cognitive training component (brainfitness program)
Post on 14-Dec-2014
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In aging, negative cortical plasticity has four mutually reinforcing components that create a downward spiral of degrading brain function
Noisy processing•Deterioration of sensory organs•Poor signal quality received in cortex•Brain must adjust by lengthening space and time integration constants •Costs: temporally and spatially noisy processing of stimuli and slowing of information processing speed
Reduced schedules of brain activity•Reduced engagement in cognitively demanding activities (retirement, not learning new things)•Lack of continuous refinement of receptive fields/cortical organization•Less stimulation for attention/reward Brain disuse
Negative learning•Adaptation to degraded processing•Changes in behavior accelerate cognitive decline•E.g.: difficulties in understanding the rapid speech of a child on the phone turn up volume or avoid such conversations
Weakened neuromodulatory control•Changes in metabolism of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) •Changes in connectivity of relevant brain areas•Weakened control of the brain over its own plasticity
Mahncke, Bronstone, & Merzenich (2006), Progress in Brain Research
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Requirements for behavioral training to drive large-scale plasticity
Refine stimulus processing•Increase fidelity•Use complex, dynamic inputs•Decrease spatial/temporal integration constants•Support generalization and in-context function
Intense schedules of activity•Thousands of trials•Frequent engagement•Adaptively increase task demands
Strengthen critical life skills•Force engagement in difficult tasks•Shape new behaviors•Positively reinforce enhanced function
Enhance neuromodulation•Activation, arousal, reward, novelty•Increase demands on attentional control
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Enhancing neuroplasticity through adaptive, computer-based cognitive training programs practicing sensory discrimination abilities
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Story Teller
High or Low Tell us Apart Match It
Sound Replay Listen and Do
The Brain Fitness Program – a plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training program for the auditory domain
Copyright PositScience
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Plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training for the auditory domain improves memory in healthy elderly persons
Improvement in trained tasks:
Persons with improvements
93% 77% 91% 80% 91%
Average improvement
41% 10% 18% 13% 18%
Speed of Processing
Spatial syllable match memory
Forward word recognition span
Working memory
Narrative Memory
Generalization: Improvement in global auditory memory in the experimental group, but not in the active and non-active control groups
Stability: Effect stable also at 3 months follow-up
Mahncke, Connor, Appelman, Ahsanuddin, Hardy, Wood, Joyce, Boniske, Atkins, & Merzenich (2006), PNAS
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Smith , Housen, Yaffe, Ruff, Kennison, Mahncke, & Zelinski (2009), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
The IMPACT study: Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training
Experimental treatment (ET):
Brain Fitness Program
N = 223
Active control (AC):
Viewed DVD-based educational programs on history, art, and literature
Answered written quizzes after each training session
N = 213
higher is better higher is better
lower is better lower is better
Cognitive Self-Report Questionnaire
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Story Teller
Frequency Discrimination High or Low Syllable Discrimination
Correct Order Match It
The German prototype version of the Brain Fitness Program
Copyright Kolassa/Leirer, Universität Konstanz, PositScience
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Jewel Diver
Bird Safari
Sweep Seeker
Master Gardener
Insight – a plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training program for the visual domain
Road Tour
Copyright PositScience
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