coral reef research in the philippines and beyond…
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Coral Reef Research in thePhilippines and Beyond
Hazel O. Arceo
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PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines Fast Facts:Fast Facts:Fast Facts:Fast Facts:
Composed of 7,107islands
Total area: 300,000 km2
N-S: 1,850 km
E-W: 1,127 km)
Total coastline: 36,289km
Population: 88.5 M (NSO2007)
Tropical wet climate(wet and dry seasons)
How it was formed
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
CHINA
Manila
Cebu
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Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the period 1948od 1948od 1948od 1948----2222000000005555
(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)
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LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
South ChinaSea
NorthPhilippine Sea
Sulu Sea
VisayanSeas
Celebes Sea
SouthPhilippine
Sea
Marine biogeographic regions(modified from Alio and Gomez 1994)
Marine BiodiversityMarine BiodiversityMarine BiodiversityMarine Biodiversity
Coral Reefs 25,819 km2 (Burke et al. 2002)
464 coral species (Licuanan & Capili2003; Veron & Fenner 2002)
915 reef fish species (Hilomen et al.
2000) [>3,000 fish species (FishBase2007) ]
Algae - 820 species (Trono 1999)
Seagrass - 16 species (Fortes & Santos
2004)
Mangroves - 30 species (WRI 2003)
Other species (Pan et al. 2008): Annelida 57
Arthropoda 582 Bryozoa 56
Cnidaria 669
Echinodormata 90
Mollusca 1,982
Mammalia - 31 Porfiera 64
Reptilia - 27
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5/43The Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the worldorldorldorld
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Philippine MPAsPhilippine MPAsPhilippine MPAsPhilippine MPAs
Hottest of themarine biodiversityhotspots in theworld (Roberts et al. 2002)
Over 1,000 existingMPAs in thecountry (Arceo et al. 2008)
Only about 25-30%are effectively
managed
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Bachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine Biology
(1993(1993(1993(1993----1997)1997)1997)1997)
The Effects of Heavy Metals (Pb,Zn, Cd, Hg) on Milkfish (Chanos
chanos), Tiger Prawn (Penaeusmonodon) and Horn Shell
(Rhinoclavissp.)
Department of Biology - Marine Biology SectionUniversity of San Carlos, Cebu City
Previous Research Work
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Master of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine Science
(1999(1999(1999(1999----2004)2004)2004)2004)
Patterns and Role ofRecruitment on the
Community Dynamics ofReef Fishes in the
Philippines
Marine Science InstituteUniversity of the Philippines - Diliman
Previous Research Work
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MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. To investigate patterns ofrecruitment in Philippine reef fishes
Spatial (3 scales)
Temporal
2. To examine the role of recruitment
on coral reef fish dynamics
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115.0 116.0 117.0 118.0 119.0 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0
Longitude (E)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
Latitude(N)
Anda (37)Bolinao (23)
Masinloc (44)
Twin Rocks (40)
Danjugan (35)
SULU SEA
SOUTH CHINA SEA
Aparri (3)
Casiguran (3)
Dinalungan (7)Baler (7)
Mabini (10)
Kiamba (8)
Tabina (7)
Tukuran (7)
Zamboanga (2)
Sibulan (8)
Loon (10)Calape (10)
Talibon (7)Cordova (10)
Puerto Princesa
Bay (17)
Honda Bay (17)
San Vicente (9)
El Nido (20)
Kalayaan Island
Group (9)
North
Palawan (7)
Masbate (7)
Lagonoy Gulf (27)
Calauag Bay (31)
Ragay Gulf (44)
Alaminos (3)Balingasay (45)
CELEBES SEA
PHILIPPINE SEA
5 biogeographic
regions
31 localities in 50
provinces 26 (database)
5 (primary data)
514 transects
Fish Visual Census
Juveniles (100 m2)
Adults (500 m2)
LIT (secondary
data)
Video Transects(primary data)
STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:
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Spatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic Region
0
50
100
150
200
250
SCS
(n=83)
NP
(n=40)
VIS
(n=54)
SS
(n=32)
CEL
(n=22)
no.ofjuveniles/100m2
*p
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Danjugan Honda Bay PPC Bay Zamboanga
SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ragay Masbate Cordova Sibulan Talibon Loon Calape
VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Kiamba Tabina Tukuran
CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)
AcanthuridaeAcanthuridaeAcanthuridaeAcanthuridae
AnthiinaeAnthiinaeAnthiinaeAnthiinae
LabridaeLabridaeLabridaeLabridae
ScaridaeScaridaeScaridaeScaridae
PlotosidaePlotosidaePlotosidaePlotosidae
PomacentridaePomacentridaePomacentridaePomacentridae
Other FamiliesOther FamiliesOther FamiliesOther Families
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%100%
Masinloc Anda Balingasay Twin
Rocks
Bolinao Alaminos Mabini San
Vicente
El Nido KIG NW
Palawan
SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)
Composition of Reef Fish Families
NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Calauag Lagonoy Dinalungan Baler Casiguran Aparri
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High (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100m2222)
Medium (51Medium (51Medium (51Medium (51----200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m2222)
Low (15 species/100m2222)
Medium (5Medium (5Medium (5Medium (5----15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m2222)
Low (
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AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance(NS at p
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0
400
800
1200
1600
Sep-01 Apr-02 no data Mar-03
no.of
individuals/10
0m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
no.ofspecies/1
00m2
DANJUGANDANJUGANDANJUGANDANJUGAN
0
400
800
1200
1600
Sep-01 Dec-01 Sep-02 Jan-03
no.
of
ind
ividuals/100m2
05
10
15
20
25
30
no.o
fspecies/100m2
TWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKS
0
40
80
120
160
200
Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03
no.of
ind
ividuals/100m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
no.o
fspecies/100m2
ANDAANDAANDAANDA
0
40
80
120
160
200
Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03
no.of
individuals/1
00m2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
no.ofspecies/100m2
BALINGASAYBALINGASAYBALINGASAYBALINGASAY
040
80
120
160
200
Sep-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Feb-03
no.of
in
dividuals/100m2
05
10
15
20
25
30
no.
ofspecies/100m2
MASINLOCMASINLOCMASINLOCMASINLOC
Sp RichnessSp RichnessAbundanceAbundanceANOVAANOVA
p
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0.00 0.19 Very weak0.20 0.39 Weak0.40 0.69 Modest
0.70 0.89 Strong0.90 1.00 Very strong
Fowler and Cohen 1990
FAMILY (26 families/subfamilies)
Anthiinae - 0.726**
Pomacentridae - 0.645*
Cirrhitidae - 0.622*
Scaridae - 0.514*Labridae - 0.454*
Correlation AnalysesCorrelation AnalysesCorrelation AnalysesCorrelation Analyses
(Pearson r, p
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SpatioSpatioSpatioSpatio----Temporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAs
No significant differences
in abundance over time(3-way ANOVA & Kruskal-Wallis
ANOVA, p
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Project Involvements
115 .0 116.0 1 17.0 118. 0 119.0 12 0.0 121. 0 122.0 123. 0 124.0 1 25.0 126. 0 127.0 128 .0
Longitude (E)
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
atitude
(
)
Bolinao (2 3)
SULU SEA
SOUTH CHINA SEA
Kiamba (8)
Sibulan (8)
Loon (10)Calape (10)
Cordova (10)San Vicente (9)
CELEBES SEA
PHILIPPINE SEA
S a lc e d o
Reef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAs
No significant changes inNo significant changes inNo significant changes inNo significant changes in
coral covercoral covercoral covercoral cover
Fish density increased byFish density increased byFish density increased byFish density increased by
50505050----200%200%200%200%
Fish biomass increased byFish biomass increased byFish biomass increased byFish biomass increased by100100100100----900%900%900%900%
Initial biomass valueInitial biomass valueInitial biomass valueInitial biomass value
influenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofaccumulationaccumulationaccumulationaccumulation ((((NanolaNanolaNanolaNanola et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)
Participatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining Reef
Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997----2003)2003)2003)2003)
Pro ect funded b : UNDP-GEF-SGP & USAID/DENR-CRMP
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Manual for Coral Reef Monitoring
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ArceoArceo et al.et al. 20012001
1998 Massive1998 Massive1998 Massive1998 Massive
Coral BleachingCoral BleachingCoral BleachingCoral Bleaching
EventEventEventEvent
