computer and information engineering lab ii ece 3102 & ece 4102
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Designing Printed Circuit Board (PCB )
(Tutorial Five)
فهما رزقني و علما زدني ربMy Lord! Advance me in Knowledge and true understanding .
Computer and Information Engineering Lab IIECE 3102 & ECE 4102
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Lecturer: Dr. Nor Farahidah Za’bah
Demonstrator:Br. Akhter
Lab technician:Br. Shahlan
Laboratory:Mechatronics Workshop, Room# E2-2-13.12
فهما رزقني و علما زدني ربMy Lord! Advance me in Knowledge and true understanding .
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Contents
Basic PCB Skills and Tools.
PCB design using Crocodile.
PCB design using Eagle.
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Need to know about……
• Types of Circuit Board .• Soldering Guide.• Tools required for electronics.• Starter kit of components.• Making a workbench for
electronics.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Construction of Electronics Projects
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Breadboard Stripboard Printed Circuit Board
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Types of Circuit Board
Breadboard Stripboard Printed Circuit Board
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Breadboard Temporary use, Normally for testing purpose. No soldering required . This is a way of making a temporary circuit. No soldering is
required and all the components can be re-used afterwards. It is easy to change connections and replace components. Almost all the Electronics Club projects started life on a breadboard to check that the circuit worked as intended.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Types of Circuit Board (Con.)
Breadboard
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Stripboard Permanent, Soldered . Stripboard has parallel strips of copper track on one side. The
strips are 0.1" (2.54mm) apart and there are holes every 0.1" (2.54mm). Stripboard requires no special preparation other than cutting to size. It can be cut with a junior hacksaw, or simply snap it along the lines of holes by putting it over the edge of a bench or table and pushing hard.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Types of Circuit Board (Con.)
Stripboard
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Printed Circuit Board Permanent, soldered . Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes
where the components are placed. They are designed specially for each circuit and make construction very easy. However, producing the PCB requires special equipment so this method is not recommended if you are a beginner unless the PCB is provided for you.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Types of Circuit Board (Con.)
Printed Circuit Board
Single sided layer• Positive board & Negative board
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB
A sample of positive board
the desired circuit will be the one with black color.
A sample of negative board
the desired circuit will be the one with white color.
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FLOWCHART
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
After making the PCB …..
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Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
1.Circuit
Schematic diagram
PCB Layout
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Step 1
When the PCB layout (Using software) is finished it is printed on a Transparent Paper and becomes a PCB mask.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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Step 2
Photo-resist Positive Board
PHOTO-RESIST BOARD is a piece of glass reinforced plastic.
One of the sides is copper clad with photosensitive coating.
When the plastic film is peeled back this sensitive coating is revealed.
After processing this will be the PCB.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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Step 3
The PCB mask (transparent page) is placed underneath the photo-resist board, touching the sensitive surface.
The plastic film must be removed.
PCB mask and board are then transferred to the UV light Box.
Be careful to ensure that the PCB mask is the right way up, otherwise when the circuit is etched you will discover that the tracks are also the wrong way round.
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Placing Photo-resistive board on Mask
Step 4
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
The lid is shut and the box switched on.
The photo-resist board, with PCB mask are left underneath the lid for 2 minutes (120 sec.)
Note: for negative board, the exposure will be for 25 seconds
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Using UV Light BoxStep 5
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
The photo-resist board is then placed in a tank filled with developer solution.
It is important that the board is only left in the developer for approximately ten seconds.
When the board is taken out of the developer it must be washed in clean water before transferring to the etching tank.
Always use plastic tongs or gloves.
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Using UV Light BoxStep 6 & 7
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
The etchant used is Ferric Chloride.
This solution slowly etches away the unwanted copper, leaving the tracks only. ◦ At this stage it is important to keep
checking that the PCB is completed If it is left in the tank too
long the copper tracks will also be removed or damaged.
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Using UV Light BoxStep 6 & 7
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
The last stage is drilling the holes for the components. A small PCB drill is used for this purpose.
Again care is needed as a good PCB can be ruined by careless drilling.
