classification the evolution of complexity: single cell prokaryote to multicellular eukaryotes

Classification

The evolution of Complexity:

single cell prokaryote to multicellular eukaryotes

Aristotle to Linneaus

Taxonomy- classifying organisms

Binomial nomenclature and scientific names

Canis lupus, Turdis migratoris, Felis catus

Systematics- the study of biodiversity and its classification, create phylogenies

Phylogeny- an organism’s evolutionary history, a phylogenetic tree

Modern Classification System

• Domain Archea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya

• Kingdom Archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plant, Animal

• Phylum • Class • Order• Family• Genus First part of Scientific name• Species Second part of Scientific name

Origin of Life• Spontaneous Generation – Biogenesis• Oparin and Stanley Miller• Endosymbiosis

• What is a Virus?Genetic material surrounded by a protein

coat, must have a host cell in order to reproduce

Life cycles: Lytic (kills host cell) or Lysogenic (incorporates DNA into host)

3 Domains

1. Archea2. Eubacteria3. Eukarya

Bacteria once belonged to the same Kingdom, but through Molecular Biology and the study of evolution, Biologist realized they had critical differences and should be placed into their own category so the “Domain” classification level was created.

6 Kingdoms

Archea and Eubacteria

• Archea KingdomAll prokaryotic single celled organisms. No Peptidoglycan in cell wall Most ancient and extremeThey live in the harshest environmentsMethanogens (anaerobic),

thermoacidophiles (hot) and halophiles (salty)

• Eubacteria KingdomTrue bacteria, all prokaryotic single celledHave Peptidoglycan in cell wallClassified by their shape and gram staining

Shapes and Examples

• Sphere- Cocci, can occur in chains Streptococcus Pneumoniae which can cause strep throat or Scarlet fever, or grapelike clusters Staphylococcus aureus which can cause skin infections and Toxic Shock syndrome

• Rod- Bacillus ex Escherichia coli (E.coli), Lactobacilli which can cause tooth decay or one strain makes Sourdough bread, other bacilli can cause botulism, typhoid fever, and anthrax

• Spiral- Spirilla comes in 3 shapes 1. Vibro which is curved caused Cholera, 2. Spirillum (thick spiral), and 3. Spirochete (thin spiral) ex. Treponema pallidum causes Syphilis and another strain can cause Lyme disease

Essential Bacteria: ecosystems depend on these small organisms

• Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic/producers, building blocks of most aquatic food webs

• Nitrogen- Fixing Bacteria- symbiotic relationship with plants, they help them absorb nitrogen from the soil.

• Helpful: fermentation, digestion, biotechnology, nitrogen fixing, decomposers, oxygen producers

• Antibiotics kill bacteria by destroying the cell wall, gram negative have an extra lipid layer that prevents the antibiotics from entering the cell.

Review of Bacteria

All bacteria:• Reproduce asexually• Single celled• Have cell wall• Single strand of DNA

Some Bacteria:• Autotrophic • Heterotrophic• Some move by flagella,

slime, spiral motion• Some produce

endospores which allow them to go dormant during hostile conditions

• Some produce toxins

Kingdom Protista

• Kingdom of Mostly single celled organisms

• Categorized by their likeness to 3 other kingdoms

• All Eukaryotic some Autotrophic and some Heterotrophic

Algae- Plant like Protist

• Algae or Plant-like, Autotrophic, classified by pigment with no cell wall, come form elaborate colonies and multicellular structures (kelp and seaweed)

• Chrysophyta- Golden Algae ex diatoms• Pyrrophyta- bioluminescent/glow

ex. Dinoflagellates• Euglenaphyta- ex Euglena• Rhodophyta- red• Phaeophyta- brown, seaweed and kelp• Chlorophyta- green, ex Volvox, Spirogyra

Images of algae

• Volvox

• Spirogyra

• Red algae

• Seaweed

• Kelp

• Diatoms

Protozoa or Animal like Protist

Protozoa or Animal-like, classified by mode of movement• Sarcodina ex. Amoeba- move by pseudopodia

