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Contribute gardening observations for research
The rhythm of seasonal change
LoriAnne Barnett
Education Coordinator
PHENOLOGY
Just to be clear…
phRenology – a pseudoscience
focused on measurements of the human skull and size
of the brain
phOnology – a branch of linguistics
concerned with the organization of sounds in
language
What is phenology?
The science of the seasons• Blooms and buds• Hibernation, migration,
emergence• Easy to observe
Photo credit: L. Barnett
…it is the study of the timing of recurring plant and animal life-cycle stages, or phenophases, and their relationship to environmental conditions.
Photo credit: P. Warren
Flowers FruitsLeaves
Observable life cycle events orPHENOPHASES
Who observes phenology?• Scientists
• Gardeners/Agriculturists• Land managers
• Educators• Youth
Photo credit: C. Enquist
Photo credit: P. Warren
Photo credit: S. Schaffer
The Master Gardeners are a group of volunteers providing leadership and guidance to the community in
home gardening and landscaping.
Phenology research at the Extension Office can help you make informed recommendations, provide area-specific information about bloom times
and year to year variations, and accurate species information.
If you’ve done any gardening,
you are a PHENOLOGIST!
Identify local seasonal indicators. When do we expect to see them appear?
Has that changed at all through time?
DISCUSS
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
RECORD KEEPING
Garden re-created
Photo credit: Monticello
Cloned lilac program
HISTORIC LILAC NETWORK
ESTABLISHED IN THE 1950S
SANTA RITA EXPERIMENTAL
RANGE,GREEN VALLEY, AZ
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Photo credit: L. Barnett
David Bertelsen,
Naturalist
The Finger Rock Dataset
• Collected by a single individual• 1984-present• 1480+ round-trip hikes (10 miles), 4158’ elevation gain• Approximately weekly• 587 flowering plant taxa (group of species)• 155K+ records of plant flowering. • 73,000 vertebrate records
Photo credit: B. Wilder
What’s Phenology
Finger Rock – Santa Catalina Mtns, TucsonFinger Rock Trail,
Santa Catalina MtnsTucson, AZ
Mile 1 – Desert scrub, riparian
Mile 2 – Desert scrub, scrub grassland
Mile 3 – Scrub grassland, oak woodland, oak pine woodland
Mile 4 – Oak-pine woodland, pine forest
Mile 5 – Oak-pine woodland, pine forest
Finger Rock Trail, Santa Catalina MtnsTucson, AZ
3,100’
7,258’
3,540’
4,500’
5,480’
6,360’
Acer rubrum (red maple); Photo credit: D. Hartel
Observing the same individual through the seasons
EARTH’S SYSTEMS
WeatherDay-to-day changes in the
Earth’s atmosphere.
Climate is what you expect…
…weather is what you get.-Mark Twain
ClimateLong-term average
of dailyweather in a given
area.
It is about… …time
http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/
Annual average MINIMUM temperatures – 30 years
Sunset Climate Zones for the West
Also account for:• Latitude• Hills and Valleys• Elevation• Ocean influence (humidity)• Continental air• Precipitation • Microclimates
www.sunset.com/garden/climate-zones/
ZONE 3A: Mild areas of mountain and intermountain climatesEast of the Sierra and Cascade ranges, you can hardly find a better gardening climate than Zone 3a.Winter minimum temperatures average from 15 to 25°F (–9 to –4°C), with extremes between –8 and –18°F (–22 and –28°C). Its frost-free growing season runs from 150 to 186 days. The zone tends to occur at lower elevations in the northern states (eastern Oregon and Washington as well as Idaho), but at higher elevations as you move south crossing Utah’s Great Salt Lake and into northern New Mexico and Arizona. Fruits and vegetables that thrive in long, warm summers, such as melons, gourds, and corn, tend to do well here. This is another great zone for all kinds of deciduous fruit trees and ornamental trees and shrubs. Just keep them well watered.
Mile 1
Mile 5
Mile 4
Mile 3
Mile 2
Desert scrub
Scrub grassland
Oak woodland
Oak-pinewoodland
Pineforest
800 mm
300 mm
10 ºC
20 ºC
Annu
al A
vera
ge P
reci
pita
tion
Annu
al A
vera
ge T
empe
ratu
re
Elevation-Veg-Climate gradient
http://alliance.la.asu.edu/maps/AZ_biomes_web.pdf
Life Zones
Biodiversity
USA-NPN
UNDERSTAND HOW SPECIES AND
LANDSCAPES ARE RESPONDING TO CLIMATE
CHANGE.
Primary goal• Create a standardized, long-
term dataset for use in multiple types of research.
Mission• Make phenology data, models
and related information available.
• Encourage people of all ages and backgrounds to observe and record phenology.
Photo credit: C. Enquist
Pho
to c
redi
t: L.
Rom
ano
• ~4,500 active observers• ~7,000 active sites• 4.6M+ records • Lilac data from 1956• Many taxa from 2009
Reproduction Development MethodActivity
ANIMAL
Active individuals
Feeding
Male combat Mating
Young individuals
Dead individuals
Individuals at a feeding station
Flowers FruitsLeaves
Young leaves Leaves Colored
leaves
Flowers or flower buds
Open flowers
Ripe fruits Recent
seed or fruit drop
PLANT PHENOPHASES
…How Many?
YES
NO
?
Leaves
Flowers
Fruits
Gambel Oak
Breaking leaf buds
Leaves
Increasing leaf size Colored leaves
Flowers or Flower Buds
Open Flowers
Fruits
Ripe Fruits
Recent fruit or seed drop
DECIDUOUS PLANT PHENOPHASES
Data IN
Enter Observations Online
Photo credit: S. Schaffer
You MUST have your account completely set up online first to use the mobile apps!
Data OUT
Red maple (Acer rubrum) in 2013
collected via Nature’s Notebook
http://www.usanpn.org/data/visualizations
DATA DOWNLOAD
https://www.usanpn.org/results/data
DATA DOWNLOAD
RESULTS
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12 species exhibited flowering range shift upslope
34 species exhibited flowering range expansion upslope
23 species exhibited flowering range contraction upslope
Crimmins et al. (2009) Global Change Biology
Flowering range changes…
26% show change
How can PHENOLOGY be applied to the
Master Gardener Program?
DISCUSS
CENTRAL ARIZONA PHENOLOGY TRAIL
Photo credit: L. Barnett
James 4-H Camp on Mingus Mountain
Highlands Center for Natural History
Community Nature Center of Prescott
Walnut Creek Center for Ed and Research
Prescott Creeks/Watson Woods
Natural History Institute at Prescott College
~ ----------- ~Master Gardener Demonstration Gardens?
Photo credit: L. Barnett
Central Arizona Contacts
Suzette Russisuzetter@cableone.net
Edessa Carredessa52@gmail.com
Connect with USA-NPN…
• Sign up for a phenology quarterly e-newsletter
• Become an observer
• Discover new tools and resources
LoriAnne Barnettlorianne@usanpn.org
www.facebook.com/USANPN
www.pinterest.com/USANPN
www.twitter.com/@loriannebarnett
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