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Country Case Studies in ICT for Disaster Management
India
Renu Budhiraja Sr. Director, e-Governance
Department of Electronics & Information Technology Ministry of Communications & Information Technology
Government of India renu@gov.in
India - Unique Geo-Climatic Conditions
Earthquake • 54% of landmass is
prone to earthquakes
Flood • 40 million hectares of
landmass is prone to floods
Drought • Almost 68% of total
geographical area is vulnerable to droughts
Cyclone • 8000 km of coastline is
prone to cyclones
India is one of the worst flood-affected countries in the world and accounts for one fifth of global death count due to floods
more than 650 Earthquakes having magnitude above 5 on Richter scale have been recorded during the last one century
Disaster Events in India (1900 – 2009) Disaster Types
Decades
1900 -09
1910 -19
1920 -29
1930 -39
1940 -49
1950 -59
1960 -69
1970 -79
1980 -89
1990 -99
2000 -09
Total
Hydro-meteorological
28 72 56 72 120 232 463 776 1498 2034 3529 8880 78.4%
Geological 40 28 33 37 52 60 88 124 232 325 354 1373
12.1%
Biological 5 7 10 3 4 2 37 64 170 361 612 1275 11.3%
Total 73 107 99 112 176 294 388 964 1900 2720 4495 11328
ICT Interventions at Each Layer ICT Interventions
Radio / Television
• Oldest Communication method, Warning quickly to broad population. • Less reliable when struck with disaster at night
Telephone • Mobile has a very high usage in APAC (Approx. 50% population estimated by 2016)
• Good source for communication / planning/ warning/ rescue operations • SMS - a unique and fast way of broadcasting message to large group of
people (Used effectively in Katrina disaster in US in 2005)
Satellites • Effective way of communication both for warnings and recovery • Alternate to the local towers, which might get destroyed during a disaster
Internet / Email • Effective use of internet / email can certainly lead to safety of large number of lives and property
• A very structured way of communication / dissemination of information • Depends on penetration of broadband / internet users
ICT Interventions at Each Layer ICT Interventions Centralised Database / Applications
• Central source and online inventory of emergency sources at a single point for all the entities of the ecosystem
• Easily accessible and can be updated regularly • Interface can be available on all types of devices – Desktops /
Laptops / Mobiles / PDAs/ Tablets GIS • A multi-layered platform which can be utilised for making Decisions
• Can provide critical information with respect to hazard zoning, incident mapping, natural resources and critical infrastructure at risk, available resources for response, real time satellite imagery etc.
Social Media The biggest leap and advancement of usage of ICT, which can be very effectively used
in Disaster aversion, planning, warning, rescue and recovery. o
f Prime Minister of Nepal came to know about the recent earthquake through a twitter by Prime Minister of India – Shri. Narendra Modi
Facebook started special 'Safety Check' feature for Nepal Earthquake
Cloud & Big Data for Disaster Management
• Cloud can be leveraged to house large applications on Disaster inventory, tools etc
• Big data can help in crisis mapping – using archived information as well as real-time information
coming from sources such as sensors, satellites, photos, videos, cell phone GPS signals, etc.
– Social data can be analyzed to provide a detailed, real-time map of displaced people, fatalities, and damages to properties
• The right tools and coordinated effort can predict the imminent occurrence of disaster before it occurs
GOI Initiatives
• Disaster Management Act, India, 2005 • Institutional mechanism • National Disaster Management Framework • ICT interventions
Disaster Management Act,2005
Institutional Mechanism NDMA, SDMA, DDMA NEOC,SEOC NDRF
Capacity Development NIDM Other institutions
Civil Defence Fire Services Home Guards
National Disaster Management Framework • Drawn up by the Ministry of Home Affairs
• Covers the prime sectors – Institutional mechanisms at all administrative levels
– Disaster mitigation/prevention to be mainstreamed into the development process
– Envisaged legal/policy framework, early warning systems, preparedness & emergency response measures and human resource development
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has joined hands in this effort of Government of India – Implementing GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Management (DRM) program
in 169 most vulnerable Districts of 17 States in India
National level ICT Initiatives
India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)
GIS in Disaster Management
National Emergency Communication Plan
India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)
Initiated by Ministry of Home Affairs in collaboration with United Nations Development Program
India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) ABOUT IDRN • IDRN is a web based platform, for managing inventory of equipment,
skilled human resources and critical supplies for emergency response. • Enable decision makers to find answers on availability of equipment
and human resources & assess the level of preparedness for specific disasters.
