co2 pp - final
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8/7/2019 CO2 PP - final
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In Melbourne by 2019By: Amira HaruwartaRidmi Rathnasooriya
Hugo Ng
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� To reduce Melbourne·s CO 2production in 2009 by 50%in 2019 through using:
CO 2 sequestration/ capture Alternative solar poweredenergy
� To find a viable solution, with readily availabletechnology (or technology
that will be available in thenear future)
� To find a cost-effective,efficient, safe andsustainable solution
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� CO 2 em issi s i str li 2007 e r it :x U FCCC (U it ed ti s Fr mewo rk Conven tion on C lima te Change )
² me tri t onne sx CD I C (Ca r on Diox ide In f o rma tion na l sis Cen tre )
² 8 me tri t onne sx In te r na tiona l E ne rgy gency ² 8. 75 me tri c tonne s
ve rage : 8. 58 me tri c tonne s/ cap ita
Esti ma ted to ta l (popu la tion a t 3.8 m illion ) ² 7.1 x 10 7 metric tonnes � A na lyst ap lec ro ft e sti ma ted in A ustr a lia 2009 -
20 .5 me tri c tonne s CO 2 pe r cap ita� Esti ma ted to ta l (a ss um ing popu la tion a t 3.8 m illion ) -
7 .8 x 07 me tri c tonne s� Aim to reduce CO 2 emitted per year by 3.9 x 10 7
metric tonnes by 2019
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� Melbourne·s industrialbase is expected to growby % each year
6% of all CO 2 emissionsglobally attributed tomanufacturing industry24% to transportation40% for household use andappliances (Mandil, 2007)
� uel combustion accounted for 1.5% of Australia'stotal CO 2 emissions (Australian Bureau of Statistics,2007)
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� Assuming carbon emissions may increase by2% yearly
By 2019, yearly emissions per capita may be:x
20.5 * (1.02)10
= 25 tonnesHence total CO 2 emissions in Melbourne (assumingpopulation grows to 4.7 million) = 1. x 10 metrictonnes
� Assume that industrial base growth = increase
in CO 2 emissions� Assume that fuel-burning may still be
predominant source of energy if no change ismade (i.e.: still at 0%)
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� For our scheme, we will focus on: Artificial treesPost-combustion capture
Geological storage� The reason for this choice:
artificial trees and post-combustion would tac le capturing CO 2x both non-stationary and stationary sourcesx holistic approach
´Geosequestration is thought to be the most promising due tohigher confidence in the longevity of storage; large capacity of potential storage sites; and generally greater understanding of the mechanisms of storage.µ (Parliamentary Library, 2010)
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� E lectricity that isgenerated throughharnessing and collectingenergy (in the form of radiation) from the sun.
� Must consider alternativeenergy since 0% of carbon dioxide emissionreleased during fuelburning
� We will considertechnology including:
Parabolic TroughSolar Power Tower
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� D eveloped by Klaus La ner,Columbia niversity
� Acts as ¶tree· by absorbing CO 2from atmosphere on ¶leaves·(sorbent material/ carbonscrubber) (Institution of MechanicalE ngineering, 2009)
� When porous material becomessaturated, can either be removedthrough:
Washing with water
x in a vacuum chamber,x compressed into liquidx Stored (eg: underground)Reacting CO 2 with hydrogen tocreate liquid hydrocarbons (Kunzig,2009)
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Advan tagesU seful for:- non-stationary sources responsible for 50% of globalCO 2 levels (eg: cars)
- small scale production of CO 2 (eg: in house, smallindustrial plants)
F lexibility to be built anywhere (eg: on freeways, closeto storage facilities, ¶artificial forests· )
Captures 10x more CO 2 than real trees
Has the potential to remove 90,000 tonnes of CO 2 in ayear
E missions involved with running each tree is less then5% of captured CO 2 in its functional lifetime
Cos ts
About $20,000 toproduce oneartificial tree
(manufacturingaccounts for20% of totalcost)
Main cost:recovery of filtering material
long-termprice may dropto $ 0/tonne of CO 2
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� Captures CO 2 emitted fromindustrial and energy-related sources before itenters the atmosphere.
