Conception, Conception, Pregnancy, & Pregnancy, &

ChildbirthChildbirth

ConceptionConceptionIn the female, one ovum In the female, one ovum matures and is released matures and is released from an ovary each from an ovary each month. This is called month. This is called ovulation.ovulation.

Conception or fertilization Conception or fertilization occurs when a sperm occurs when a sperm unites with an ovum in unites with an ovum in the fallopian tube.the fallopian tube.

At conception heredity is At conception heredity is determined.determined.

Conception - Conception - HeredityHeredity

Heredity is the passing of Heredity is the passing of characteristics from characteristics from biological parents to their biological parents to their children.children.All body cells, except All body cells, except sperm and ova, contain sperm and ova, contain 23 pairs23 pairs of of chromosomes, 46 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes in all.chromosomes in all.Sperm and ova contain Sperm and ova contain only 23 chromosomes in only 23 chromosomes in all, not 23 pairs of all, not 23 pairs of chromosomes.chromosomes.

Conception – Conception – Chromosomes & GenesChromosomes & Genes

A chromosome is a A chromosome is a threadlike structure that threadlike structure that carries genes.carries genes.A gene is a unit of A gene is a unit of hereditary material hereditary material (information).(information).In a female, the 23 pairs In a female, the 23 pairs of chromosomes are of chromosomes are identical.identical.In a male, one of the 23 In a male, one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes pairs of chromosomes are not identical.are not identical.

Conception – Sex Conception – Sex ChromosomesChromosomes

In both males and In both males and females, one pair of females, one pair of chromosomes is called chromosomes is called the sex chromosomes.the sex chromosomes.

Female sex Female sex chromosomes are chromosomes are identical and are XX.identical and are XX.

Every ovum produced by Every ovum produced by a female contains an X a female contains an X sex chromosome.sex chromosome.

Male sex chromosomes Male sex chromosomes are not identical and are are not identical and are XY.XY.

Sperm produced by Sperm produced by males contain either an X males contain either an X sex chromosome or a Y sex chromosome or a Y sex chromosome.sex chromosome.

Conception – X or YConception – X or YThe sex of a baby is The sex of a baby is determined by the X or Y determined by the X or Y sex chromosome it sex chromosome it receives from the father.receives from the father.

When a sperm fertilizes When a sperm fertilizes an ovum, 23 an ovum, 23 chromosomes from dad chromosomes from dad and 23 chromosomes and 23 chromosomes from mom are combined from mom are combined to make 23 pairs of to make 23 pairs of chromosomes.chromosomes.

One of those 23 pairs are One of those 23 pairs are the sex chromosomes.the sex chromosomes.

If a sperm with an X sex If a sperm with an X sex chromosome fertilizes the chromosome fertilizes the ovum it will have XX sex ovum it will have XX sex chromosomes.chromosomes.

If a sperm with a Y sex If a sperm with a Y sex chromosome fertilizes the chromosome fertilizes the ovum it will have XY sex ovum it will have XY sex chromosomes. chromosomes.

ConceptionConceptionXX =XX =

XY = XY =

PregnancyPregnancyAfter conception a After conception a fertilized egg fertilized egg continues to divide continues to divide and move down the and move down the fallopian tube and into fallopian tube and into the uterus.the uterus.

The cell divisions are The cell divisions are a cluster by the time a cluster by the time they reach uterus.they reach uterus.

These cells attach to These cells attach to the endometrium, the the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.lining of the uterus.

The endometrium The endometrium provides nourishment provides nourishment for the embryo.for the embryo.

PregnancyPregnancy

Embryo – is the name Embryo – is the name given to the given to the developing baby developing baby through the 2through the 2ndnd month month of growth after of growth after conception.conception.

Fetus – is the name Fetus – is the name given a developing given a developing baby from the 9baby from the 9thth week until birth.week until birth.

PregnancyPregnancy

The placenta is an organ The placenta is an organ that anchors the embryo that anchors the embryo to the uterus.to the uterus.

The umbilical cord is a The umbilical cord is a ropelike structure that ropelike structure that connects the embryo to connects the embryo to the placenta. The the placenta. The umbilical cord carries umbilical cord carries nutrients and oxygen to nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and carries its the fetus and carries its waste away.waste away.

PregnancyPregnancy

Prenatal care is the care that is given to the Prenatal care is the care that is given to the mother-to-be and baby before birth.mother-to-be and baby before birth.

Prenatal care includes:Prenatal care includes:– routine medical examinationsroutine medical examinations– proper nutritionproper nutrition– reasonable exercisereasonable exercise– extra rest and relaxationextra rest and relaxation– Childbirth and child care educationChildbirth and child care education– Avoidance of drugs and other risk behaviorsAvoidance of drugs and other risk behaviors– Practicing common sensePracticing common sense

ChildbirthChildbirth

Labor is the process Labor is the process of childbirth.of childbirth.

There are three There are three stages to childbirth.stages to childbirth.

ChildbirthChildbirth

Stage 1 – Dilation of the cervixStage 1 – Dilation of the cervix

Stage 2 – Delivery of the babyStage 2 – Delivery of the baby

Stage 3 – Delivery of the placentaStage 3 – Delivery of the placenta

Childbirth – Stage 1Childbirth – Stage 1

The dilatation of the The dilatation of the cervix is the longest cervix is the longest stage. stage. It could last from 2 It could last from 2 hours to an entire hours to an entire day. day. The cervical opening The cervical opening enlarges 8-10 enlarges 8-10 centimeters, wide centimeters, wide enough for the baby enough for the baby to pass through.to pass through.

