles Right ventricle Left ventricle
HEART STRUCTURE
This is a cut-away sections of the inside of the heartThe bright red and bright blue colors represent blood inside the heartThe pink represents heart muscle
Heart pumps by squeezing Muscle contractions At rest: ~60-80 beats per minute Running: ~150 beats per minute Beat=each pump of the heart
Circulatory system= one way street Heart muscle will pump more than 2
billion times in your life time
HEART- PUMPING
Artery- a large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Vein- large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart
HEART- PUMPING
1- blood from the veins enter the right and left atria No pumping here
2-Atria pump/squeeze Right and left ventricles relax –
not pumping Receive blood from the atria
3-Right and left ventricles squeeze blood into two large arteries- one leading to the body and one leading to the lungs
HEART- PUMPING
Blood returns from the body and enters the atria
Cycle starts over
HEART- PUMPING
Valves- flaps in the heart that keep blood flowing in one direction
1 set of valves between the atria & ventricles Tricuspid valve: valve
between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Bicuspid valve: valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Valves-one way doors These only flow down
HEART- VALVES
Semilunar Valves: between the ventricles and their arteries
One way doors Only flow upward away
from the ventricle
Sounds of your heart beat- caused by the valves closing
HEART- VALVES
Heart has two sounds Both sets of valves close at
different times First sound: closing of the
bicuspid and tricuspid valves
Ventricles squeeze these valves close= lub
Second Sound: closing of the semilunar valves
Occur when the ventricles stop squeezing=dub
Together =lub dub
HEART- VALVES
Sounds other than lub dub indicate a valve working incorrectly Example: lub swish dub
Results from either the tricuspid or bicuspid valves not closing properly
Example: lub dub swish Results from the semilunar
valves not closing properly
HEART- VALVES
Pumps blood to your lungs 1- blood enters the right side of the heart
through the vena cava Vena Cava: largest vein in the body which
carries blood from the body back to the heart Blue color used to show deoxygenated blood
2- blood is pumped into the right ventricle 3- blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Artery: carries blood away from the heart to the lungs
Divides in two (you have two lungs) Blood makes its way to the lungs
RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
4-Blood gets oxygen from the lungs Blood gets rid of the carbon dioxide
5- blood returns to the left atrium through the Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins: carry blood from the
lungs to the left side of the heart
Approximately 10 seconds
RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
Pumps blood to your body 1- oxygenated blood arrives in the left
atrium From the lungs
2- blood gets pumped into the left ventricle
3-blood is pumped into the aorta Aorta: largest artery in the body
Branches to the body and head
4-body parts receive the oxygenated blood
5- deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium
LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
Right side: contains a lot of carbon dioxide
Left side: contains a lot of oxygen
SUMMARY
Carry blood away from the heart Round Thick walls
Muscle cells Aorta- can be as wide as a garden hose! Get thinner as they branch into
smaller/thinner blood vessels as they carry blood away from the heart
ARTERIES
Blood Pressure: force created when blood pushes against the walls of vessels Your pulse: blood moving through your
arteries
Summary: Carry blood away from the heart Under high pressure Round, with thick muscular walls
ARTERIES CONT.
Carries blood back to the heart
Have less muscle than arteries Thinner Sometimes flat in shape
Contain one-way valves Keep blood flowing
towards your heart Low pressure
VEINS
Capillary: the smallest blood vessels Very narrow
Only one cell thick Most abundant blood vessel in your body Bring blood close to every body cell Deliver:
Oxygen, food, or other materials to body cells Pick-up:
Waste chemicals (like CO2)
CAPILLARIES
Blood pressure measurement Two measurements taken
Maximum pressure (systolic) Ventricles pumping
Minimum pressure (diastolic) Ventricles not pumping
Normal: 120/80
Arteries can contract Blood moves at a higher pressure
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Hypertension: when blood pressure is extremely high Arteries are too narrow for easy movement of
blood Might not know you have it Causes damage to body organs Makes the heart work harder Could make blood vessels burst
Stroke Treatment:
Diet and/or exercise Medicine
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Effected by diet: Too much salt Cholesterol: fatlike chemical found in certain foods
Coats insides of arteries Narrows arteries- raising blood pressure
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Heart is made of muscle Heart cells need:
Oxygen Nutrients Has its own blood vessels that deliver these
Coronary vessels: blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart itself
Heart Attack: death of a section of the heart muscle Caused by a blockage which causes blood to
not reach part of the heart
HEART ATTACK
Too much dies= heart cannot pump properly If blood cannot deliver enough oxygen and
nutrients to the body death can occur
HEART ATTACK
Exercise, proper diet, and no smoking Exercise:
Works your heart muscle Makes your heart stronger
Proper diet: Avoid being over weight
Puts strain on your heart Fat forms around the heart
Heart works harder to pump Healthy diet helps avoid extra cholesterol
intake 200 mg of cholesterol or less daily http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-h
ighest-in-cholesterol.php
PREVENTION