�
Pre-cools the flue gas(combustion exhaust gasproduced at power plants)
� Captures the CO 2 using water-based solvent (eg: Amines, Carbonates)
� Strip the CO 2 from thesolvent in low-temperature
� Compress and liquefy thestripped CO 2 for piping toa storage site.
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Advan tages
Capable of removing up to 90%of emitted CO 2 from productionplant
Can retrofit to existing plants andcan be applied to new coal-firedplants
Has high operationalflexibility(partial retrofit)
Meets the mar et conditions (Canbe turned off during periods of high power prices and delivermaximum power to the mar et)
Renewable technologies (low-cost solar thermal collectors)
Cos ts
CO 2 capture retrofit cost for ahypothetical 600 MW PC plant,including compression, transportation
for . 2 million metric tons per year of CO 2 estimated by E PRI ( E lectric PowerResearch Institute):
- Capital cost for adding CO 2capture and compressionequipment = $540 million (in third
quarter 2007 dollars), or $66million per year if financed- CO 2 transportation,measurement, and monitoring for20 years at $10/metric ton(levelized value) = $ million peryear
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� Liquefied CO 2 can besequestrated in suitablegeological sites (injectedunderground)
x Stored CO 2 can beretained for up tomillion years
� Victoria, April 200Otway Project(Parliamentary Library,2010)
Pumped 4,500tonnes CO 2/monthinto old gasreservoir(2 munderground)D emonstratesfeasibility in
Australia
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� Consideration must be given:Capacity of basinWhether the undergroundlocation has a ¶sealingcaproc ·Tectonic activity (Metz, et al,2005)
� Since Victoria is a stablegeological location (eg: does notexperience many earthqua es,there may be many ideal areas)
� Capital cost range from U S $1 -1 00 million (representative of sites fromsmall CO2 source with appropriate geosequestration site nearby to large CO2source that are >1000 m from site) (Allinson, et al, 200 )
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� CS T systems use lenses or mirrors andsometimes trac ing devices to focussunlight onto a spot. The concentratedlight is then used to heat up a heattransfer fluid for conventional powerplant.
Mechanism
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D iagram of the Parabolic Trough E lectricity Plant Andasol 1 in Spain
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I nfo r a ti on
Carbon D ioxide Reduction: 1.7 milliontons/GW/year
Land Requirement: .7 ha/MW
Water U sage: 21900 L/MW/year
Largest Plant Size: 20 MW
Thermal Storage hour: 10 hours
Annual Solar to E lectricity E fficiency: 1 .2%
Carbon D ioxide reduced by the largestplant per year = 1.7x10
x 20 = 544000tonnes
Land used = .7 x 20 = 11 4 ha
Potential cost: U S$ 441 millions per oneplant
Advan tages
Australia has a lot of sunshine
Low carbon dioxide
emission (1900 tonnes/MW)
Lessens dependence onfossil fuels, thus provides ahedge against fossil fuelprice fluctuation
D i sadvan tages
Requires huge amount of land
D epends on weather
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� Solar power towers consist of a large field of sun-trac ing mirrors, called heliostats,
� Focus solar energy on a receiver atop a centrally
located tower.� E normous amount of energy, coming out of the sun
rays, concentrated at one point (the tower in themiddle)
� Produces temperatures of approx. 550°C to 1500°C.� Gained thermal energy can be used for heating water
or molten salt, which saves the energy for later use.� Heated water gets to steam, which is used to move the
turbine-generator. This way thermal energy isconverted into electricity.