“false foot”• Ciliophora ex Paramecium- move by cilia, tiny

hairs• Zoomastigina ex Trypanosoma (African Sleeping

Sickness) moves by flagella

• Sporozoa, are the parasitic animal like protista, include Plasmodium which causes Malaria

Images of Protozoa

• Amoeba

• Paramecium

• Trypanosoma

Fungus-like Protista• Fungus-like are all

Heterotrophic with no cell wall, absorbing nutrients directly through cell membrane

• Include Plasmodium or Slime Molds and Downy Mildews

Kingdom Fungi

• All Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs (saprotrophs or detrivores living off dead and decaying organisms or decomposers), cell wall made of chitin (type of protein), and classified by reproductive structures.

• Fungi are important part of an ecosystem because they recycle nutrients/ decomposers

Classifications of Fungi

• Club Fungi – Basidiomycota , Basidia, ex Mushrooms

• Sac Fungi- Ascomycota, Asci, ex. Truffles, Morels,Yeast, and Athletes Foot Fungus

• Zygote Fungi – Zygomycota, Sporangia, ex. Bread molds

• Imperfect- Deuteromycota, reproduce asexually, ex Penicillian

• Lichen- Mycophycophyta, symbiotic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic cells of cyanobacteria or algae.

Images of Fungi

Kingdom Plante

• Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Cell wall made of cellulose, Autotrophs, not capable of movement, reproduce sexually some produce spores and others seeds.

• Most have vascular tissues which include roots, stems, and leaves, and specialized tissues called xylem and phloem.

Spore Producing Divisions of Plant

9 Divisions of Plants:Spore producers• Bryophyta only nonvascular plants, ex moss

and liverwort (gametophyte dominant stage of life cycle know as alternation of generations)

• Lycopodophyta ex. 1,000 species of Club and Spike moss

• Sphenophyta ex. 10 species of Horsetails• Filicinophyta ex 11,000 species of Ferns

(sporophyte dominant stage)

Spore producing plant images

Seed producing Divisions of Plants

• Gymnosperms: reproductive structure is the cone , “naked seed”– Cycadophyta 200 species of these tropical plants– Ginkgophyta 1 species remains the Gingko tree– Coniferophyta 600 species of conifers, pine, spruce, cypress, juniper,

fir– Gnetophyta 70 species of these arid/semi-desert dwelling plants

Angiosperms: reproductive structure is the flower, seeds are surrounded by fleshy or dry fruit that ripen to encourage animals to disperse the seeds.30,000 or more identified species

maple, hickory, oak, aloe, roses, tulips, dogwood, magnolia, corn, beans, tobacco, apple tree, pecan tree

Monocots – corn, grains, onion, with one seed leaf or cotyledon and parallel veins on the leaf

Dicots- beans, with two seed leafs and branched veins on the leaf

Seed plants

Seed producers- gymnosperms

“Cone Bearers”

Flowering Plant images

• Produce flowers and fruits (fleshy or dry)

Parts of a Flower

Dry and Fleshy fruits

Other Plant Info.

Symbiotic relations ships: Plants and BacteriaFlower patterns and scent attract pollinatorsFruits promote seed dispersal by offering a sweet

reward to animals.Plant Adaptations:• hormones that control, phototropism (light),

geotropism (gravity), and thigmotropism (touch) • specialized leaves (needles, spines, fuzzy,

waxy), specialized seed capsules (wind, float, food, wings, burrs, sticky)

Animalia

multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall, heterotrophs, capable of movement, reproduce sexually, body symmetry (radial or bilateral)

9 Phyla- 8 invertebrate and 1 vertebrate

Invertebrate- Poriferahttp://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/sponges.html

• Porifera- two cell layers, collar cells w/flagella, filter feeders, ex. sponges

Invertebrate- Cnidarianhttp://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/cnidarian.html

