chapter 7 pregnancy and childbirth. conception and implantation: ovum released graafian follicle...
TRANSCRIPT
Conception and Implantation: Four Trophoblast Membranes
1. Produces blood cells
2. Develops into umbilical cord
3. Develops into amnion; protective fluid- filled sac
4. Chorion develops into placenta which serve as interface with mother
Personal Reflections
What qualities do you possess that will make you a good parent?
Do you have any qualities that might not make you a good parent?
What things can you do to prepare yourself to be a good parent?
How well-suited is your partner to be the mother or father of your child?
First Trimester: Changes in Mother
• Enlarged and tender breasts
• Darkened areolas; enlarged nipples
• Increased frequency of urination
• Irregular bowel movements
• Fatigue
Second trimester: The Fetus
• Measurement• Viability• 5 months: Sucking motions and heartbeat
detected• 6 months: eyes can open, thumb sucking• Periods of sleep and wakefulness
Second trimester: The Mother
• “Quickening” (fetal movements) at 4-5 months
• Stretch marks, breast swelling and colostrum leakage, hemorrhoids, and water retention
• Renewed appetite with cessation of morning sickness
Third trimester – The mother
Walking, sitting, rising difficult
Pressure on the bladder and digestive organs
Frequent urination, indigestion, heartburn, gas, constipation, leg cramps, back pain, low energy level
Third trimester – Fetus
Fatty tissues develop under the skin in 7th month
Weight increases dramatically in the 8th to 9th month
Ninth Month: The Fetus
• At birth, full-term baby weighs about 7 ½ pounds; 20 inches long
• Born with vernix but lanugo has largely disappeared
• Fingernails may protrude beyond fingertips
Sexual Intercourse During Pregnancy
Is sex safe (and pleasurable) during pregnancy?
What do you think?
Smoking and Alcohol
• Smoking• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Fetal Alcohol Effect
It is best to avoid alcohol entirely during pregnancy!
Cocaine and Other Drugs
• Cocaine• Opiate dependency• Marijuana• Caffeine• Antibiotics, tranquilizers, antihistamines,
aspirin, mega-doses of some vitamins
Personal Reflections
Do you or your partner smoke, drink alcohol, or take drugs?
Do you and your partner eat a well-balanced diet and get ample sleep?
What decision about health can you and your partner make to ensure the health of your baby during pregnancy and afterwards?
Toxemia and Rh Incompatability
Preeclampsia Incidence and symptoms
Rh incompatibility Incidence and treatment
Detections of Problems in Pregnancy
• Chorionic villus sampling• Celocentesis• Amniocentesis• Ultrasound
Nutrition and Exercise during Pregnancy
Increasing chances of having healthy baby• Eat good quality foods• Supplement with folic acid via a multivitamin• Maintain normal weight gain• Exercise regularly
Anesthetics or “Natural” Childbirth?
• General anesthesia
• Epidural (spinal anesthetic)
• Prepared childbirth
Personal Reflections
Make a list of all the words that come to your mind when you think of childbirth, labor, and delivery.
Examine your list for negative stereotypical concepts. Are there alternatives?
Episiotomy and Prepping
Episiotomy: Incision made at bottom of vagina to widen it
Yes or no? What does your text say?
Breastfeeding
• Colostrum• Milk production (lactation) • Prolactin• Oxytocin• Benefits of mother’s milk
Postpartum
Postpartum: 3 months following birth
Postpartum blues (baby blues): common letdown after birth due to hormonal changes, exhaustion and stress of adapting to new child
Sexual Intercourse After Birth
Things to consider:• Healing from a vaginal birth or c-section• Vaginal bleeding• Loss of estrogen• Adjustments to new roles and emotions for both
parents
Personal Reflections
Will pregnancy affect your sexual relationship with your partner? How? Why?
Will being parents affect your sexual relationship? How? Why?
What steps can you and your partner take to ensure that as parents your sexual relationship will continue to be fulfilling?
Infertility
• Infertility
• Fecundity
Did you know?40% of infertility problems are due to man, 40%
due to woman, 20% both partners
Infertility in Men
• Age
• Low sperm count or abnormal sperm
• Artificial insemination
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Infertility in Women
• Endometriosis
• Fallopian tube blockage (25-35% of cases)
• Failure to ovulate regularly (most cases)
Assisted Reproductive Technology
• In vitro fertilization (IVF)
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Other Options
• Surrogate motherhood
• Older and even postmenopausal women have received hormonal treatments along with IVF to allow for childbearing later in life