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Cleaning & DrillingStep 8 & 9
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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1. Use a soldering iron in good condition. Inspect the tip to make sure that it is not past good operation. If it looks in bad condition it will not help you solder a good joint. The shape of the tip may vary from one soldering iron to the next but generally they should look clean and not burnt.
2. A PCB eraser is used to remove any film from the tracks. This must be done carefully because the film will prevent good soldering of the components to the PCB. The tracks can be checked using a magnifying glass. If there are gaps in the tracks, sometimes they can be repaired using wire but usually a new PCB has to be etched.
Soldering Techniques Step 10
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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3. Place the PCB, with its components in position, in the bull clip. This will steady the PCB when you try to use the soldering iron.4. The heated soldering iron should then be placed in contact with the track and the component and allowed to heat them up. Once they are heated the solder can be applied. The solder should flow through and around the component and the track
Soldering Techniques (Con.)Step 10
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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5. Having completed soldering the circuit the extended legs on the components need to be trimmed using wire clippers. The circuit is now ready for testing.
Soldering Techniques (Con.)Step 10
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
Below are some of the warning symbols that appear on etchants and ferric chloride solutions. They are present to warn the user of their potential danger if mishandled. Why should etchants and solutions such as ferric chloride be handle with great care ?
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Checking & TestingStep 11
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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Checking & Testing (Con.)Step 11
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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The ProductFinally
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Working With PCB (Con.)
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Soldering iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt the solder so that it can flow into the joint between two work-pieces.
A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an insulated handle. Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current through a resistive heating element.
The iron's power rating should be 15 to 25W and it should be fitted with a small bit of 2 to 3mm diameter.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction
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Soldering iron stand
You must have a safe place to put the iron when you are not holding it.
The stand should include a sponge which can be dampened for cleaning the tip of the iron.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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De-soldering pump (solder sucker)
A tool for removing solder when de-soldering a joint to correct a mistake or replace a component.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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Reel of solder
The best size for electronics is 22swg (swg = standard wire gauge).
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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Cutters
For trimming component leads close to the circuit board.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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Small pliers
Usually called 'snipe nose' pliers, these are for bending component leads etc. If you put a strong rubber band across the handles the pliers make a convenient holder for parts such as switches while you solder the contacts.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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Small flat-blade screwdriver
For scraping away excess flux and dirt between tracks, as well as driving screws.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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Small electric drill
Ideally this should be mounted in a drill stand. We will need a range of small drill bits, but for most holes a
1mm bit is suitable. Larger holes can be drilled with a hand drill but 1mm bits are too fragile to use reliably in a hand drill.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Tools Required for Circuit Construction (Con.)
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A few safety precautions:
Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron. • They are very hot (about 400°C) and will give you a nasty
burn. • Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of
the iron. • The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. An
ordinary plastic flex will melt immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a serious risk of burns and electric shock.
Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.
• Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment! Work in a well-ventilated area.
• The smoke formed as you melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite irritating. Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above, your work.
Wash your hands after using solder. • Solder contains lead which is a poisonous metal.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Soldering Guide: HOW TO SOLDER
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Use a damp sponge, frequently, to keep the bit clean.
Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Soldering Guide: HOW TO SOLDER (Con.)
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Tinning the bit, Heating the joint and applying the solder. Tin the bit for good heat conduction. (This means putting a small blob of solder on the tip of the bit).
Hold the iron like a pen. Rest your hands on the workbench to make them steady. Take precautions against the work moving (use a small vice or sticky tape). Heat the biggest part of the joint for 2-3 seconds.
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Soldering Guide: HOW TO SOLDER (Con.)
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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT !!!
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Soldering Guide: HOW TO SOLDER (Con.)
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Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Important Components
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Basic PCB Skills and Tools
Important Components (Con.)
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Take great care to avoid damage. Components cost a few pence, an assembled printed circuit board may be worth several hundred pounds.
Ensure the iron bit is well tinned. Heat up the joint to be de-soldered until the solder runs. Apply the solder sucker and remove the solder. This should only take two or three seconds.
Tools required: pliers, cutters, soldering iron, and solder sucker (de-soldering tool).
Basic PCB Skills and Tools
De-soldering Components
Working on a double-sided PCB (where copper tracks are on both sides of the PCB) is more difficult and requires more care.