An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thatttt
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21
An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thatttt
exacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced
disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;
Changes in major benthic attributes, before, 2-6 months after and a year after the coral bleaching event
Bolinao,Pangasinan (n=3)
WesternPalawan (n=3)
Sulu Sea (n=6)
0
1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
ME
AN%
COVER Jun-98
Aug-98
Jun-99
0
10
20
30
40
5060
70
80
Apr-98
Nov-98
May-99
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
HC SC DC DCA AA OT ABIOTIC UNID
May-98Nov-98
May-99
MEAN%
CO
VER
MEA
N%
COVER
a
b a
abb
a
b bb
b
a
aab a b
a
bab
a b
ab a b bab
a
b
ab
a
Arceo et al. 2002Slide courtesy of MC Quibilan
Project Involvements
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Project Involvements
Enhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery Reserves
(2000(2000(2000(2000----2003)2003)2003)2003) ShortShortShortShort----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects
Spillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fish
tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)
MediumMediumMediumMedium----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects
IchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplankton surveys (fishsurveys (fishsurveys (fishsurveys (fishlarvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)
Oceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studies
LongLongLongLong----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects Genetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studies
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
Latitude(
)
Anda
Masinloc
Twin Rocks
Danjugan
SULU SEA
SOUTH CHINA SEA
Zamboanga
Guimaras
Balingasay
CELEBES SEA
PHILIPPINE SEA
Pro ect funded b : DA-BAR
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Movement of reef fish
Tagging Danjugan, Cauayan, Negros Occ. April 2001 May 2003
530 fish tagged
99 species, 22 families
Reef fish 1o sedentary
Evidence of crossing boundaries
Spillover ?Flux rates of crossing over?
422 tagged inside reserves
34 recaptured = 8.1% recapture rate
8 of 34 tagged inside caught
outside (23.5%)
108 tagged outside reserves
10/108 = 9.3% recapture rate
All caught outside
Emigration rate (potentialspillover) ~ 23%
Source: AFMA-MFR Project
AurelladoAurellado et al.et al. 20092009
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>100
100
50
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
131415161718
19
20
21
22
23
24
121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80
9.80
10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80 PANAY
Guimaras
NEGROS
>100
100
50
10
>100
100
50
10
>100
100
50
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
131415161718
19
20
21
22
23
24
121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80
9.80
10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80 PANAY
Guimaras
NEGROS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
131415161718
19
20
21
22
23
24
121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80
9.80
10.00
10.20
10.40
10.60
10.80 PANAY
Guimaras
NEGROS
LARVAL & EGG DENSITIES IN PANAY GULF, MAY 2002
Eggs = blue;
larvae = red
Spatial scale of100 km
Source: AFMA-MFR Project
Project Involvements
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Project Involvements
Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Project (2004Project (2004Project (2004Project (2004----2009)2009)2009)2009)
Target outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: Reduced
overfishingoverfishingoverfishingoverfishing & destructive& destructive& destructive& destructive
fishingfishingfishingfishing
106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area
under improvedunder improvedunder improvedunder improved
managementmanagementmanagementmanagement
20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuariesestablished (400 ha)established (400 ha)established (400 ha)established (400 ha)
50 existing marine50 existing marine50 existing marine50 existing marine
sanctuaries managedsanctuaries managedsanctuaries managedsanctuaries managed
(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha) Map from Ong et al. 2000with marine biogeographic regions(Alino and Gomez 1994)
South China Sea
NorthPhilippi
ne Sea
SouthPhilippin
SeaSulu Sea
VisayanSeas
Celebes Sea
Project funded by: USAID through DAI Inc.
