cultural geography

James Leigh, University of NicosiaJames Leigh, University of NicosiaTracy Bucco

Cultural Geography

PopulationPart 2

Crowd, http://lbcpastor.wordpress.com/tag/service/

This lecture’s reading

• Rubenstein, J. (2005), The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Latest Edition, Saddle River,Prentice Hall.– Chapter: Population

• Fellman, J. Getis, A. and Getis, J. (2005), Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, Latest Edition, New York, McGraw-Hill.– Chapter: Populations: World Patterns, Regional

Trends

Fertility rates, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png

Hypothesis: Poorer are less literate and have more children.

GDP / caiita, http://www.dianahsieh.com/blog/2008_08_01_monthly.shtml

Literacy rates, http://leadingfromtheheart.org/2008/07/26/perpetuating-the-story-of-difference-or-literacy-revisited/

World Population IncreasePopulation growth, http://www.raisethehammer.org/index.asp?id=254

Video• What are some future

population trends?• What are some areas

increasing or decreasingin population?

Video – “Alarming Facts aboutthe Population of the World”

(4 minutes)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZWcoERjBUI&NR=1

Then checkout http://www.thefactlab.com/

World Population, http://people.howstuffworks.com/population-six-billion.htm

Population “doubling time”• Small changes in populations increase have

dramatic effects• NIR of:

– 1.0% doubles population in 70 years– 1.4% doubles population in 51 years– 2.2% doubles population in 35 years

Where is the populations increase?• Mostly LDCs in:

– Africa– Asia– Latin America– Middle East

• In last decade worldpopulation growth:– 2/3 in Asia– 1/3 divided equally

among:• Sub Saharan Africa• Latin America• Middle East

NIR, http://www.countrywatch.com/facts/facts_default.aspx?type=image&img=PIAG

To explain population increaseTotal Fertility Rate (TFR):

Average number of childrena woman will havein her childbearingyears (~15-49)

• World rate is ~3• Rate > 6 in some sub

Saharan countries• Rate <2 in ~ every

European country

TFR, http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/V1003/lectures/population/index.html

To explain population increaseInfant Mortality Rate (IMR):• Annual number of deaths

of infants < 1 year against the total number of births

• Per 1,000• High in poor countries of

sub-Saharan Africa– In some LDC exceeds 100

(>10%)• Low in Western Europe

– Only <50 (<5%)• Reflects standard of living

and medical facilities,and in-countrysocioeconomic status

IMR, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Infant_mortality_rate_world_map.PNG

To explain population increase

• Life expectancy at birth measuresthe average numberof years a newborninfant can expectto live– High in MDCs

• Western Europe

– Low in LDCs• Sub-Saharan Africa

LE, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG

Young populations

Young populations, http://arbroath.blogspot.com/2006_12_03_archive.html

Brief review• MDCs have:

– Higher life expectancy– Older populations– Lower rates of:

• Natural increase• Crude birth• Total fertility• Infant mortality

• LDCs have:– Lower life expectancy– Younger populations– Higher rates of:

• Natural increase• Crude birth• Total fertility• Infant mortality

Population growth, http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/TLSF/theme_c/mod13/www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/modules/social/pgr/map1.htm

Demographic Transition• Typical Stages of Process of Development

– 1. High BR and DR, stable population– 2. Rapidly falling DR population increase, urbanizing – 3. BR decline as DR continue to decline moderation

of population increase– 4. Low BR and DR population stability (or decrease)

Influenced by:

•Industrial Revolution

•Medical Revolution

•Wealth

•Infrastructure

•Social philosophyDT, http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html

Note post-industrial

Demographic transition (Jordan & Domosh)

Population pyramidsWide base shows large number of children, but rapid narrowing as many die between each age band. The pyramid indicates a population with high BR, high DR and short life expectancy. Typical for poorer countries - little access to birth control, poor environmental factors (e.g. no clean water), minimal health services. Note more females than males in age groups – females live longer.

PP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid

ComparativePop’n increase %

Switzerland ~ 0.5

Malawi ~ 2.4

Stable

Growing

PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Obviously declining population in 2050

Pyramid types

PP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid

China’s Changing pyramid

China PP, http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/population_settlement/population/population_structure.htm

Canada’s changing pyramid

Canada PP, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/animat/edu06a_0002-eng.htm

PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

Pyramid’s historical effects: Germany

(unreferenced)

(Unreferenced)

World’s aging population

Population, http://wisdom.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/big-population-age-group.gif

LD regionspopulation share

S S Africa ++++ 11 – 18%

China -- 21 – 16

India 17 – 17

N East/N Africa + 6 – 8

Other Asia + 17 – 20

Latin America + 8 – 9

(Fellmann)

Looming Challenges• Overpopulation• Old populations• Peak phenomena

(scarcity):– Food– Resources– Energy– Commodities

• High prices• Declining economic

development• Poverty• Climate change• Pollution• Famine / disease• War

Old man, http://glorialimbong.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/poor-old-man.jpg

• Many visual items are used in the course.• They have been collected in “notes” over several years.• If any items are unreferenced please let us know.• We would be happy to give credits.• James Leigh, University of Nicosia

Tracy Bucco