conduit hydropower opportunities in south africa (high … vandijk mon... · 1 conduit hydropower...
Post on 04-Feb-2018
221 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
1
www.clean-power-africa.com
Conduit hydropower opportunities in
South Africa (High and low head)
Marco van Dijk, Lecturer, University of
Pretoria, South Africa
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
2
www.clean-power-africa.com
Do you know how an electrician tells if he's
working with AC or DC power?
If it's AC, his teeth chatter when he grabs the
conductors. If it's DC, they just clamp together.
What's the difference between a woman and a
battery?
A battery has a positive side.
Conduit hydropower opportunities in South
Africa (High and low head)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
3
www.clean-power-africa.com
Our involvement
Title: Energy generation from distribution
systems
Period: 2 years
Funding: Water Research Commission with a
number of collaborating organisations
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
4
www.clean-power-africa.com
What is conduit hydropower?
Description
South-African context
Identifying potential sites
Potential sites in Tshwane
PvRCHP
Bloemwater hydropower
Design process
Way forward
Layout of the presentation
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
5
www.clean-power-africa.com
Conduit hydropower is where excess
energy available in pressurised conduits
(pumping or gravity) is transformed into
clean, renewable hydroelectric energy by
means of a turbine.
The excess energy is normally dissipated
by means of pressure control valves but by
conveying it through a parallel dissipating
system, the water turbine, the pressure
head and flow is utilized to generate
hydroelectric power.
What is conduit hydropower?
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
6
www.clean-power-africa.com
What is conduit hydropower? Uitkijk reservoir
Brandkop reservoir
1 400
1 420
1 440
1 460
1 480
1 500
1 520
1 540
1 560
1 580
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000
Chainage (m)
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
Longitudinal profile
HGL static conditions
HGL maximum flow
ΔHmax = 83.2 m, Qmin = 0 m³/s
Qmax = 1.42 m³/s, ΔHmin = 15 m
ΔH
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
7
www.clean-power-africa.com
What is conduit hydropower? Uitkijk reservoir
Brandkop reservoir
1 400
1 420
1 440
1 460
1 480
1 500
1 520
1 540
1 560
1 580
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000
Chainage (m)
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
Longitudinal profile
HGL static conditions
HGL maximum flow
When flowing at 70% of design capacity
ΔH70% = 47.1 m, Q70% = 1.0 m³/s
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
8
www.clean-power-africa.com
Description
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
9
www.clean-power-africa.com
Drivers to consider “conduit hydropower”:
Renewable energy source
Rising energy costs
Utilizing existing water infrastructure
Financial incentives
Public perception
Job creation
Extending the operational life of control valves
Remote power (alarms, communications etc.)
Description
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
10
www.clean-power-africa.com
South African context
Who is looking into conduit hydropower:
Rand Water Board (4 sites total 15 MW)
Bloem Water (2 x 350 kW)
Umgeni Water
Lepelle Northern Water (3 sites total 370 kW)
City of Tshwane (5 sites total 1.6 MW)
Ethekwini Municipality (various)
George Municipality (various)
Amatola Water
ESKOM (5-7MW)
City of Cape Town
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
11
www.clean-power-africa.com
South African context
City of Cape Town
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
12
www.clean-power-africa.com
High head and low head
Q, H, generation time and assurance of
supply (probability distributions)
Accessibility
Reservoir storage to accommodate
fluctuating demands
Generated electricity consumption?
Bypass alternative
Safety mechanisms
Feasibility
Identifying potential sites
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
13
www.clean-power-africa.com
Potential sites in Tshwane
Geographically speaking the City
of Tshwane has a lower elevation
then the bulk service Reservoirs
of Rand Water which is the main
water supply.
Water is then distributed through a
large water system that includes
160 reservoirs, 42 water towers,
10677 km of pipes and more than
260 pressure reducing
installations (PRV’s) that operates
at pressures of up to 250 m.