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Coastal ResourceManagementPlanning &Implementation
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MPA Establishment
and Management MPA networks
Current Research Work
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ThesisThesisThesisThesis
(2009(2009(2009(2009----present)present)present)present)
Performance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAs
in Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheries
ECOMERSUniversit de Nice - Sophia Antipolis
Current Research Work
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
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Protected
Area or sanctuary
Recruitment
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
or Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuaries
Slide courtesy of W Campos, UPV
Spillover
FISHERY BENEFITS OF MPAS
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MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:1.1.1.1. To determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fish
recruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andmortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,
2.2.2.2. To investigate densityTo investigate densityTo investigate densityTo investigate density----dependentdependentdependentdependentexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outside
of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:
a.a.a.a. the movement of adults (the movement of adults (the movement of adults (the movement of adults (spilloverspilloverspilloverspillover))))
b.b.b.b. the potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagules
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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Cap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (Saint
RaphaRaphaRaphaRaphallll)))) No-take zone
450 hectares extending up to
the 80-meter isobath
Established in Dec 2003 by
the Prudhomie de Peche
Initially closed for a 4-year
period but was extended to 6years in Jan 2008
Managed by the city of Saint
Raphal
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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
A. Determining Protection Effects on
Fish Recruitment
1. Monitoring Juvenile Fish Abundance
Seagrass beds
Shallow coves
(Diplodusspp.)
Rocky substrates(Serranus cabrilla)
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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
A. Determining Protection Effects on Fish
Recruitment
2. Juvenile Fish Mortality Experiment
Photo by: Marine Clozza Photo by: Marine Clozza
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Full cageFull cageFull cageFull cage
Open setOpen setOpen setOpen set----upupupup
Partial cagePartial cagePartial cagePartial cage
Inside ReserveInside ReserveInside ReserveInside Reserve
Outside ReserveOutside ReserveOutside ReserveOutside Reserve
= Mortality rate= Mortality rate= Mortality rate= Mortality rate
The ResidentsThe ResidentsThe ResidentsThe Residents
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Serranus scriba
Pagrus pagrus
Serranus cabrilla
Serranus hepatus
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Symphodus roissalli
Symphodus sp.
Pagellus bogaraveo
Pagellus bogaraveo
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Pagellus erythrinus
Th P d tTh P d tTh P d tTh P d t
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The PredatorsThe PredatorsThe PredatorsThe Predators
Unexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guests
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Unexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guests
The riskThe riskThe riskThe risk
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GENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGY
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GENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGY
B. Determining Protection Effects on Fish
Recovery and Exportation
1. Adult recovery (reserve effect) Fish Visual Census (Transect, FAST)
2.
Exportation of adult fish (spillover effect) Experimental Fishing
Fish Tagging/Tracking
3. Exportation of reproductive propagules(recruitment effect)
Fecundity Study proxy estimate for potential
egg/larval outputs
Experimental FishingExperimental FishingExperimental FishingExperimental Fishing
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3-4 100-meter nets
deployed at 10-40 m depths
Number of stations
inside MPA = 3 stations(approximately 400m
distance per station)
outside MPA = 5 stations
at varying distances from
the south boundary (i.e.
200m, 400m, 600, 800
m, 1000m
control = 2 stations at
least >2000 m awayfrom the south boundary
Frequency:
2 seasons (spring and
autumn) 2 campaigns per season
p gp gp gp g
DesignDesignDesignDesign
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7/28/2019 Coral Reef Research in the Philippines and Beyond
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Maraming Salamat!(Merci beaucoup!)
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