It is often safer to cut the component leads and discard the component, then desolder the leads individually.
Circuit Design UsingCrocodile Technology
3D
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Crocodile is a compilation of circuit design tools and simulation tools.
This application is also good for beginners who wanted to learn electronics.
The simulation tools help learners / users to experiment circuit connections without being worried about component get burns because of wrongly connected.
You can always replace burnt component with a new one by simply drag and drop.
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Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Crocodile Technology 3D
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1. Click File >> New2. Click “Rectangular PCB space” from the Parts Library pane and drag it
to the scene space
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Creating New File
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Schematic space
3D / PCB space
Parts tray
Parts tray
Click and drag parts to PCB space
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working Space
No. Component Value Qty1. Resistor 470 Ohm 32. Resistor 10 kOhm 23. Capacitor 100 uF 14. Diode 1N914 15. IC 555 timer - 16. 4027 dual JK flip flop - 17. LED - 3
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Find and drag all the components below to the PCB space
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Circuit Designing Practice
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Draw the schematic below on the schematic space.
See the circuit simulation by clicking the switch button on the schematic
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Drawing the Schematic
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Once a circuit has been designed and simulated/tested in Crocodile Technology and any necessary alterations made, the completed circuit is ready for export to ‘real PCB’.
Both Crocodile Technology and Real PCB software must be running at the same time for this to be possible.
The conversion to PCB layout can be achieved through a menu in Crocodile Technology. Real PCB converts the circuit diagram effortlessly to PCB layout and usually with 100% accuracy.
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Crocodile Technology to Real PCB
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Real PCB can also be used to construct a circuit as a PCB layout, from scratch, by selecting components from a series of menus and drawing the tracks connecting them. It can be used by both beginners and experts to produce accurate PCBs. Quality checks can be carried out automatically and the software will also produce a bill for the components used on any PCB.
The ‘Pour Copper’ menu changes the final PCB by only removing enough copper so that the tracks can be seen. This means that only the necessary copper is removed to ensure the final circuit works. This extends the life of etchant used in the etchant tank.
Two more ways of presenting the PCB. The 'artwork' layout is the most likely to be printed out on a transparency, ready for conversion to PCB. The ‘real life’ layout style shows the PCB with its components. This is useful when arranging the components on the PCB, as the position of each can be check against a real life printed.
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB
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When the PCB layout is finished it is printed on a transparency and becomes known as a PCB mask. The PCB mask is transferred to the UV box, which is the next stage in the manufacture of a printed circuit board.
Advantages of using circuit and PCB software:
1. Circuits can be simulated on screen without the need to build a circuit on a breadboard with real components.
2. Errors can be corrected and alterations made to the circuit by simply replacing components from menus.
3. No soldering is needed, simply move components with a mouse.4. Using simulation software is safer than soldering with hot soldering irons and avoids
dangerous fumes being produced whilst soldering.5. Once a PCB has been designed it can be printed onto transparencies repeatedly, all to
the same high quality.6. PCB layout software is more accurate than drawing a circuit by hand.
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
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Jumper wires exist when Real PCB finds out that there are no possibilities of copper connection.
But you can always eliminate jumper wires by rearranging the components position.
Try rearranging the components until a PCB artwork with minimum or no jumper wires at all.
Jumper wires
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
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Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
Exporting to Real PCB
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Real PCB window option
• For the first time, simply click “Quick” button.
• Take note on the “circuit warnings” down below…
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
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Click this button to see error log
Click this button to open Real PCB
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)Real PCB Progress
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Tools pane
Jumper wire
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
Real PCB
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Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)
No Jumpers
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It will always be a good practice to print the artwork to a white paper first.
This will allow you to check the arrangement and the orientation of the components easily.
If you’ve satisfied with the artwork than print it on a transparency film to create a PCB mask.
Circuit Design Using Crocodile Technology 3D
Working with Real PCB (Con.)Printing PCB Artworks
PCB – SCHEMATIC AND LAYOUT
USING EAGLE SOFTWARE
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Eagle software is used to design schematic diagram i.e. the circuit and then transfer it into a PCB layout
However, Eagle does not perform circuit analysis like PSPICE or ORCAD.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
EAGLE Software
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File >> New >> Project
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Creating New Project
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Creating New Project (Con.)