HOW IDRN WORKS? The online inventory of resources is hosted centrally at the national level in a National Data Center & maintained at the central level by National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM).
• Only the authorized Government officers have the access UPDATE DATA IN IDRN ?
District Collectors/Magistrate are the authorized officials to get the latest information and upload, using services of District Informatics Officers.
CII- more than 5000 members
BAI- more than 33000 members
Corporate Sector
India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN)
Open Policies
• Open Data Sharing & Access Policy • Open API Policy • Open Source Policy • Collaborative application development by
opening the Source Code
GIS in Disaster Management • The Ministry of Home Affairs have initiated the development of a GIS-
based National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) in collaboration with various Govt. Ministries/agencies
• BHUVAN is single largest Web GIS portal for free data and services over India from ISRO allows 3D visualization, 2D visualization, street map overlays, WMS services for land use and land cover, flood inundation (events wise rapid assessment and annual inundation, geohazards, forest fire (daily), free RS data download, free 30m DEM from Cartosat-1 data etc
• NIC has developed a multi layered GIS platform
• States have build Geo-informatics decision support systems. National GIS project conceptualised by India Government under Digital India
National Database for Emergency Management
• GIS based national database and application of geospatial technologies by MHA – Database organization including National level core geo-spatial
data at 1:50,000 scale, Hazard specific data for multi-hazard prone districts at 1:50,000 scale, Database for multi-hazard prone cities/ towns at 1:10,000 scale, Database for major cities (~5nos) at 1:2,000 scale
• Development of Decision support tools for addressing emergency management
• Institutional mechanism for sharing & updating database on continuous basis and Mirroring / Replica of databases at MHA
• Dissemination through NEOC & SEOC during Emergency
National Emergency Communication network, Ministry of Home Affairs
• Provide communication links between National, State & District Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) as well as Mobile and Transportable EOCs for deployment at emergency / disaster sites
• For a fail-safe communication during emergency, portable satellite phones with solar chargeable battery packs for deployment during disasters.
• The DTH based Disaster Warning Dissemination System (DWDS) is a customized Set-top box for dissemination of Disaster warnings
ISRO, DOS Disaster Management Programme
• The Decision Support Centre (DSC) is the single window delivery point for aerial and space enabled inputs together with other important data layers for its use in disaster management of pre-disaster, during-disaster and post-disaster phases.
• Operations are Disaster information collection, Data Acquisition, processing, and transfer to DSC, Data analysis, Output Generation & Dissemination to user via VSAT, FTP, Web page, E-mail etc
• For online transfer of space enabled inputs to the State and Central government user departments, a VSAT based satellite communication network has been put in place.
Hazard Forecast & Warning Network
Purpose
Flood forecasting and Warning Network
This is based on hydro-meteorological data recorded by observers. Forecast is disseminated using computer networks and satellite (Internet, e-mail, VSAT).
INSAT Based Distress Alert Transmitter for Fishing Boats
Transmitter sends different types of emergency signals for fire, boat sinking, man overboard or medical help on manual activation.
VHF Radio Communication System for Fishermen Community in Tamil Nadu
Fishermen carry VHF sets to establish voice calls between the crafts and send their position data to the shore station
Cyclone Forecasting and Warning Network
Radars and satellite imagery are used in detecting the development and movement of Tropical Cyclones over oceanic regions.
Dedicated Hazard Forecasting and Warning Networks in India
* Source : National Disaster Management Authority
Hazard Forecast & Warning Network
Purpose
Seismological Observations Network
Seismological observations are made through a national network of Seismic Stations. These stations have collected data over long periods of time, which can be used for proactive Hazard Risk Analysis for mitigation effort.
Drought Warning Network The drought assessment is based on a comparative evaluation of satellite observed green vegetation cover of a district in any specific time period, with that of any similar period in previous years.