NO Smoking People who smoke are more likely to have
heart problems Nicotine- chemical in tobacco smoke
Causes blood vessels to narrow Causes the heart to work harder
When diet and exercise do not help Prescription drugs- lower cholesterol Bypass Surgery- take blood vessel from
another part of your body to make a new path to your heart
Heart transplant
PREVENTION
Transplant statistics 121,264 on the transplant waiting list 3,202 waiting on heart transplant 69 waiting on heart AND lung transplant
Artificial hearts Used temporarily until transplant heart is
available Can lengthen survival by 600 days First successful artificial heart transplant 1982
PREVENTION
Artificial heartsPREVENTION
Blood- part liquid and part cells Functions:
Delivers nutrients Water, vitamins, minerals, & nutrients from fats,
carbs, & proteins Delivers oxygen Delivers messages in the form of chemicals Removes waste products
Carbon dioxide lungs Chemical waste kidneys Removes excess body heat skin
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
Other functions: Fight diseases Stop bleeding
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
Not all animals have blood Examples:
Sponges Jelly fish Flat worms
Most animals without blood live in water Water acts like their “blood”
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
Plasma: nonliving, yellow liquid part of the blood 92% - water 8% -
Blood proteins Nutrients Salts Waste chemicals
Pick up and delivery by the blood is done by the plasma
HUMAN BLOOD
Deep red= red blood cellsYellow= plasmaIn between= white blood cells & platelets
Red Blood Cells: cells in the blood that carry oxygen to the tissues Make up most of the blood ~5 million cells in one drop
of blood Living portion of the blood Round Only have a nucleus when
first formed- but is lost as the cell matures
Life span= 120 days
HUMAN BLOOD
Red Blood Cells cont. Made in bone marrow
Bone Marrow: soft center part of the bone
HUMAN BLOOD
Transport oxygen Hemoglobin: protein in red blood cells that
joins with oxygen Gives the red color
Contains iron Anemia: condition when there are too few red blood
cells in the blood Occurs due to a lack of or too little iron Symptoms: weak feeling, tired, short of breath Due to receiving too little oxygen
Carries oxygen
JOBS OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS
White Blood Cells: cells in the blood that destroy harmful microbes, remove dead cells, and make proteins that help prevent disease Part of the living portion of blood Contain a nucleus Larger than red blood cells Life span: 10 days
Can live for months-years ~8,000 white blood cells in one drop of blood Made in bone marrow
Also made in the spleen, thymus gland, and tonsils
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Can travel out of the capillaries To the body cells
WHITE BLOOD CELLS CONT
Fight infection WBC move to the site of infection to destroy
bacteria and/or other foreign invaders During infection WBC #’s increase
After infection WBC #’s return to normal
Remove dead cells consume dead cells
JOBS OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Leukemia: blood cancer where the number of white blood cells increase at an abnormally fast rate.
LEUKEMIA
Difference between leukemia and the rise of WBC’s due to infection: Leukemia:
WBC count can reach 100,000 or more in 1 drop of blood
# of WBC does not return to normal When cells form in large numbers they are not
normal cells Cannot do their jobs like normal WBC
Infection: WBC count can reach up 30,000 in 1 drop of blood # of WBC eventually returns to normal
RISE IN WBC
Platelets: cell parts that aid in forming blood clots
living part of the blood Much smaller than RBC Injury platelets break apart release
chemical chemical starts formation of clot
PLATELETS
250,000 in 1 drop of blood Life span= 5 days Made in the bone marrow
Problems with platelets: Too few platelets
Blood cannot clot Platelets lack clotting chemical
Causes hemophilia Hemophilia: disease where a person’s blood won’t clot
Minor cuts and bruises very dangerous
PLATELETS CONT.
Four main blood types: A, B, AB, & O Difference?
Proteins found on the red blood (antigens) cell and the plasma (antibodies)
BLOOD TYPES
BLOOD TYPES
Immune System: made of proteins, cells, and tissues that identify and defend the body against foreign chemicals and organisms Tonsils, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, lymph
vessels and fluid, bone marrow Teardrops, mucus, and skin are included
Antibodies: chemicals that helps destroy bacteria or viruses
Antigens: promotes production of antibodies Foreign objects:
toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs
IMMUNITY
SOURCES
http://topnews.ae/category/health/heart Heart Valves slide 5 http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/Structure_of_the_Heart.html slide 19 http://radiology.vi/Pages/STR-SvcVV-Basics.html valves slide 22 http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artificial-heart1.
htm artificial heart diagram slide 32
http://singularityhub.com/2009/06/ artificial heart slide 32 http://
www.bigstockphoto.com/image-23325695/stock-photo-separated-blood-sample separated blood slide 36
http://jessefeatonby.blogspot.com/2011/04/haematology.html tube of blood slide 37 http://goodhealthhub.com/blood-cells/ red blood cells slide 37 http://healthinfoispower.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/white-blood-cells-obtained-fro
m-healthy-donors-to-be-tested-against-human-malignant-cancers/ white blood cell slide 40
http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/platelets.htm platelets slide 45
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/203271/view blood clot slide 45 http://
www.excelhighschool.com/ged-practice-test/free-ged-online/science-test-p1.php blood types slide 47
Slide 48 image taken from text book
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