clause as exchange in functional grammar

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Clause as Clause as ExchangeExchange

The interpersonal functionIn Functional Grammar

A presentation by A presentation by Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us Salam

Mphil LinguisticsMphil Linguistics

Islamia University BahawalpurIslamia University Bahawalpur

Cupidlucid@gmail.comCupidlucid@gmail.com

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Overview What is the significance of clause as exchange? Components of interaction Mood and residue Components of mood and residue Elements outside mood and residue Mood tags Mood structures Types adjuncts Types of clauses Revision through questions

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Significance of clause as exchange

It is about the relationship speakers forge with listeners through the form of language

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Interpersonal

In the act of speaking, the speaker adopts for himself a particular speech role, and in so doing assigns to the listener a complementary role which he wishes him to adopt in his turn.

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Language as interaction

.

goods & services information

giving offer Statement

demanding command question

proposal proposition

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Language as interaction

Offer: Would you like a cup of tea?

Command: Make me some tea!

Statement: I had to make the tea myself.

Question: Do you take sugar with your tea? What kind of tea do you prefer?

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Language as interactionexpected response (supporting)

discretionary response (confronting)

way of responding

Offer acceptance rejection verbal/non-verbal (gestural)

Command undertaking refusal non-verbal/verbal

Statement acknowledgement contradiction verbal (non-verbal)

Question answer disclaimer verbal

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Language as interaction

Response to offer: Yes please / No thanks. Response to command: Hearer does

something, or refuses to do something Response to statement: Hearer acknowledges

the proposition or contradicts it (e.g. yes; mm; right / No, you didn't; That's not true.).

Response to question: Yes; No; I prefer herbal tea. / Why are you asking me that?

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Language as interaction

Mood declarative: Subject^Finite interrogative: Finite^Subject imperative: lacks mood element Examples Mr. Riaz has finished his work. Has Ali submitted his assignment? Look at him.

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Mood-Residue

I am writing This handout On my PC

subject finite predicator complement adjunct

mood residue

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What is complement?

According to F.G, object; direct or indirect or anything which completes the sense of the clause is complement. It is always a nominal group. Complement has a tendency to become a subject.

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What are adjuncts?

Prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases are called adjuncts.

Example They arrived on Sunday.

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Difference between adjunct and complement. 1- she is making her father a cup

of tea in the kitchen.

2- Ismail will sell Riaz his car at a low price.

3- Mr.Asif will send his friend some flowers on eid.

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Adjunct & complement.

1- She is making a cup of tea for her father in the kitchen.

2- Ismail will sell his car to Riaz at a cheap price.

3- Mr.Asif will send some flowers to his friend on eid.

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Mood: Subject + Finite

Mood: 'carries the burden of the clause as an interactive event'

- the nub of the proposition (Halliday )

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Mood consists of Subject + Finite

Subject: The element about which something is

predicated . the entity in respect of which the assertion is

claimed to have validity (Halliday)

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Mood: Subject + Finite

Finite The functions of the Finite are to show: tense (for what time in relation to that of

speaking is the proposition valid?) polarity (does the proposition have positive or

negative validity?) modality (to what extent is the proposition

valid?)

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Mood: Subject + Finite

Finite Other things to note: the finite is a verbal operator the finite and the Predicator may be

realized together (simple past or simple present tense)

Example ?

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Mood: Subject + Finite

there is analysed as subject, followed by Finite^Complement

Example There was a collection of dolls.

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Mood: Subject + Finite

Mood tags: refer back to the mood element may be useful in identifying the

Subject and the Finite Examples: It is hot ,isn’t it ?

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Elements outside the Mood + Residue structure

1- vocatives (interpersonal) Hamza, how are you? 2- expletives Heavens, how beautiful the flower is ! 3- conjunctive adjuncts Yes, it usually does rain. 4- conjunctions

but,while,and etc.

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Mood structures in interrogatives

yes/no interrogatives are marked by the order Finite^Subject and ask the listener to specify the polarity of the message

wh-interrogatives ask the listener to fill in a missing part of the message, marked by a wh-element.

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Mood structures in interrogatives

when he wh-element combines with the function of Subject, we have the order Subject^Finite, and the wh-element is part of the Mood.

when the wh-element combines with a complement or adjunct, we have the order Finite^Subject, and the wh-element is part of the Residue.

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Mood structure in imperatives Imperatives have no Mood

element

(e.g. Listen to me)

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Mood adjuncts

Mood adjuncts express temporal relationships (e.g. yet, already, still) polarity (e.g. yes, no, not) modality probability (e.g. definitely, maybe) usuality (e.g. never, always, sometimes) inclination / obligation (e.g. gladly, reluctantly)

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Comment adjuncts

Comment adjuncts express the speaker’s attitude to the proposition as a

whole, viz. opinion, admission, persuasion, entreaty, presumption, desirability, reservation, validation, evaluation, prediction. (See Halliday p 49)

Examples: frankly, unfortunately, actually, to be honest

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QuestionWhat is the difference between mood and residue?

Answer. In clause as exchange, the part of the clause has the subject and finite is called mood and the remaining part of the clause is called residue.

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Question. What is a non-finite clause? How is it different from a finite clause? How do we analyse non-finite clause?

Answer. A non-finite clause does not show time or judgment.and a finite clause vice versa; for example.

Nasir: Why did you go to Faisalabad? Sarfraz: to see my mother. To see is a non finite clause.We don’t

analyse a non-finite clause.

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Q.No. How many types of clauses we come across in analysis? Declarative. Elliptical. Imperative. Finite. Non-finite. Interrogative. Minor.

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Question.How many types of mood are there?

declarative: Subject^Finite interrogative: Finite^Subje

ct imperative: lacks mood ele

ment

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Question Is it necessary for the mood to come only in the beginning of the clause? exemplify

Answer. No, it is not. Example. Where are you going?.

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QuestionWhat is a minor clause? Give an example. How do we analyse it?

Minor clause does not contain subject and predicate. For example:

Saqib:Have you passed your phonetics paper?

Sajid:Yes “Yes”is a minor clause .We don’t

analyse it.

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Practice: 1 1- Zahid, the Sun is shining inside. 2- Now they extended their

programme. 3- In that movie they included him. 4- They used the lever. 5- May be we can get this flower.

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Practice: 2 1- There was one pen in the shelf. 2- On another wall there was a

small box. 3- There was a record player in a

corner. 4- And beside it was a vase. 5- On the table was a book .

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Practice -3 6- It would be difficult to enjoy it. 7- It’s surprising (that) they said it. 8- It irritates me (that) he did not

apologize. 9- It’s a relief (that) he has left. 10- It’s true (that) he comes late.

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The End

Thank you for your attention