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Right click on the New Project folder icon to access the menu.Rename the project before creating a new schematic since it is not
possible to change the project’s name while it is in use.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Rename Project & Schematic
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• Set up the library before working on the schematic .• Right click on the Library, and choose “Use all”.• Some user might drop components that he/she don’t want. This will
make sure that all the components library is selected
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
LIBRARY
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Add Parts – This is where all the parts needed stored in the library
Connecting Wires
Copy
Select / Move
NOTE: Right hand click to rotate your parts
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Designing Space
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Now construct the circuit using the schematic.
Output will be connected to an oscillator
An AC signal produced by a function generator
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Example: Rectifier Circuit
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This window will appear if ‘Add Part’ Icon is clicked.Write the type of component (Ex. DIODE), Choose the model D1N4148.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Selecting Components
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To select the part just click OK and the part will be displayed on the schematic window.
WARNING!!! NEVER CLICK "Drop". By clicking the "Drop" button, this part is deleted from the list. If you’ve clicked the "Drop" button by mistake, you can reset the library on Control Panel.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Selecting Components
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Selecting Components (Con.)To position the component simply click the left mouse button anywhere on the window.
Click again to get another same component.
To stop the addition function of the component, strike the ESC key and click "Cancel”. ORPress STOP in the toolbar.
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Adjust the display screen using Fit, In and Out button.
To delete, click delete button, click on the parts to delete press STOP to end this operation.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Selecting Components (Con.)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Wiring the parts
After putting the component, wiring can be done by the Wire function.
Left click the lead wire of the part and double-click at the end point
which of wiring.
It isn't necessary to keep to push the mouse button during wiring work.
To stop this feature, press STOP button.
The drawn line can be erased using the Delete button.
Can also wire the components using bus icon.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Wiring the parts (Con.)A circular black mark is put to the node of the wiring. This mark isn't
related to the wiring of the printed board. It is to confirm the connection of the wire when the person sees the schematic.
When pushing the Junction button, the circular mark which moves with the mouse pointer appears.
A mark is drawn to the schematic when left clicking at the node. To stop this feature, it clicks the Cancel button.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
PracticeDraw this circuit: A 5volt voltage regulator circuit using IC 7805 .
After drawing a schematic, the mistake can be automatically detected by the ERC (Electrical Rule Check) button.
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We need to have PADs included in schematic so that PCB can be connected to power supply, GND and the output node
So, again click Add parts, search for Pad, and find wire pads.
Use the ( 1,6 /0,8) package.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
WIREPADS
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
WIREPADS (Con.)
WIREPADS
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Tips
Can label the wire pads by clicking the icons and then select the items to rename or put values for the resistors/capacitors. Can do this in schematic diagram.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Related Instructions Invoke
◦ Use when it involves ICs.
◦ It is common for an IC to have more than 1 logic circuit in it, for example, an IC for NOT gate ( 74LS04N ).
◦ There are 6 NOT gates in the IC. Hence, invoke allows you to connect other logic circuits accordingly.
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ERC is performed to check schematic before transforming them into a PCB layout.
Once the icon is clicked, a text file will appear producing list of errors and warnings.
Correct schematic and perform ERC again. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO GET A CORRECT
SCHEMATIC
Icon associated with ERC
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Electrical Rule Check (ERC)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Example of ERC
EAGLE Version 4.09r2 Copyright (c) 1988-2002 CadSoft
Electrical Rule Check for C:/PROGRAM FILES/EAGLE-4.09R2/projects/test/test.sch
WARNING: Sheet 1/1: POWER Pin IC1P VCC connected to +5V
Board and schematic are consistent
0 errors 1 warning
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Starting New Project: Board File
Click "Board" icon in the schematic window.
When a board isn't made yet, board creating is confirmed by following dialog.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Creating Board FileThe yellow line among the parts is the line which shows a connection
among them. But, these lines are not wiring for the printed board yet.
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Can still rotate parts even though using in the PCB layout window.