Childbirth – Stage 2Childbirth – Stage 2

The baby is delivered The baby is delivered head first.head first.Crowning is the Crowning is the appearance of the appearance of the baby’s head during baby’s head during delivery.delivery.Once the baby has Once the baby has been eased out and been eased out and begins to breathe on begins to breathe on its own, the umbilical its own, the umbilical cord is cut.cord is cut.

Childbirth – Stage 3Childbirth – Stage 3

The third stage of The third stage of labor is the expulsion labor is the expulsion of the afterbirth.of the afterbirth.The afterbirth is the The afterbirth is the placenta that is placenta that is expelled after expelled after delivery.delivery.If it does not occur If it does not occur naturally, the naturally, the physician removes it.physician removes it.

ComplicationsComplications During During Pregnancy & ChildbirthPregnancy & Childbirth

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)– Severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who Severe birth defects in babies born to mothers who

drink alcohol during pregnancydrink alcohol during pregnancy– FAS includes FAS includes

Damage to the brain and to the nervous systemDamage to the brain and to the nervous system

Facial abnormalitiesFacial abnormalities

Small head sizeSmall head size

Below normal I.Q.Below normal I.Q.

Poor coordinationPoor coordination

Heart defectsHeart defects

Behavior problemsBehavior problems

Complications During Complications During Pregnancy & ChildbirthPregnancy & Childbirth

Ectopic PregnancyEctopic Pregnancy– Is a pregnancy that Is a pregnancy that

occurs outside of the occurs outside of the uterus.uterus.

– The embryo becomes The embryo becomes implanted in the implanted in the fallopian tube.fallopian tube.

– Surgery is often Surgery is often needed to remove the needed to remove the embryo.embryo.

Complications During Complications During Pregnancy & ChildbirthPregnancy & Childbirth

Rh IncompatibilityRh Incompatibility– Is a mismatch Is a mismatch

between the blood of a between the blood of a pregnant female and pregnant female and the blood of the fetus.the blood of the fetus.

– Antibodies attack a Antibodies attack a substance in the substance in the developing baby’s developing baby’s blood.blood.

– An injection is given to An injection is given to the female to prevent the female to prevent risk during the future.risk during the future.

Toxemia of Toxemia of PregnancyPregnancy– Is a condition caused Is a condition caused

by a rise in the by a rise in the female’s blood female’s blood pressure, swelling, and pressure, swelling, and leakage of protein into leakage of protein into the urine.the urine.

– Untreated toxemia can Untreated toxemia can result in death of the result in death of the female or the female or the developing baby.developing baby.

Complications During Complications During Pregnancy & ChildbirthPregnancy & Childbirth

MiscarriageMiscarriage– Is the natural ending of a Is the natural ending of a

pregnancy before a baby is pregnancy before a baby is developed enough to developed enough to survive on its own.survive on its own.

– Miscarriages most often Miscarriages most often occur in the first trimester.occur in the first trimester.

– Miscarriages may be Miscarriages may be caused by a defect in the caused by a defect in the fetus or a medical condition fetus or a medical condition of the fetus or pregnant of the fetus or pregnant female.female.

StillbirthStillbirth– Is a fully developed baby Is a fully developed baby

born dead.born dead.– Stillbirths may be caused Stillbirths may be caused

by a defect in the baby or a by a defect in the baby or a medical condition of the medical condition of the fetus or pregnant female.fetus or pregnant female.

Complications During Complications During Pregnancy & ChildbirthPregnancy & Childbirth

Cesarean SectionCesarean Section– Is a procedure in Is a procedure in

which a baby is which a baby is removed surgically removed surgically form the mother.form the mother.

– A physician makes a A physician makes a surgical incision surgical incision through the mothers through the mothers abdomen and uterus abdomen and uterus and removes the baby.and removes the baby.

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Some pregnancies result Some pregnancies result in multiple births.in multiple births.2 babies born at the 2 babies born at the same time are called same time are called twins.twins.Identical twinsIdentical twins are babies are babies that develop from the that develop from the same egg.same egg.This results in twins of the This results in twins of the same sex, identical same sex, identical chromosomes, and chromosomes, and similar appearance. similar appearance.

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Fraternal TwinsFraternal Twins are 2 are 2 babies that develop babies that develop when 2 ova are when 2 ova are fertilized by 2 different fertilized by 2 different sperm.sperm.

Fraternal twins may Fraternal twins may or may not be the or may not be the same sex and usually same sex and usually do not look alike.do not look alike.

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Childbirth – Multiple Childbirth – Multiple BirthsBirths

Fun FactFun Fact

A peasant named Kirilow was presented to the A peasant named Kirilow was presented to the empress of Russia in 1853 for the following empress of Russia in 1853 for the following reason. He had been married twice. His first wife reason. He had been married twice. His first wife bore fifty seven children, including four sets of bore fifty seven children, including four sets of quadruplets, seven sets of triplets, and two sets quadruplets, seven sets of triplets, and two sets of twins. His second wife gave birth to fifteen of twins. His second wife gave birth to fifteen children-six sets of twins and one set of triplets. children-six sets of twins and one set of triplets. At the time of his presentation to the empress, At the time of his presentation to the empress, all seventy two of Kirilow's children were still all seventy two of Kirilow's children were still alive. alive.

THE ENDTHE END