• Cnidarians- Stinging cells, radial symmetry, simple nervous system only stimulus and response, central cavity only one body opening, ex. jellyfish, coral, hydra, sea anemone

Invertebrate- worms

• Plathyhelmenthes: flat worms, only one body opening, three cell layers,ex. Tapeworm, Fluke, Planarian, Marine worms

• Nematode: round worms, first with two body openings, 3 cell layers, many parasitic, Heartworm, Roundworm, Vinegar Eel

• Annelid: segmented worms, two body openings, 3 cell layers, beginning of circulatory system, and digestive system (crop), ex. Earthworm and Leech

Worm images

• Tapeworm

• Liver fluke

• Marine flatworm

• Heart worm

• Earthworm

• Leech

Invertebrate Mollusk

• soft body, more complex body systems developing, eyes and nervous system, levels of communication beyond stimulus and response

3 classes • Gastropod (snails and slugs), • Cephalopod (squid octopus cuttlefish and

chambered nautilus), • Bivalve (oyster, clam, mussel, scallop)

Mollusk images http://www.oceanicresearch.org/education/wonders/mollusk.html

Snail

Slug

Octopus

Squid

Cuttlefish

Scallop

Invertebrate- Arthropod

• jointed legs, exoskeleton, body segments (head, thorax, and abdomen), metamorphosis (complete or incomplete)

4 classes:Insect -6 legs (ant, grasshopper, beetle, bee,

wasp)Arachnid -8 legs (spider, tick, horseshoe crab),Crustacean -10 legs (shrimp, lobster, barnacles,

crayfish)Myrapods -many legs, centipede and millipedes

Arthropod images

Invertebrate- Echinoderm

Characteristics: spiny skin, complex regeneration capacity, found only in marine environments, radial symmetry,

Examples: Sea urchin, Sand dollar, Starfish, Sea cucumber

Vertebrates- Chordata

Chordate notachord, complex body systems, sexual reproduction (internal or external fertilization) 5 classes:

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Fish

• Fish, moist skin covered in scales, gills to breathe, 2 chambered heart, cold blooded,

3 types:

1. bony ex Trout, Salmon, Bass, Catfish, Grouper, Tarpon.

2. jawless, ex. Lamprey and tunicates

3. cartilaginous ex. Sharks and Rays

Fish images

Amphibian

• Amphibian, cold blooded, 3 chambered heart, born in water, develop lungs, smooth moist skin, ex. salamander, newts, frogs, and toads (only dry skin)

Reptile

• Reptile, dry leathery skin with scales, cold blooded, 3 chambered heart, amniote/terrestrial eggs, ex. Lizards, snakes, turtles, alligator, crocodile

Birds

• Bird, warm blooded, 4 chambered heart, hollow bones, body with feathers

Mammal

• Mammal, warm blooded, 4 chambered heart, milk producers, body with hair/fur

• Placental (live birth) • Marsupial (pouch) ex. Kangaroo and Koala

• Monotremes (egg) ex Platypus and Echidna

Animal Behaviors

Innate: • Instincts- complex pattern of innate behaviors, reflexes, fight or flight,

courtships, species recognition (language, song, flashes of pattern/light)• Territory- physical space needed for breeding, feeding, and shelter,

organisms can expend a lot of energy defending territory some will fight to the death.

• Migration- instinctive seasonal movement, response to a changing environment, includes hibernation (cold) and estivation (dry and hot)

Learned:• Habituation- animal repeats a successful behavior, and does not repeat an

unsuccessful behavior, birds learn which moths are poisonous by color and avoid eating them after becoming ill or getting a bad taste. Deer return to the same grazing field when successful.

• Imprinting – salmon and turtles return to same stream or beach to lay eggs in which they hatched, the environment left an imprint or memory

Adaptations for Defense:

• Mechanical- physical structures• Chemical- stinging sensations, poisons,

bad taste, paralysis• Camouflage- color or pattern that blend

into environment– Disruptive- ex zebra– Cryptic- ex chameleon and squid– Countershading- ex Fish have light belly and

dark back