Tsunami Warning Network Indian tsunami warning system operates using 3 tiers, e.g., ‘watch’, ‘alert’ and ‘warning’ depending on size and continuity of waves detected.
Dedicated Hazard Forecasting and Warning Networks in India
* Source : National Disaster Management Authority
Other Telecommunication Network of Various Service Providers/ Government Agencies
Telecommunication Network National Emergency Communication Plan (NECP), Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India
Disaster Management Support (DMS), Network of ISRO Police Telecommunication Network, (POLNET) National Informatics Centre (NICNET), Infrastructure State Wide Area Network (SWAN) Railway Communication Network BSNL Communication Network Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL), Network Network of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) Common Services Center (CSC) The National Knowledge Network Emergency Planning and Response System, Ministry of Environment & Forest
* Source : National Disaster Management Authority
• Flood Management Information System helped in deriving 200 maps using real time satellite data.
• This data showed that the dynamics of the river course changes in every 3-4 days.
• Analysis supported the decision makers and response teams on the ground.
Flood in Kosi River, Bihar, 2008
• Sahana Disaster Management System provides solutions to the problems arising in post-disaster situation.
• It helped in tracing missing persons and coordinating with the donor groups. It also recorded the locations of temporary camps and shelters.
Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004
Case Studies – Use of ICT in Disaster Management
Case Studies – Use of ICT in Disaster Management
• 73 information centers in 12 districts of state of Odisha • Early warning dissemination, information on disaster preparedness, agriculture,
governance, health, etc. • Self sustaining models in partnership with Village Panchayats, NGOs,
community. • Facilitated by local and Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan volunteers.
Odisha Experience - Community Level
• SETU Information Management System • A nodal point for facilitation of the rehabilitation process in Kutch area for a
defined geographical cluster of 15-20 villages • A network of 22 such centers across 10 Talukas • Acts as a coordination cell for relief and rehab in a cluster • Village community uploads information and feedback about ongoing projects
and activities, base line resources, etc. • Access information about schemes, entitlements, technical knowhow in various
areas
Gujarat Experience - Community Level
Mobile App for Cyclone Hudhud • Government of Andhra Pradesh, with the help of
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), launched an Android app for a crowdsourcing project where people could upload photos from their smartphones
• Over 3,000 downloads of the app were recorded • The uploaded pictures were automatically
integrated with NRSA data and helped the government in assessing the damages and mobilizing required men and material to reach to the last point
• GIS, GPS and remote sensing technologies used to spot the damages
• Government engaged four satellites to monitor cyclone - RI Sat1, RISat2, Radar Sat and Resource Sat2
Mobile Apps Developed by National Remote Sensing Centre (India)
1. Bhuvan App – Allowed sharing of damage details post Nepal Earthquake
2. Event Reporting App – Integrated SMS based mobile solution enabling authenticated
users to report disaster events for visualization and analysis 3. Relief Management App
– Mobile application integrated with web GIS – Collects geo-referenced information from disaster location with
field photographs – Information is uploaded in real time on web portal for
visualization & acknowledgement sent to the user
Mobile Apps Developed by National Remote Sensing Centre (India)
4. Indian Railway Accident Management Application – Android mobile application for reporting the first hand information
from the accident site along with the photographs for assessing the cause and scenario of the accident in GIS environment
5. Application for Generation of Geospatial Datasets – Mobile application for locating & adding attribute information of
essential amenities with aid of online maps and retrieval of information at the time of emergencies
6. App for Collection of Field Data on Emergency Facilities – Real time data collection on GPS coordinates, digital photos & user
specified parameters and transmission from field to central processing server
Key Submissions • Centralised Portal for APAC for Disaster Management
• Establish best practices for emergency preparedness with process using Local as well as National bodies
• Encourage information / resource sharing across regions and countries
• Institutional Strengthening at APAC level and capacity building including e-Learning tools
• Standardisation and Upscaling of Telecommunication and IT Infrastructure
• Telecommunication companies to arrange adequate number of mobile BTS towers for immediately restoring the telecommunication facilities in the aftermath of disaster
• Build a system to register/ regulate the tourists so that they can be effectively traced in disasters
• Use Social Media as a necessary tool – Facebook / Twitter / Linkedin / Whatsapp forums
Thank You
Other Mobile Apps for Disaster Management Disaster Alert • Disaster Alert, by Pacific Disaster Center, provides an
interactive map and a list of disasters as they occur around the globe
• It has collection of current and real-time incidents which have been designated "potentially hazardous to people, property, or assets" by the PDC DisasterAWARE™ application
DRS • Provides aggregates and makes available crowded sourced
data from individuals caught in natural or man-made disasters
• The smart phone based app offers individuals to quickly report their location and situation, along with any photos they may wish to add, to a command center
• The data and the location is plotted on a large screen map allowing private or Government based Rescue Teams to quickly dispatch assistance to their location
Other Mobile Apps for Disaster Management
ubAlert - Disaster Alert • A global social network that operates to save lives by
sharing the knowledge of the world's citizens with those in danger
• Alerts contain basic event details, impact statistics, maps, images, videos, and more.
