collaborative techniques - aoi instituteonline.aoi.edu.au/documents/1307888927presentation_1.pdf ·...
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Agenda
Collaborative WorkPositive InterdependenceOther Elements of Collaborative WorkInteraction: Asynchronous, SynchronousActivity ModelsBeehive
Collaborative Work
This presentation is based on the following definition of Collaborative Work
A group that works together in searching for understanding, meaning or solutions or in creating a productJoint intellectual effortIn our case, mainly used as a learning tool but it is widely used for problem solving in many areas of knowledge and industry
Positive Interdependence (1/2)
The degree to which participants perceive they are interdependent in that they share a mutual fate and that their success is mutually causedIt is sort of a Musketeers:
Either we all make it or none will
It differentiates collaborative work from team work
Positive Interdependence (2/2)
Positive Interdependence can be achieved through the following
Goal sharing: learning something, solving something, discovering something, creating something
Task sharing: each individual has tasks that only he performs, thus he also depends on other for tasks he doesn’t perform
Role sharing: each individual has a special responsibility outside the scope of the problem but within the functions of the team
Information sharing: each individual possesses some critical piece of information but depends on other for other pieces of information
Elements of Collaborative Work
Clearly perceived positive interdependenceConsiderable interactionIndividual accountability and personal responsibility to achieve group goalsUse of the relevant interpersonal and small group skillsFrequent and regular group processing of current functioning to improve the group's future effectiveness
Interaction (1/2)
Individuals are encouraged to assist others in the team to complete tasks in order to reach the group's goals
Provide resources, provide advice (and describe new techniques and new ideas), provide feedback and challenge conclusions
Interaction (2/2)Interaction can be synchronous or asynchronous
Asynchronous interaction is “on-line” Internet wise but “off-line” time wise.
It eliminates time and space barriersUse e-mail, distribution lists, discussion forums, “workshop” type cross evaluation, collaborative annotation software (like MS Word “track changes”), on-line surveys (Current LMS do that)
Synchronous interaction is real-timeUntil now, only done face-to-faceThe holy grail of modern collaborative work is on-line synchronous collaborative workUntil now, only tools like Netmeeting, Messenger and video conferencing tools have been available
They just don’t cut it. They are only used for communication, not real group work
Elements of On-line Collaborative Software (in a sec)
First, we understand the other elements of collaborative workIndividual Accountability and Personal Responsibility
Everyone is expected to do their fair share of work Keep records of every one’s contributions: quality and frequencyTest every one to make sure they reached personal goalsAsk one group member to check the work of others (preferably form other teams)Have members teach what they have achieved to someone else (preferably form another group)
Small Group Skills
Get to know and trust each otherCommunicate clearlyProvide and accept supportResolve conflicts constructively
Group Processing
Group work is effective when group participants reflect on how well they function as a groupThis reflection assists members to maintain good working relationships.Reflection may focus on such things as relationships between people, facilitation of collaborative skills, rewarding of positive behavior and the celebration of success
Collaborative Software (1/2)
First GenerationOn-line, real-time interaction
Support audio, video and messaging (not much different than Skype and Netmeeting)
Whiteboard or application sharing would be very desirableSupport Positive Interdependence
Goal sharingTask sharingRole sharingInformation sharing
Collaborative Software (2/2)
Second Generation will support:Individual accountability and personal responsibilityUse of the relevant interpersonal and small group skills, such as offer and accept support, conflict resolution, measure trustFrequent and regular group processing of current functioning to improve the group's future effectiveness, evaluate a communityThat is, Web 2.0 technology
Activity Models (1/2)
Activity models establish a high interaction interdependent environment for collaborative workA collaborative software tool can achieve collaboration if it supports goal, role, task and information sharing for a subset of these activity models
Pyramid
Used on content that requires individual reflection and then multiple levels of group discussion and explanation
1. Each participant think silently about question/problem posed
2. Individual exchange thoughts with their group
3. Then they shared responses with the entire session
Jigsaw
A complex problem whose resolution requires handling information that can be divided in disjoint sets and used for the resolution of independent sub problems
1. Coordinator gives a specific period of time for each participant in the group (jigsaw group) to study a particular sub problem.
