copyright © 2007 pearson education canada10-1 conception, pregnancy, and childbirth chapter 10 this...

Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

Chapter 10

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Conception

The union of a sperm cell and ovum 200 to 400 million sperm Ovum Zona pellucida

Gelatinous layer that surrounds the ovum Hyaluronidase

Enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida

Conception

Optimizing the chances of conception Basal body temperature (BBT) chart Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing

hormone Tracking vaginal mucus Additional considerations

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Infertility

Inability to conceive a child

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems

Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility Chronic disease Injury to the testes

(continued)

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems (continued)

Autoimmune response Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Artificial insemination

Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems

Irregular ovulation Obstructions or malfunctions of the

reproductive tract Endometeriosis Declining hormone levels

(continued)

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)

Endometriosis Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the

abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation

(continued)

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued)

Laparoscopy A long, narrow tube is inserted through an

incision in the navel Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic

cavity

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian

tube to encourage conception

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Ovum is fertilized in a lab dish and then placed in a fallopian tube

Donor IVF Ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized,

and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Embryonic transfer

A woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother

Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming ParentsSurrogate motherhood

A woman is impregnated with sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination

Carries the embryo and fetus to term Gives the child to the prospective parents

Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Adoption

Canadian Legislation Governing Reproductive Technology Act Respecting Assisted Human

Reproduction Banning cloning of humans Banning the selection of a baby’s sex Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations

Pregnancy

Early signs of pregnancy Missing a period

Pregnancy tests Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Hormone produced by women shortly after conception

(continued)

Pregnancy

Pregnancy tests (continued) Hegar’s sign

Softness of a section of the uterus

Early effects of pregnancy Tenderness of the breasts

(continued)

Pregnancy

Pregnancy tests (continued) Early effects of pregnancy (continued)

Morning sickness Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting

Pregnancy

Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion

Sex during pregnancy Safe throughout the pregnancy Decline in sexual interest

Pregnancy

Psychological changes during pregnancy 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester

Sympathetic pregnancy Father experiences pregnancy signs

Prenatal Development

Nagele’s rule First day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year

Germinal Stage

Germinal stage Before implantation in the uterus Period of the ovum

Blastocyst Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a

cavity of fluid

Germinal Stage

Embryonic disk Platelike inner part of the blastocyst

Trophoblast Outer part of the blastocyst Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord

development

Embryonic Stage

Embryonic stage From implantation through 8th week Differentiation of the major organ systems

Cephalocaudal From the head downward

Proximodistal From the central axis of the body outward

Embryonic Stage

Ectoderm Outermost cell layer Skin and nervous system

Neural tube Hollow area from which the nervous system

will develop

Embryonic Stage

Endoderm Inner layer Lungs and digestive system

Mesoderm Central layer Bones and muscles

Embryonic Stage

Amniotic sac Sac containing the fetus

Amniotic fluid Suspends and protects the fetus

Embryonic Stage

Placenta Relay station between mother and fetus Exchange of nutrients and waste

Umbilical cord Tube connecting fetus to placenta

Fetal Stage

9th week until birth Fetal movements Age of viability

Fetus can sustain independent life Cephalic presentation

Emergence of the baby head first

(continued)

Fetal Stage (continued)

Breech presentation Emergence of the baby feet first

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Maternal diseases and disorders

Teratogens Environmental influences or agents that

damage an embryo or fetus

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Rubella (German measles)

Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease

Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease caused by a

bacterial infection Miscarriage or stillbirth

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS) Destroys white blood cells in the immune

system Toxemia

Life threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Ectopic pregnancy

Fertilized ovum becomes implanted somewhere other than in the uterus

Rh incompatibility Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman

are transmitted to the fetus Fetal erythoblastosis

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Medications taken by the mother (and

father) Antibiotics Tranquilizers and sedatives Acne drugs and antihistamines

Hormones Progestin and DES

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Critical periods of vulnerability

Embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Vitamins Street drugs Alcohol

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Cigarette smoking Other agents

Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities Averting chromosomal and genetic

abnormalities Genetic counseling Blood tests

Childbirth

“dropping” or “lightening” Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes

dislodged Braxton-Hicks contractions

False labour contractions

(continued)

Childbirth (continued)

Prostaglandins Uterine hormones

Oxytocin Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine

contractions

Stages of Childbirth

First stage Efface Dilate Transition

Second stage Cervix is fully dilated

(continued)

Stages of Childbirth (continued) Second stage (continued)

Ends with the birth of the baby Episiotomy

Incision in the perineum

Third stage In the new world

Methods of Childbirth

Anesthetized childbirth Natural childbirth

No anesthesia Other strategies for coping with discomfort Educated about childbirth

Prepared childbirth Lamaze method Relax and breathe to conserve energy and

lessen pain A coach is present at childbirth

Cesarean section Fetus is delivered through surgical incision

in the abdomen Advised when a normal delivery is difficult Transverse position

Crosswise birth position

Birth Problems

Anoxia Oxygen deprivation

Preterm and low birth weight children Born before 37 weeks of gestation Neurological and developmental problems

Postpartum Period

Maternal depression Persistent and severe mood changes during

the postpartum period Despair and apathy Changes in appetite and sleep, low self-

esteem, difficulty concentrating

Postpartum Period

Breast-feeding Does breast-feeding affect sexual

behaviour? Prolactin

Stimulates production of milk Lactation

Production of milk by the mammary glands

Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation Lochia

Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery

Resumption of sexual activity Six-week waiting period

End of Chapter 10

copyright © 2007 pearson education canada10-1 conception, pregnancy, and childbirth chapter 10 this...

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