current carrying capacity

High Temperature Conductors

Sterlite Technologies Limited

Certain words and statements in this communication concerning Sterlite Technologies Limited and its prospects, and

other statements relating to Sterlite Technologies’ expected financial position, business strategy, the future

development of Sterlite Technologies’ operations and the general economy in India & global markets, are forward

looking statements.

Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause actual results,

performance or achievements of Sterlite Technologies Limited, or industry results, to differ materially from those

expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

Such forward-looking statements are based on numerous assumptions regarding Sterlite Technologies’ present and

future business strategies and the environment in which Sterlite Technologies Limited will operate in the future.

The important factors that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from such

forward-looking statements include, among others, changes in government policies or regulations of India and, in

particular, changes relating to the administration of Sterlite Technologies’ industry, and changes in general economic,

business and credit conditions in India.

Additional factors that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from such

forward-looking statements, many of which are not in Sterlite Technologies’ control, include, but are not limited to,

those risk factors discussed in Sterlite Technologies’ various filings with the National Stock Exchange, India and the

Bombay Stock Exchange, India. These filings are available at www.nseindia.com and www.bseindia.com

Disclaimer

3

With increased private participation in power generation, transmission & distribution in

India, alongside that of legacy incumbents, there is a robust demand for bare overhead

power conductors.

The evident challenge is:

(a) To transmit more power over existing lines and

(b) Development of more efficient power conductors for new lines.

A growing need for efficient power transmission networks ….

Building of efficient power transmission systems is a national priority.

4

Innovative solutions for efficient power transmission systems

• Very high cost to install new Power lines.

• Difficulty in acquiring Tower sites – Right of way .

• Time involved in constructing new Power lines.

• Provision for future contingencies

Increasing demand for Electrical Power Generation & Transmission, but…..

Usage of High Temperature – Low Sag (HTLS) Conductors

Capacity Enhancement

Trans. System

Higher Voltage

Bundle Conductor

ConductorAdvanced Material

Size Up

AL59TACSRACSS

STACIR

Capacity Enhancement: Transmission Line

HTLS Conductors

Ampacity

Sag-Tension

InstallationReliability

Economics

High current carrying capacity

Low Sag-Tension Property

Easy & rapid installation

Long – Term reliability

Conductor CostLow Line loss

Hence, Shift From ACSR to HTLS

High Temperature (HTLS) Conductors

ACSS (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported)

TACSR (Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Re-inforced)

STACIR (Super thermal Aluminium Conductor Invar

Reinforced)

ACCC (Aluminium Conductor Composite Core)

ACCR (Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced)

High Ampacity Conductors

Low Resistance Conductors

AL59 Alloy Conductors 1120 Alloy ConductorsEHC Alloy

Dull Surface Finish

Dull Conductor

Colored Conductors

9

Specialty materials.Superior performance.

A range of specialty alloys offer superior thermal resistance that improves the efficiency in high current transmission.

26% to 31% more current carrying capacity as that of ACSR of the same size, while maximum sag remains the same & working tension is lesser than that of ACSR.

Resistivity is substantially lesser than that of ACSR/AAAC conductors, resulting in lower I2R losses.

Higher corrosion resistance than 6201 alloy series (AAAC).

AL59 Conductor

* Source: CPRI Report on AL59 Conductor vide Study on AL59 Conductor at CPRI Laboratory, Bangalore.

Higher Current Carrying Capacity – AL59

AL-59 provides Higher Ampacity

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Degrees C

Am

pe

res

ACSR

Alloy

AL-59

Alloy1120

EHC

ACSS – Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported

CONSTRUCTION:

ACSS Aluminium wires are manufactured from Annealed Aluminium 1350 wires. The conductorcomprises of an inner core of Galfan (Zn 5% Al Mischmetal) coated steel wire and concentricallyarranged annealed Aluminium strands forming the outer layers of the conductor

APPLICATION:

ACSS Conductors are used for both up gradation and for new power transmission and distribution lines.

• Annealed Aluminium wire can operate continuously up to 2500C without any loss in strength

• When stressed, the complete conductor Aluminium elongates and transfers all the load to steel core

• Lower compressive forces between annealed Aluminium and Steel Core enables higher self damping capacity because of this increased elongation in annealed Aluminium

Annealed Aluminium 1350 wire

Fully annealed Aluminium is having lower yield strength, resulting into inelastic elongation inAluminium wire when tension is applied on a composite conductor.

Properties HAL (Hard

drawn 1350

Al)

Annealed

Aluminium

1350

Tensile

Strength in

(Mpa)160 60

Conductivity

%IACS

61 63

%

Elongation

1.2 to 2 25 to 30

Conductor ACSR ACSS

Ampacity 1X 2X

Generally for ACSS Conductor mfg, bobbins in stranding machine are to be kept with minimumtension. Sterlite adopted a new annealing process which enables to run the machine at sametension.

