compost’and’farmyard’...

Compost  and  Farmyard  Manure  

Prepara&on  methods,  Characteris&cs,  Effects  

Rice & wheat straw, husk Saw dust, bark

Animal manure Compost Farmyard M

Industrial wastes

Compost

Municipal refuse・Garbage

Human feces

Digested sludge

Organic fertilizer

Green manure

Agricultural soils

Slurry

Organic matter Input in Agriculture

Purpose  of  compos4ng…  1    1　 To make manure easy for handling and transporting, by reducing dirty feeling, malodor, and stickiness. 2. To prevent soil reduction and emission of harmful gasses and the resulting inhibition in crop growth which is assumed to occur when raw material is applied to soil.

Purpose  of  compos4ng...2  3. To kill pathogens and parasites for human, animals, and plants. 4. To kill the weed seeds which are mixed in feces, hays and feedstocks. 5. To decompose phenolic compounds in feedstocks such as straw and sawdust and low molecular weight organic acids in feces which are assumed to cause growth inhibition of plants.

Significance  of  compos&ng

•  Source  of  nutrients  for  crops.  •  However,  the  func&on  of  compost  is  not  limited  to  the  value  as  nutrients.  

•  Compost  >  Fer&lizer

Significance  of  compos&ng

•  By  compos&ng,  we  can  change  the  waste  to  resource.  

•  Compost  can  supply  energy  to  soil  biota,  and  s&mulate  their  ac&vity.  

•  Compost  is  a  source  of  humic  substances,  which  have  physical,  chemical,  and  physiological  func&ons  to  crops.  

Crops, forage

Plant residue

Soil animals

Microbes

Inorganic nutrients

Soil organic matter

Animals Human

Feces CO2

Reac4ons    in  compos4ng

Aerobic and anaerobic treatments of cattle feces

Carbon compounds

Nitrogen compounds

Sulfur compounds

CO2

NH３

SO４－

NO３－

Low MW fatty acids

CH4・H2

NH３

H2S, CH3SH

Malodour & harmful substances

Anaerobic Aerobic

< 50℃2 days at

60℃Digitaria ciliaria Koeler 96 0Echinochloa spp. 72 0Cyperus spp. 56 0Chenopodiium album Linn. 26 0Percicara lapathiolia Linn. 8 0Portulaca olelacea Linn. 85 0Amaranthus lividus Linn. 68 0Acalypha australis Linn. 7 0Fatoua villosa Nakai 26 0

Germination rate of weed seeds in compost (%)

メヒシバ

ノビエ

カヤツリグサ

シロザ

オオイヌタデ

スベリヒユ

イヌビユ

エノキグサ

クワクサ

Japanese name

Digitaria ciliaria

Cyperus spp. メヒシバ

カヤツリグサ

Chenopodium album Linn.

Percicara lapacifolia Linn.

シロザ オオイヌタデ

Portulaca oleracea Linn.

Amarantus lividus Linn. スベリヒユ

イヌビユ

Acalipha australis Linn. Fatoua villosa Nakai

エノキグサ クワクサ

Compost turning (Ultra-high temperature composting plant)

堆肥Rの温度変化

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

切返し後日数

温度　(℃)

温度1温度2温度3外気温

切返し

切返し

切返し

３月２８日

４月１０日

４月１７日

４月２４日

切返し

５月２日

仕込み

切返し

切返し

５月９日

５月１５日

切返し

５月２４日 切返し

６月２日

Compost  temperature  from  late  March  to  June  in  the  ultra-­‐high  temperature  compos&ng  plant

Days  aIer  mixing  of  raw  material

Tempe

rature  ℃

Fig. 1. Ferm entation tem perature of cow m anure depending ondifferent m oisture contents

(Shintoku Experim ent Station of Anim al H usbandry, 1998)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15

Days of piling

Temperature ℃

M oisture44%

M oisture64%

M oisture72%

M oisture79%

M oisture87%

turning turning

Change in compost temperature

40

60

80

20

℃

Days after mixing 0 10 20 30 40

Low molecular carbohydrate, amino acid

Hemicellulose, cellulose

Lignin

Decomposition rates of different constituents incompost

Cellulose, hemicellulose

Lignin

Carbohydrates, amino acids

Humic substances

Change in organic matter constituents during composting

Microbial biomass

CO2

H2O

NH3

Meso-fauna

Thermophilic bacteria

Actinomycetes

Fungi, mushroom (basidiomycetes)

Succession of microbial fauna during composting