clauses chapter 3. kinds of clauses a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a...

Clauses

Chapter 3

Kinds of Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone in a sentence.

Examples:

Professor Hardee is a brilliant inventor.

(one independent clause)She is an inventor, and her

husband is a patent attorney. (two independent clauses)

Clauses (Cont’d)

A subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

A subordinate clause is introduced by such words as because, that, when, since, before, after, if, and which.

By itself, a subordinate clause is a sentence fragment.

Examples of Subordinate Clauses:

When I went to the party. After I came home. Since I did not do my homework. That I do not care about. Because I am sick. Before I was able to talk to you. If you care about the team

Examples:

Because she is imaginative, her inventions are unusual.

She creates gadgets that no one has ever thought of before.

Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.

An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun or by a relative adverb.

Adjective Clauses (Cont’d) Relative

Pronouns That Which Who Whom whose

Relative Adverbs After Before Since When Where why

Examples:

Willy Higginbotham is the scientist who invented the first computer game.

It was he who developed computer tennis.

Examples:

Have you seen the computer that Higginbotham used?

Have you seen the desk where Higginbotham sat?

Examples:

Tourists can visit the laboratory that employed Higginbotham.

Brookhaven National Laboratory, which employed Higginbotham, is in Upton, New York.

Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that describes a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions.

Subordinating Conjunctions After As As if As long as As soon as Before Since Until When whenever

While Because As than Although As long as Even if Even though If provided that Though Unless

Subordinating Conjunctions Until Whereas In order that So that

As As if As though Where wherever

Examples: Verb

Charles Babbage paved the way for the computer when he devised his “analytical engine.”

Examples: Adjective

Babbage’s invention was important because it proved a machines’ ability to perform mathematical operations.

Examples: Adverb

Computers can solve complicated math problems faster than people can.

Noun Clauses A noun clause is a subordinate clause

used as a noun. A noun clause can function in a

sentence as a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate noun, or an object of a preposition.

A noun clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction or by a relative pronoun.

Noun Clauses (Cont’d) What Whatever Which Whichever Who Whoever Whom Whomever Whose

How That When Where Whether Why

Examples:

Subject – What you accomplish is up to you.

Direct Object – You know that you hold the key.

Indirect Object – Give whatever is most worthy your best effort.

Examples:

Predicate Noun – Then you will be who you were meant to be.

Object of the Preposition – Think about how you can reach your goals.

Noun Clauses (Cont’d)

The introductory word in a noun clause is sometimes omitted.

Example: The owner’s manual states

the time machine is guaranteed to work.

Sentence Structure

A sentence’s structure is determined by the number and kind of clauses it contains.

The structure of a sentence may be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence consists of one independent clause and no subordinate clause.

Two friends invented the first trivia game.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentence may have a compound subject or verb.

Chris Haney and Scott Abbott created it and marketed it.

Compound Sentences

In a compound sentence two or more independent clauses are joined together.

Independent clauses can be joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a semicolon, or a semicolon with a conjunctive adverb and a comma.

Compound Sentences (Cont’d)

Bette Nesmith typed on an electric typewriter, and she often made mistakes.

She could have erased them, but that took a lot of time.

Compound Sentences (cont’d)

Nesmith did not erase her errors; she covered them with a mixture of water and white paint.

Nesmith was not happy with the name “paper correction fluid”; consequently, she gave the mixture a catchy brand name.

Complex Sentences

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

If cockleburs had not clung to his jacket, George de Mestral might never have invented Velcro.

He was curious to know the reason why they clung so tightly.

Compound-Complex Sentences

A compound complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

Compound-Complex Sentences

When de Mestral studied the burs, he saw tiny hooks on their surfaces becoming entangled in hoops of fiber, and this observation inspired him to invent the hook-and-loop fastener.

Compound-Complex Sentences

While another might have been annoyed, he was intrigued, and he thought of a use to which the phenomenon could be put to use.

Sentence Fragment

A sentence fragment is only a part of a sentence.

Phrase Fragment

A phrase fragment has neither subject nor verb.

At the beginning of a job search. Through the woods to Sylvan Lane. By the school on the hill.

Clause Fragment

A subordinate clause contains a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought.

If you are the outgoing sort. After I got home from the party. Since I was ill.

Other Fragments

Forgetting to include the subject, a verb, or part of the linking verb also results in a fragment.

Librarians inaccurately stereotyped as quiet.

Run-On Sentences

A run-on sentence consists of two or more sentences written as if they were one sentence.

Many people resent this practice, one “wrong” answer could disqualify them.

Run-On Sentences (cont’d)

Some firms give personality tests at job interviews they want to see if people fit in.