• One can instantly share alerts with friends and family members to get them out of harm’s way via email, Facebook and Twitter
The Ecosystem
DRM Ecosystem
Govt. Authorities
Warning Centres
Fire, Water and Civil Amenities
Public Services
Amenities
Public Address System
Local Bodies
Defence Support System
Information Systems Framework for Disaster Management
Planning & Policy Decision for Disaster Preparedness & Mitigation
• Hazard mapping & Vulnerability Assessment
• Database of disaster history for trend & pattern analysis
• Database of disaster management plan
• Awareness & training materials
• Inventory of legal, techno legal, administrative and institutional framework
Quick Emergency Response & Recovery
• Human & material response resources database
• Database of Infrastructure, lifelines & critical facilities
• Database of trained human resources
• Demographic information • GIS based information system
Disaster Management Act, India, 2005
Disaster means a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence affecting any area from natural and manmade causes, or by accident or negligence which results in
– substantial loss of life or – human suffering or – damage to, and destruction of property, or – damage to, or degradation of environment – and is of such a nature and magnitude as to be beyond the
capacity of the community of the affected areas
Major Losses in India due to Disasters ( 2001-2013)
Year Lives Lost
Cattle Lost
Houses damaged
Cropped area affected (in lakh Ha)
2001-02 834 21,269 3,46,878 18.72
2002-03 898 3,729 4,62,700 21.00
2003-04 1,992 25,393 6,82,209 31.98
2004-05 1,995 12,389 16,03,300 32.53
2005-06 2,698 1,10,997 21,20,012 35.52
2006-07 2,402 4,55,619 19,34,680 70.87
2007-08 3,764 1,19,218 35,27,041 85.13
2008-09 3,405 53,833 16,46,905 35.56
2009-10 1,677 1,28,452 13,59,726 47.13
2010-11 2,310 48,778 13,38,619 46.25
2011-12 1,600 9,126 8,76,168 18.87
2012-13 984 24,360 6,71,761 15.34
2013-14 5,677 1,02,998 12,10,227 63.74
Role of ICT in Disaster Management • To catalyze the process of preparedness, response and mitigation
• Providing access to vital information on Disaster preparedness to
citizens
• GIS based decision support system for planning
• Designing early warning system
• Emergency communication for timely relief & response measures
• Building Knowledge Warehouses to facilitate planning and policy
making
GIS – Risk & Capacity Analysis for Delhi
Some Recent Disasters Gujarat Earthquake -
2001 20,000 people killed,
167,000 wounded, 400,000 homes destroyed
Indian Ocean Tsunami - 2004
230,000 people died in 14 countries including India
Uttarakhand Flood - 2013
5,700 people presumed dead
Bihar Flood - 2013 201 people lost their
lives
Drought in Maharashtra – 2013
9 million farmers impacted
Malin (Maharashtra) Landslide - 2014
More than 150 deaths, about 100 missing, 40 houses
damaged
Jammu & Kashmir Flood - 2014
Nearly 277 people died
Cyclone Hudhud - 2014 124 causalities, estimated
damages of US$ 3.5 billion
Nepal Earthquake - 2015
Over 7000 death toll, approx. US$2 bn needed to
reconstruct. *figures still rising
NDMA website
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