climate change adaptation and mitigation through mangrove conservation and rehabilitation

J.H. Primavera ZSL Community-based Mangrove Rehabilitation Project

Iloilo City, Philippines

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION THROUGH MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION

seagrasses

corals

mangroves (13+-15 million ha)

W. Licuanan

MARINE HABITATS

Sources: Brown & Fischer, 1920; Arroyo, 1979; Fernando & Pancho, 1980; Tomlinson, 1986; Anon, 1996; Spalding et al., 1997; Yao, 1999; Norman Duke, AIMS, pers. comm.

Family Species Common name

Acanthaceae 1. Acanthus ebracteatus --2. A. ilicifolius --

Avicenniaceae 3. Avicennia alba Api-api4. A. officinalis Api-api5. A. marina Bungalon6. A. rumphiana Api-api

Bombacaceae 7. Camptostemon philippinensis Gapas gapas8. C. schultzii --

Combretaceae 9. Lumnitzera littorea Faban10. L. racemosa --11. L. rosea

c--

Euphorbiaceae 12. Excoecaria agallocha Alipata

Lythraceae 13. Pemphis acidula Bantigi

Meliaceae 14. Xylocarpus granatum Tabigi15. X. moluccensis Tabigi

Myrsinaceae 16. Aegiceras corniculatum Saging-saging17. A. floridum Tinduktindukan

Myrtaceae 18. Osbornia octodonta --

Palmae 19. Nypa fruticans Nipa

Family Species

Plumbaginaceae 20. Aegialitis annulata

Rhizophoraceae 21. Bruguiera cylindrica22. B. exaristata23. B. hainesii24. B. gymnorrhiza25. B. parviflora26. B. sexangula27. Ceriops decandra28. C. tagal29. Kandelia candel30. Rhizophora apiculata31. R. lamarckii

c

32. R. mucronata33. R. stylosa

Rubiaceae 34. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

Sonneratiaceae 35. Sonneratia alba36. S. caseolaris37. S. gulngai

c

38. S. lanceolatac

39. S. ovata

MANGROVE SPECIES OF THE PHILIPPINES (Primavera et al, 2004)

Mangrove Species Diversity (Polidoro et al 2010)

Indo-Malay Philippine

Archipelago

USES OF MANGROVES

Coastal protection

Fisheries products

Forestry products

Habitat for wildlife

Artwork by Ta Luu

(Latief & Hadi,

2006)

Coastal Planning for Disaster Management Seminar – June 30, 2006

NATURAL BUFFERS

PHILIPPINE MANGROVE GREENBELT/OTHER LAWS (J.H. Primavera)

P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: mangrove strips in islands providing protection from high winds, typhoons shall not be alienated

P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove lease holders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks

BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Min. 25% of total mangrove forest in given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Areas

P.P. 2151 & 2152 (1981)

Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha as forest reserves

MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 100 m along shorelines, 50 m along riverbanks

DENR A.O. 76 (1987)

Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas/oceans and 20 m along riverbanks; lessees of FLA ponds required to plant 20-50 m-mangrove strip

DENR A.O. 77 (1988)

Integrated Social Forestry Program (provision of legal tenure incentives for co-management of forest resources)

DENR A.O. 123 (1990)

Award of 25-yr Community Forestry Management Agreement for small scale mangrove use, Rhizophora and Nypa plantations, aquasilviculture

DENR A.O. 15 (1990)

Policies on communal forests, plantations, tenure through Mangrove Stewardship Contracts; revert abandoned ponds to forest; ban cutting of trees in FLA areas; prohibit conversion of thickly vegetated areas

DENR A.O. 3 (1991) Policies and guidelines for Mangrove Stewardship Agreement

DENR A.O. 23 (1993)

Combined 3-yr Mangrove Reforestation Contract and 25-yr Forest Land Management Agreement into 25-yr FLMA for families (1-10 ha) and communities (10-1,000 ha)

Greenbelt: Kung

Krabaen, Thailand

No greenbelt:

Philippines

Photo Siri Tookwinas

Photo Vic Mancebo

MANILA BAY

J.H. Primavera

June 2011: Roxas Blvd-Manila Bay

(J.H. Primavera)

Roxas Blvd. – September 2011 (J.H. Primavera)

HARD STRUCTURES (ENGG) vs SOFT STRUCTURES

(GREENBELT)

GREENBELT/BUFFER ZONE

P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: retention (exclusion from pond

development) of 20 m wide mangrove strip along shorelines facing

oceans, lakes etc.

P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders to retain/replant

20 m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks

MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas:

50-100 m along shorelines, 20-50 m along riverbanks

DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans

and 20 m along riverbanks

DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Pond leases required to plant 50 m mangrove strip

DENR A.O. 16 (1993) Guidelines for buffer zones in protected areas J.H. Primavera

What changes

climate?