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
14
www.clean-power-africa.com
Potential sites in Tshwane
Reservoir site
Estimated
average
capacity (kW)
Estimated annual
generation
potential (kwh/a)
Estimated
development
cost (R) *
Estimated
revenue (year
1) (R)##
Garsfontein 550 3 854 400 R 12 100 000 R1 504 000
Wonderboom# 330 2 312 640 R 7 260 000 R902 000
Heights# 380 2 663 040 R 8 360 000 R1 040 000
Akasia# 260 1 822 080 R 5 720 000 R711 000
Waverley# 80 56 0640 R 1 760 000 R220 000
Total 1 600 11 212 800 R 35 200 000 R2 873 000
Notes: * Initial planning, design and capital costs
# Based on IMQS data (no historical data available)
## Utilizing a conservative load factor of 0.8, turbine system efficiency of 70%, averaged
Megaflex tariff of 50 c/kwh and subtracting anticipated O&M costs
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
15
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
16
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
17
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
Supply
line
Isolating
valve
Cross flow turbine
“ballast tank”
Control
panel
“pinch valve”
Guide vane control
15kW
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
18
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
19
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
20
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
21
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
22
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
23
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
24
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
25
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
26
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
27
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
28
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
29
www.clean-power-africa.com
Pierre van Ryneveld Conduit Hydropower Plant
Launch
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
30
www.clean-power-africa.com
Bloemwater hydropower
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
31
www.clean-power-africa.com
Uitkijk reservoir
Brandkop reservoir
De Hoek reservoir
1 400
1 450
1 500
1 550
1 600
1 650
0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000
Chainage (m)
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
Uitkijk - Brandkop profile
De Hoek - Uitkijk profile
HGL maximum flow
Bloemwater hydropower
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
32
www.clean-power-africa.com
Bloemwater hydropower (Uitkijk)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
33
www.clean-power-africa.com
Bloemwater hydropower (Brandkop)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
34
www.clean-power-africa.com
Generating potential (Uitkijk to Brandkop)
Uitkijk reservoir
Brandkop reservoir
1 400
1 420
1 440
1 460
1 480
1 500
1 520
1 540
1 560
1 580
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000
Chainage (m)
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
Longitudinal profile
HGL static conditions
HGL maximum flow
ΔHmax = 83,2 m
ΔQmax = 1,42 m³/s
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
35
www.clean-power-africa.com
Q40 = 0,57 m3/s: ΔH = 66,3 m
Q70 = 1,00 m3/s: ΔH = 47,1 m
Q100 = 1,42 m3/s: ΔH = 17,5 m
Generating potential (Uitkijk to Brandkop)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
36
www.clean-power-africa.com
Option 1: Construct hydropower plants
which will maximize income on this supply
line (300 – 400 kW / site)
Option 2: Construct a smaller pilot plant that
would supply sufficient energy to provide the
Bloemwater Head Office or site with
electricity (
95 kW required)
Options to consider
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
37
www.clean-power-africa.com
Site location Brandkop Reservoir
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
38
www.clean-power-africa.com
IREM Crossflow turbine and generator
Nominal voltage: three/single phase 400/230V 50Hz
Generated electric power: P =
96 kW
Net head axis turbine: H =
40 m
Flow :Q =
350 l/s
ECOWATT Micro hydroelectric power plant type TBS Cross Flow turbine in stainless steel type 4-0.5
Synchronous generator type AZ 100
Revolution multiplier by cogged driving belt
Automatic flow regulation (with electric actuator 230Vac)
Manual butterfly valve
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
39
www.clean-power-africa.com
Electric Distribution Board Mod. CT 100.000 a voltmeter, a digital frequency-meter, ammeters indicating the total current
distributed by the generator, ammeters indicating the current drawn by the
consumers
magneto thermal, which protects the generator from possible short circuits
on the consumer line
electronic voltage relay, operating a warning buzzer and a visual signal in the
event the voltage variation exceeds the limits
Electronic Regulating System RMP 12000/B with water
dissipation resistances box unit, which include the electronic control board to micro processor and the
power control
transient voltage protection (TVP)
resistors for dissipation equipped with 9 x 12 kW
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
40
www.clean-power-africa.com
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