2. The participants of different groups that study the same problem meet in expert groups for exchanging ideas
3. At last, jigsaw group participants meet to solve the whole problem
Coop-CoopMake sure that all team partners are equally able on the topic
1. Select an item from the ones that make up the lesson subject that appeals to your curiosity
2. Make a relational map, graphical organizer, or any other graphical presentation and state why such item interested you
3. Make a team with two students that share your interest in the item and research further the item
1. State goals2. Divide tasks and make a plan of deliveries3. Discuss with your partners the best way to present the
subject to the rest of the class4. Make a graphical presentation demonstrating the
result of your research
Creative Problem Solving
A certain topic or problem without a specific solution whose resolution implies generating many ideas form all members in short time. Select most probable solutions
1. State the problem2. State restrictions and goals3. Create a brainstorm of ideas for problem
solutions4. Cross-pollination of ideas by team-peers5. Establish evaluation criteria for possible
solutions6. Choice evaluation
Synchronous Collaboration Software for Education
BeehiveIt uses dotLRN as platformAnd Flash Media Server for multimedia content deliveryhttp://www.weg.ee.usyd.edu.au/projects/beehive/
Beehive (2/4)
Collaborative Group’s Functions:Synchronous Discussion
Small Group DiscussionsEntire Session DiscussionsSimilar Roles Discussions
Collaborative Ideas Generating, Discussing, and Choosing
Ideas ListingIdeas DiscussionIdeas Voting
- Collaborative Text WritingSmall GroupEntire Session
Beehive (3/4)
Collaborative Group’s Functions:Collaborative Text Discussing and Annotating
Small GroupEntire Session
Collaborative Image Discussing and AnnotatingSmall GroupEntire Session
Entire Session Video ConferenceIce BreakingReporting Resolutions
Beehive (4/4)Participants’ Individual Functions:
Searching the InternetNotes WritingSilent ThinkingAsking for Facilitator’s Help
Facilitator’s functions:Monitoring Groups and Providing GuidanceTracking Participants’ InteractionsVocal OverviewUploading Session's Resource FileProviding a vocal slides showPresenting Short QuestionsPresenting Yes/No QuestionsPresenting SurveyProviding Session’s InfoProviding Groups’ InfoProviding Roles’ Info
Supported Activities Models
Content that requires individual reflection, peer discussion and groups solutions sharingCreate session Think Pair Share
Content that requires group discussion, peer explanation, and finally individual reflection View Simulation Create session Team Pair Solo
Knowledge sharing with a balanced participation Create session Round Table discussion
Training/ Understanding the different aspects of a topic View Simulation Create session Role Playing
Content that requires individual reflection and then group discussion and explanation View Simulation Create session Pyramid
to actively involve with problems coming from real practice View Simulation Create session Problem Based Learning PBL
Understanding and presenting different sides views Create session Pro/Contra
Content that requires presentation View Simulation Create session Presentation
Create session Online Presentation -V 1
Complex Problem solving View Simulation Create session Jigsaw
Creating and choosing the best ideas/solutions View Simulation Create session Group Nomination technique
Knowledge sharing View Simulation Create session Group Discussion
Create session Debate - A typical Cambridge format
Create session Debate - Modified Oxford format
Create session Debate -A typical Oxford format
Create session Debate -Two Person Team Debate Format
Create session Debate -Three Person Team Debate Format
A controversial topic clarification or decision making View Simulation Create session Debate
Helping participants to develop skills in identifying concerns, analyzing problems, and solutions View Simulation Create session Case Studes
A topic group discussion for a short period to gather potential solutions to a problem View Simulation Create session Buzz Group
Ideas creation in a short period View Simulation Create session Brainstorm
UsesPattern information
Collaborative Software (2/2)
Second Generation will support:Individual accountability and personal responsibilityUse of the relevant interpersonal and small group skills, such as offer and accept support, conflict resolution, measure trustFrequent and regular group processing of current functioning to improve the group's future effectiveness, evaluate a community
As we said, Web 2.0 technology
So What is Web 2.0?
