class lecture of masonry design
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7/29/2019 class lecture of masonry design
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-1
Module 1:
Evolution of Masonry as a
Structural Material
Masonry Structures, slide 1-2
Introduction
The use of masonry as a structural material:
is as old as masonry itself was the predominant building material in many far-
separated cultures
took a secondary role with the coming of modern steel andconcrete construction
has been neglected in spite of its image as a strong anddurable material.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-3
Early Uses of Structural Masonry
Etemenanki Ziggurat
Babylon, pre-Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC to 323 BC
height 91 meters
And they said one to another, Go
to, let us make brick, and burn
them thoroughly. And they had
brick for stone, and slime had they
for mortar.Genesis 11:1-9
Credit: Wikimedia Commons
Masonry Structures, slide 1-4
Early Uses of Structural Masonry
Constructed without cranes,pulleys or lifting tackle.
Huge stones dragged and liftedfrom a quarry or manufactured inplace with limestone concrete.
No mortar or adhesive was used. ~ 100,000 workers.Pyramid of Khufu at El Giza
height 147 meters
c. 2600-2480 BC
Credit: GreatBuildings.com
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-5
Early Uses of Structural Masonry
Credit: Mojtahedi
Citadel of Arg- Bam
c. 500 BC
Largest adobe building in theworld until December 26, 2003.
Non-baked clay bricks. Walls were 6-7 meters high and1.8 km long.
Masonry Structures, slide 1-6
Bam Citadel
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-7
Bam Citadel
Masonry Structures, slide 1-8
Bam Citadel
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-9
Bam Citadel
Masonry Structures, slide 1-10
Bam Citadel
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-11
Bam Citadel
Masonry Structures, slide 1-12
Bam Citadel
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-13
Bam Citadel
Masonry Structures, slide 1-14
Bam Citadel
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-15
Early Uses of Structural Masonry
Greeks (1000 to 700 BC) usedmassive, precisely cut limestoneblocks without mortar.
Greeks understood principlesof masonry arch.
Greek temple in Sicily
Doric order
C 550 BC
Masonry Structures, slide 1-16
Applications in China
Great Wall of China
6 to 15m. tall4.6 to 9.1m wide at base
ave. 3.7 m wide at top
The Great Wall of China wasconstructed from 221 to 204 BC.
The wall winds 2400 km fromGansu to the Yellow Sea, and isthe longest human-made structurein the world.
The wall is constructed of earthand stone with a brick facing inthe eastern part.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-17
Early Uses of Structural Masonry
Romans refined arch, vaultand dome construction.
Constructed with concrete,terra cotta and fired claybricks.
Cut stone masonry with nomortar.
Units weigh up to 6 tons.Lifted with block and tackle.
Pont du Gard Aqueduct
near Nimes France
19 BCheight = 49 m, length = 275 m
Masonry Structures, slide 1-18
Early Masonry in the Americas
Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan Mexico100 BC to 300 AD
66-m. high
Credit: Suvi Korhonen
Little known about builders.3rd largest pyramid in world. City larger than Rome at 31 km2. Abandoned about 700 AD.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-19
Early Masonry in the Americas
Pueblo Bonito
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
10th Century AD
sandstone and mud mortar
Anasazi adobe construction. 600-800 rooms. 800 1200 people. Up to 5 stories. Core and veneer masonry.
Masonry Structures, slide 1-20
Byzantine Architecture
Huge domed churches werebuilt on a scale far larger thanachieved with the Romans.
Innovative Byzantinetechnology allowed architects todesign a basilica with an immensedome over an open, square space.
Islamic architects developed arich variety of pointed, scalloped,horseshoe and S-curved archesfor mosques and palaces.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
constructed 532-537 ADdome fell after earthquake in 563
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-21
Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance
Santa Maria degli Angeli
Firenza, Italy
constructed 1420-61 AD39 m. in diameter, 91 m. high
Filippo Brunelleschi
With Romanesque architecture(10th to 12th century), large internalspaces were spanned with barrelvaults supported on thick, squatcolumns and piers.
Gothic architecture (12th to 16thcentury) used a pointed arch whichminimized outward thrust andresulted in lighter and thinner walls.
Renaissance architecture wasinfluenced by the round arch, thebarrel vault, and the dome.
Masonry Structures, slide 1-22
Early Forms of American Masonry
Monadnock Building, Chicago17 stories, 60 m. tall
D. Burnham and J. Root
Worlds largest office building in 1893. One of the tallest load-bearing brickbuildings in the world today.
Walls are 6 feet thick at base.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-23
Existing URM Buildings
Masonry Structures, slide 1-24
Vulnerable Construction
1886 Charleston, South Carolina 1996 Yunnan Province Earthquake, Lijiang
1994 Northridge Earthquake
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-25
Common Forms of American Masonry
Cavity Wall Construction
Credit: Masonry Advisory Council
Columbian CondominiumsChicago, 48-stories
Masonry Structures, slide 1-26
Common Forms of American Masonry
Excaliber Hotel, Las Vegasc. 1996
Tallest structural masonrybuilding at 28 stories.
Reinforced concrete blockconstruction.
High-lift grouting.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-27
Reinforced Clay-Unit Masonry
Credit: J. Tawresey
Masonry Structures, slide 1-28
Reinforced Concrete Masonry
Credit: Commercial Concrete Masonry
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-29
Prestressed Masonry
Credit: Masonry Magazine
Masonry Structures, slide 1-30
Mortarless Masonry Block
Credit: Boral
Credit: Boral
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-31
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry
Masonry Structures, slide 1-32
Hybrid Masonry
H
Use masonry as a replacement for steelbracing.
Masonry can be used as conventional backup for brick veneer.
Proactively adjust lateral strength andstiffness.
Adaptable to new performance-basedseismic design approaches.
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-33
Free-Form Masonry
Church of Jesus Christ the Worker, Atlantida, UruguayStructural Engineer: Eladio Dieste
Masonry Structures, slide 1-34
Green Buildings
energy efficient
sustainableenvironmentally friendly
Credit: Brick Industry Association
Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-35
Building Information Modeling
geometryspatial relationsgeographic informationquantitiescomponent properties
Credit: SOM
Masonry Structures, slide 1-36
Rational Structural Design
Masonry compressive strengthstandardized by 1910.
Empirical design still prominent throughfirst half of twentieth century.
Research on structural masonry done at theStructural Clay Products Association andPortland Cement Association.
BIA in the 1966 and NCMA in 1970developed standards for structural design of
brick and block.code of HammurabiBabylon, 1780 BC
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CEE 467 Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures, slide 1-37
Recent Code Developments
TMS developed first standard for brick/block masonry, and became Chapter 24 of1985 UBC. Further revised in 1988,1991, 1994 and 1997 (as Chapter 21) ledto 2009 International Building Code.
ACI-ASCE 530 code published in 1988.Further revised in 1992 and 1995 as MSJCcode current version is 2008.
Strength design introduced into 1985UBC.
New chapter on strength design in 2002and 2005 MSJC.
MSJC Building Code
Requirements for Masonry
Masonry Structures, slide 1-38
Masonry Seismic Provisions
Chapters 8 and 8A of NEHRPRecommended Seismic Provisions forNew Buildings (FEMA 222A, 1994) ledto FEMA 450 (2003)
Appendix C of NEHRP Handbook forSeismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings(FEMA 178, 1992)
FEMA 273/356 Guidelines forSeismic Rehabilitation of Buildings ledto ASCE 41
NEHRP Provisions for
New Buildings
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