41
www.clean-power-africa.com
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
42
www.clean-power-africa.com
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
43
www.clean-power-africa.com
Brandkop Hydropower Plant
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
44
www.clean-power-africa.com
•Pressure and flow measurements
•Conceptual design of system (pipework, turbine room, grid connection point)
•Preliminary costing
Prefeasibility study and site evaluation
•NERSA licence application
•Environmental Impact Assessment
•Water use licencing
•Land ownership
Regulatory and permitting
•Dynamic analysis of pipeline system
•Selection of turbine
•Design of turbine room
•Design of pipe and valve work
•Optimizing of system
Detail system design
•Design of electric control boards
•Design of regulator system
•Design of electric grid connection
Grid integration
•Funding strategy and sustainability
•Detailed cost estimated
•Risk assessment
•Sensitivity analysis
Project finance and feasibility study
•Tender phase
•Tender evaluation
•Equipment procurement
•Construction of facilities
Equipment procurement and construction
•Overall project management
•Site supervision
•Commissioning and testing
Project and construction management
•Routine inspections
•Maintenance plan
•Training
Operation and maintenance
•Recording of flow, pressure, energy, efficiency, reservoir levels etc.
•Evaluation and optimizing of plant operation
Monitoring and evaluation
Design
process
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
45
www.clean-power-africa.com
Why develop small conduit hydropower?
Economically feasible – Garsfontein #1 and others
Why develop micro/pico conduit hydropower schemes?
On site use of electricity
Upliftment of community
Free internet access for an area?
Free electricity for a school?
Mass lighting?
Improved operational control of WDS
Telemetry
Security/Alarm system
Site lighting
Identification and development of other water
infrastructure with hydropower potential (WRC study)
Way forward
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
46
www.clean-power-africa.com
Garsfontein
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
47
www.clean-power-africa.com
Potential for a week = 82 097 kwh
Annual potential = 4 280 000 kwh
Garsfontein
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
48
www.clean-power-africa.com
Way forward - Options
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
49
www.clean-power-africa.com
Way forward - Options
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
50
www.clean-power-africa.com
Developing and other countries shall take initiatives to enhance the
development of micro and small hydropower plants as an environment
friendly resource through the application of advanced and compatible
technologies to meet the demand of growing population on energy
and conservation to protect themselves from future energy crises and
secure a more sustainable development path;
Separate but similar policy for rural electrification should be
formulated in the developing countries by incorporating the role of
isolated and national grid connected micro and small hydropower
plants;
The governments of developing countries shall facilitate the possible
role of micro and small hydropower plants for global green house
gases (GHG) emission reduction;
The governments of the developing countries shall provide financial
and technical assistance to the stakeholders of micro and small
hydropower sector through a dedicated body, which also supports
capacity building as well as Research & Development activities;
Way forward (Katmandu Resolution)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
51
www.clean-power-africa.com
Governments shall be involved in the process of development of micro
and small hydropower plants in People-Public-Private Partnership
(PPPP) model to facilitate regulatory requirements for installation of
micro-hydel plants as well as for distribution through mini-grids;
Development of micro and small hydropower should be linked with the
burning issues such as climate change, social inclusion, energy
security, sustainability, development of Small and Medium Scale
Enterprises (SMEs), economic empowerment and poverty alleviation;
Effective measures shall be taken by the governments of the
developing countries to ensure the synchronization of mini-grids,
availability of low head turbines and appropriate technologies for non-
mountainous regions, and publish standard operative procedures and
guidelines of the micro and small hydropower plants preferably in
local languages;
For international compatibility, standardization in the designs of the
micro and small hydropower system is desirable for harmonization of
trade in this emerging renewable energy technology among the NAM
and other developing countries to the extent that such attempts do not
discourage the innovation in technology domains and identification of
strategy for upscaling.
Way forward (Katmandu Resolution)
PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
52
www.clean-power-africa.com PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor
top related