“…a second generation of services available on the World Wide Web that lets people collaborate and share information online” (Wikipedia12th May 2006)
A DefinitionWeb 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices; Web 2.0 applications are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform: delivering software as a continually-updated service that gets better the more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an "architecture of participation," and going beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences.
Tim O'Reilly, “Web 2.0: Compact Definition?”
The Web 2.0 Evolution
Browsers, RSS Readers, anything
Viewed through…
Web browser
EveryoneContent Created by…
Web Coders
“dynamic”State“static”
“mass amatuerization”
Domain of…“geeks”
“Post / record”Primary Unit of content
“Page”
“Web Services”Architecture“Client Server”
“Write” & Contribute
Mode“Read”
Web 2.0(2003- beyond)
Web pages, plus a lot of other “content” shared over the web, with more interactivity;
more like an application than a “page”
Web 1.0(1993-2003)
Pretty much HTML pages viewed through a browser
Web 2.0:Web 2.0:Beyond the Blog PhenomenonBeyond the Blog Phenomenon
BlogsBlogsWikisWikis
Web ServicesWeb Services
(x)html(x)html
ServiceService--Oriented ArchitectureOriented Architecture
FolksonomiesFolksonomiesMessagingMessaging Social SoftwareSocial Software
Semantic WebSemantic Web
CMSCMSRSS/AtomRSS/Atom
IPv6IPv6GRIDGRID
P2PP2PSIPSIP
MPLSMPLSWeb 2.0Web 2.0
VoIPVoIP
Next Generation InternetNext Generation Internet
AJAXAJAX
Avatar IconAvatar Icon
Personal InfoPersonal Info
FriendsFriends
Friends’ CommentsFriends’ Comments
Contact InfoContact Info
BlogBlog
PersonalizationPersonalization
WidgetsWidgets
Flickr is a social network
Flickr shows me photos from my network
My contacts “tags” are available to me
FlickrFlickr combines a social network with user generated content. Users cacombines a social network with user generated content. Users can work together to n work together to collaborate on photo projects and use each others’ tags to find collaborate on photo projects and use each others’ tags to find new photos. new photos. FlickrFlickr also has an also has an API for web services to integrate photo collections with API for web services to integrate photo collections with blogsblogs and other apps. and other apps.
Del.icio.us Folksonomy Social Bookmarks
Tags: Descriptive words applied by users to links. Tags are searchable
My Tags: Words I’ve used to describe links in a way that makes sense to me
A “folksonomy” is a spontaneous, collaborative work to categorize links by a community of users. Users take control of organize the content together.
So, what does this have to do with second generation collaborative technology?
Oh, a whole lotBecause these applications dictate that the technology will be…
Web 2.0: “The Web as platform”Web 2.0: “The Web as platform”
Social Software:Social Software:Services for the ‘World Live Web’ Services for the ‘World Live Web’
Processes: humanProcesses: human--technologytechnology
(cyber)Social interactions(cyber)Social interactions
Layers of Interaction (1/2)Layers of Interaction (1/2)
RDF, OWLRDF, OWL
RSS, AtomRSS, AtomWS, SOAWS, SOA XML, XSLT, ...XML, XSLT, ...
AJAXAJAX xhtmlxhtml
NetworkingNetworkingSharingSharingBloggingBlogging TaggingTagging
MessagingMessaging
ShareShare
ConversateConversate
CollaborateCollaborate
FolksonomiesFolksonomiesBlogsBlogs WikisWikisPodcastsPodcasts SocialwareSocialware
USER INNOVATIONUSER INNOVATION
INNOVATINGINNOVATING
INNOVATIVEINNOVATIVEApps&ServicesApps&Services
TechnologyTechnologyINNOVATIONINNOVATION
Layers of Applications (2/2)Layers of Applications (2/2)
Collaboration and Web 2.0
Individual accountability and personal responsibility
Similar to e-bay, Youtube and Flickr
Use of the relevant interpersonal and small group skills: offer and accept support, conflict resolution, measure trust
Similar to Myspace and blogs
Frequent and regular group processing to improve the group's effectiveness, evaluate a community
Similar to Wikipedia and Del.icio.us
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