Need to move your parts into the frame.Click on
Select all the parts, click onRight hand click the grouped parts.And then left hand click to place them in the frame. Once all parts are place in the frame, click on the
Ratsnest icon.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Creating Board File
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The yellow line shows a connection among the parts. The part should be arranged for the yellow line to be simpler.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Parts Arrangement on the Board
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A Ratsnest display: ◦ the program will draw a straight line (not a track)
between the pads of components which are connected on the schematic.
◦ it shows the connectivity of circuit before starting laying out tracks.
◦ At the start of board layout with all components, placed down randomly, this will appear as a huge and complicated random maze of lines. Hence the name Ratsnest.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
What is RATNEST
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Place all the components that need to be in specific locations.◦ e.g. connectors, switches, LEDs
Pay attention to orientation of each part placed. Give careful thought when placing components to minimize trace
lengths. Put parts next to other parts they connect to.
◦ a good job here makes routing the traces much easier.◦ Again, the orientation of each part matters too.
Arrange ICs in only one or two orientations:◦ vertically or horizontally.
if possible, align each IC so that pin #1 is in the same place for each part, say, on the top ( if horizontal ) and/or left sides ( if vertical ).
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Placing Components
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Firstly, set the rules for PCB layout. Examples of what can be set with a DRC:
◦ Circuit connectivity. It checks that every track on board matches the connectivity of schematic.
◦ Electrical clearance. Can check the clearance between tracks, pads, and components.
◦ Manufacturing tolerances like min/max hole sizes, track widths.
A complete DRC is performed again after finishing PCB.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Design Rule Check (DRC)
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The default is 8 mil. Since 1 inch is 25.4mm and 1mil is 1/1000 inches, so 8mil is about 0.2mm. 40mil is about 1mm. Normally, we set it to be higher, around 16-20mil.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Design Rule Check (DRC) (Con.)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
AUTOROUTE – connecting the partsNext, click Autorouter icon and a window
will appear.
Make sure your Autorouter is setup as shown
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Autorouting on the Board In EAGLE, a pattern is drawn using 2 layers which are component side and wiring side. The blue line is the wiring on the wiring side and the red line is wiring on the component side.
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If you don’t like the design of your PCB or if there is an error, need to re-route.
Click the RipUp icon basically to cancelled PCB connections.
Once clicked that, go to and a window will popped out.
Click Yes
Once done, rearrange the parts again, Ratsnest and Autoroute until not satisfied with PCB design.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
RIP - up
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Before & After
The PCB route is marked in blue
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Since we use one sided PCB, change the red line (1top) to blue (16 bottom) without violating the board/circuit consistency. Use right click on the red line.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Customizing the Board
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To see exactly how the PCB board would look like,
click the display icon and highlight these portions only.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Customizing the Board (Con.)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Before & After
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Select the frame and move it so that it fits nicely with PCB layout.
Finally, print out the PCB layout on the transparency.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Other responsibilities
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The size of the PCB can be seen by click Info and click the frame line (length in inch).
If necessary adjust the size using Move to drag the frame line.
Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Customizing the board (Con.)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Printing the Layout
File >> Export
• Browse and write a filename, for example, rectifier.
• Open using Paint and then print.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Circuit is Framed
You can add ‘copper text’ by clicking the icon.
The white lines will be the conducting lines and nodes
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Prototype Circuit
555 timer IC. One 1N914 "switching" diode. Two 10 kΩ resistors.One 100 µF capacitor .4027 dual J-K flip-flop. Ten-segment LED. Three 470 Ω resistors. One 6 volt battery.
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Pin-diagram of 555 & JK Flip-Flop (4027) 1234
8765
555 Timer
JK Flip-Flop(4027)
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Circuit Design Using EAGLE Software
Printing the Mask PatternAt the board, the component side pattern, the wiring side pattern, the
shape of the parts and the name of the parts are drawn together. When doing print in this condition, all of them have been printed. So, it is
necessary to set to print only a necessary part; the bottom copper for 1 sided PCB.
Set at least tPlace, tDocu, tNames, tValues, tOrigin to OFF, set other display as necessary. And set the print setting also as below.
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Thank You
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