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I nfo r a ti on
CO2 reduction:12000tons/MW/year
Land Requirement:
1 00 ha/MW/yearWater usage: 2.4Litre/MW
Largest Power Tower:200 MW
Annual Solar toE lectricity E fficiency:17.0%
Cost:5.04millions/MW
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� Though using state-of-art technology, the reduction of .9 x 10 7 metric tonnes per year in Melbourne by the
end of 2019 may be achievable�
Believe the most successful strategy is by using acombination of:Geological storagePost-combustion capture
Artificial trees
Solar power towerParabolic trough
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1. Allinson, W.G., Nguyen, D .N. and Bradshaw, J. , (200¡
) The econom i c s of g eolo gi cal st o r a g e of CO2 i n Austr al i a . APP E A
Journal, 4¡
(1), pp62¡
-6¡
6.2. Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2010). ¢ 3 £ ¢ . £ - Y ea r Book
Austr al i a, 2 £ £ 9² ¢ £ [online]. Retrieved on 24 th August 2010from:http://www.abs.gov.au/A U SST A TS/abs@.nsf/Loo
¤
up/1¡
01.0Chapter
¡
052009% E 2%¥
0%9¡
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. Australian Coal Association, (2010). C a rb on C ap tur e and St o r a g e [online]. Retrieved on 25 th August 2010 from:http://www.newgencoal.com.au/carbon-capture-and-storage.aspx
4. Bentley, M., (200¡
). BBC N ew s ² Sy nt he ti c t ee s co u ld puri f y a ir [online]. Retrieved on 24 th August 2010 from:http://news.bbc.co.u
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4227.stm5. Cooperative research Centre for Greenhouse Gas
Technologies, (May 2007). CO2 Futur e s ² Issu e £ 4 , M a y 2 £ £ §
[online] . Retrieved on 25 th August 2010 from:http://www.co2crc.com.au/dls/co2futures/CO2 FU TU RE S_Issue_04.pdf
6. Mandil, C., (2007). Boo sti n g eff i c i enc y can c ut i nd ustry·s ca rb on d i ox i de em issi on s [online]. Retrieved on 24 th August2010 from:http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/opinion/
¡
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[online]. Retrieved on 24 5h August 2010 from:http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/ClimateChange/responses/mitigation/carbon.htm
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. Institution of Mechanical E ngineering, (2009). Geo -E n gi nee ri n g ² G ivi n g Us T i me To Ac t? [online] Retrieved on 24 th August 2010 from:http://www.imeche.org/NR/rdonlyres/44 © C © 0 © -F 00 D -426B-B0 © 6-565AA17CB70 /0/IMech E GeoengineeringReport.pdf (pg © )
9. Kunzig, R., (2009). The Big I dea ² S c rubbi n g t he S k i e s. [online]Retrieved on 24 th August 2010 from:http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/1 /carbon-capture
10. Stangeland, A., (2007). CO2 C ap tur e F ac ts hee t [online]. Retrievedon 25 th August 2010 from:ttp://www.bellona.org/factsheets/119191 555.1
11. Metz, B. et al, (2005). C a rb on Di ox i de C ap tur e and St o r a g e [online].
Cambridge U niversity press, E ngland. Also available online:http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_chapter5.pdf 12. Maplecroft, (2009). Australia overta es U SA as top polluter, reveals
Maplecroft CO E missions from E nergy Index [online]. Retrievedon 27 h August 2010 from:http://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/australia_overta es_usa_ as_top_polluter_09.html
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. CSIRO, (2007). Post Combustion Capture (PCC) [online]. Retrievedon 29 h August 2010 from: http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps ft.html
14. Source: IPCC, S pec i al Repo rt on C a rb on Di ox i de C ap tur e and St o r a g e , [image] Wor
ing Group III of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O. D avidson,H. de Coninc
, M. Loos and L. Meyer (eds.)], CambridgeU niversity Press, Cambridge, U nited Kingdom and New Yor
, NY, U SA, 2005, F igure TS7, p.
2.15. D epartment of Primary Industries, (2010). Geological
Carbon Storage E xploration Tender [online]. Retrieved on
0 th August 2010 from:http://new.dpi.vic.gov.au/energy/projects-research-and-development/carbon-capture-and-storage-ccs/geological-carbon-storage-exploration-tender
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