Changes in:

– Sun’s output

– Earth’s orbit

– Drifting continents

– Volcanic eruptions

– Greenhouse gases

Sea-level rise over coming centuries following 70 years of excess greenhouse gas

emissions

200 400 600 800

Time from start (years)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Sea-l

evel

rise (

m) Total sea level rise

Ocean Expansion

Ice-melt

Greenhouse gas emissions -

Global warming

IPCC 2001 IPCC, 2001

Sea-Level Rise, over the coming millennium

Peaking in 2050

Vulnerability to flooding

(Nicholls & Canezave, 2010)

Sea-level trends

Most Vulnerable Mangroves

• low relief islands • lack of rivers • carbonate settings • subsiding areas • microtidal <2 meters, sediment-starved • blocked by coastal development/ steep topography

J.H. Primavera

Mangroves can keep up with sea level rise if:

- sedimentation rate keeps up with the rate of sea level rise

- substrates for retreat available in landward margins

mangroves

lost

move

landward

(Gilman et al, 2006)

Semeniuk,

1994

MANGROVES TO PONDS (J.H. Primavera)

(Duke 1992 )

MANGROVE AREA Spalding et al, 2010 - 152,360 sq km (=15.2 million ha)

- 123 countries, territories

Giri et al, 2010 - 137,760 sq km (=13.8 million ha)

- 118 countries, territories, <7% protected

aquaculture ponds salt beds agriculture

Oil spills harbors Vietnam War

MANGROVE THREATS (J.H. Primavera)

Natural: sealevel change, erosion

Anthropogenic: Oil spills, War

- Small-scale harvest: fuelwood, fishing poles,

- Large-scale conversion: salt beds, rice paddies, aquaculture

• RECOMMENDATIONS

• Restore/rehabilitate degraded areas (planned retreat:

• CC adaptation)

• Protect remaining forests (C sinks: CC mitigation)

MANGROVES PONDS

1918: 450,000 ha 1940: 61,000 ha

2003: 240,000 ha 1994: 232,000 ha

PRESENT MANGROVE: POND RATIO - 1: 1

IDEAL RATIO (Saenger et al 1983) - 4: 1

MANGROVE-AQUACULTURE INTEGRATION Mudcrab Culture in Mangrove Pens

J.H. Primavera

Darwin

Harbor,

Australia

Iriomote, Japan

(ISME, 1998)

Duke in Tomlinson,1986

Misguided planting of bakhaw Rhizophora –

WRONG SPECIES/ECOSYSTEM (J.H. Primavera)

After 3 mo

After 3 weeks

Correct Species: Avicennia

marina (J.H. Primavera)

50 meters 50 meters

WRONG SITE!! Seafront planting –

below MSL

J.H. Primavera

Machiwa &

Hallberg, 1995)

50 meters 50 meters

WRONG SITE!! Seafront planting –

below MSL

J.H. Primavera

Machiwa &

Hallberg, 1995)

MANGROVE REHABILITATION – SEAFRONT PLANTING VS POND REVERSION

(J.H. Primavera)

Supra/ Upper Intertidal (>80% survival)

Pond Reversion (50,000-80,000 ha

abandoned ponds)

Middle/Lower Intertidal/

Subtidal (~10% survival)

Seafront Planting

(<50,000 ha planted)

J.H. Primavera

Tigbauan,

Iloilo,

central

Philippines

1993 1989 2004

2006

Fisheries Code (Rep. Act 8550): Reversion of abandoned, unutilized and underdeveloped ponds back to mangroves

J.H. Primavera

relay

relay

relay

NURSERY

abandoned

pond big size: direct

planting

small: bagging

natural stand

Wildings from

Abandoned Pond

Nabitasan Natl H.S., Leganes, Iloilo

J.H. Primavera

2009-2012: pond-to-

mangrove reversion

in collaboraton w/

local govt. officials

(Leganes, Iloilo)

bungalon

dungon lipata

tabao

Photos J.H. Primavera

Green Carbon Blue Carbon

Brown Carbon

Black Carbon

C SINKS

(Donato et al, 2010)

MANGROVES

•0% of global deforestation emissions

• sequester up to 5x carbon in tropical

forest

• 0.7% area of tropical forests, but

destroyed 3-4x faster

•so key to mitigation of CC-GW

• also key to CC-SLR adaptation

Mangrove Valuation

Total Goods and Services

Costanza et al. (1997) PhP495,000/ha/yr ($9,900/ha/yr)

Spurgeon & Roxburgh (2005) PhP520,000/ha/yr ($10,400/ha/yr)

American Samoa (=$104,000/sq km/yr)

Sathirathai & Barbier (2001) PhP1.8-17.5 million/ha/yr ($27,000-35,000/ha/yr)

Thailand ($2.7-3.5 million/sq km/yr)

Wells et al (2006) PhP20-45 million/ha/yr

($200,000-900,000/ha/yr)

Individual Goods and Services

Fisheries: Ronnback 1999, 2000 PhP45,000-620,000 ($900-12,400/ha/yr)

Wood products (Malaysia) ($11,561/ha/yr)

Erosion control: Ruitenbeek 1992 PhP3,000/household/yr ($600/household/yr)

Waste disposal: Lal 1990 (Fiji) PhP264,000/ha/yr ($5,280/ha/yr)

Cabrera etal, 1998 (Mexico) PhP59,500/ha/yr ($1,190/ha/yr)

Coastal protection & waste PhP420,750/ha/yr ($8,414/ha/yr)

disposal (Costanza et al 1997)

14 years: from 1996 `discovery` by scientists to Jan. 2010 KII launching

AJUY, ILOILO

THE AGUSAN MARSH

Thank You