• Mechanical and physical properties of Mishmetal steel wire are similar to that of the galvanized steel wires

• Corrosion resistance of Mishmetal steel wires are better than that of galvanized steel wires

• ASTM B 802 and B 803 were developed in 1989 defining requirement of the core wire using this different coating

Mischmetal Steel Wire

The Mishmetal Coating on the steel core can withstand for continuous operating temperatureupto 2500C

Properties Galvanized Steel

Galfan Steel

Tensile Strength in

(Mpa)1410 1410

% Elongation 4 4

Continuous temperature

at which coating

withstands

(Deg C)

150 250

Conductor ACSR ACSS

TACSR– Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced

CONSTRUCTION:

Thermal-resistant Aluminum-alloy Conductor, Steel Reinforced (TACSR) conductors wherein theinner core is composed of galvanized steel and the outer layers are composed of thermal-resistantaluminum-alloy.

APPLICATION:

TACSR conductors are used to enhance the capacity of the existing transmission line by simplyreplacing the existing conductor without any modifications to the tower. Also used for new lineswhere power transfer requirement is very high.

16

STACIR – Super Thermal Alloy Conductor

Invar Reinforced

CONSTRUCTION:

Super thermal alloy (STAL) are manufactured from Al-Zr (Aluminium Zirconium) alloy rods. Theconductor comprises of an inner core of Aluminium clad Invar (36%Ni in steel) and concentricallyarranged STAL strands forming the outer layers of the conductor

APPLICATION: STACIR/AW conductors is preferred for re-conductoring applications. The capacity of the existingtransmission line can be enhanced by simply replacing the existing conductor without anymodifications to the tower.

Thermal Alloy (s)

Super thermal alloy contains Zr which deposits over the grain boundary of Aluminium,thus increasing the recrystalisation temperature of Aluminium which enables STAL tooperate at high temperature without any loss in strength.

Properties HAL (Hard drawn 1350 Al)

TAL (Thermal Alloy Al-Zr)

STAL (Super Thermal Alloy

Al-Zr)

Tensile Strength in (Mpa)

160 160 160

Conductivity %IACS

61 60 60

Continuous Operating

Temperature80 150 210

Emergency Operating

Temperature120 180 280

Conductor ACSR TACSR STACIR

Ampacity 1X 1.5X 2X

Inner Core – TACSR & STACIR

STACIR is designed with Aluminium clad invar having low thermal co-efficient of

expansion at 2100C which enables it to maintain the SAG equal to equivalent ACSR.

TACSR can be designed with STC 6 core to maintain the sag equal to ACSR, even while it

operate at 1500C.

Properties Galvanized Steel Galvanized Steel (ST6 C)

Aluminium Clad Invar

Tensile Strength in (Mpa) 1226 1700 1184

Conductivity %IACS

8 8 14

Linear Co-efficient of Expansion

11.5x10-6 11.5x10-6 3.7x10-6

Young's Modulus (Kg/mm2) 21000 21000 15500

Conductor ACSR TACSR STACIR

Ampacity 1X 1.5X 2X

Technical Comparison:

Particulars ACSR MooseAL59

(ACSR Moose Equivalent)

ACSS (ACSR Moose Equivalent)

TACSR (ACSR Moose Equivalent)

STACIR (ACSR Moose Equivalent)

Aluminum type EC 1350 Al 59 Alloy wiresAnnealed

Aluminium Wires

Heat Resistance Al Alloy

Super Thermal

Aluminium alloy

Core typeST1 A Galvanized

SteelAl 59 Alloy wires

ST6 C/ST 1A

Galvanized steel

wire

ST6 CAluminium Clad

Invar wire

Stranding (Aluminum / Core)

54Al/3.53 mm 7st/3.53 mm

61Al/3.52 mm54TAL/3.513 mm

7st/3.513 mm

54TAL/3.53 mm + 7st/3.53 mm

54STAL/3.53 mm

7Invar/3.53 mm

Diameter (mm) 31.77 31.68 31.62 31.77 31.77

Cross section area (mm2) 597 593 591 597 597

Minimum breaking load as per ST6C Core (kgf)

16184 14576 14271 18043 15549

Weight (kg/km) 2004 1640 1983 2004 1956

DC resistance (Ohm/km) 0.05595 0.0501 0.05477 0.05651 0.05409

Current carrying capacity (Amperes)

876 1098 1950 1650 2078

Maximum continuous operating temperature (0C)

85 95 250 150 210

Use of High Ampacity conductors can result in saving in CAPEX

Particulars ACSR MooseACSS

(ACSR Moose Equivalent)

Current Carrying Capacity (Amperes) 876 1950

Current Carrying Capacity (Twin) 1752 3900

Current Carrying Capacity (Quad) 3504 7800

Same Current Construction Quad Twin

Total Conductor Weight (Per Circuit) 24048 11898

Savings in Weight (%) - 50%

Technical Comparison: Current Carrying Capacity

21

Manufacturing Capability - Sterlite

Sterlite In-house Facility – HTLS Conductors

61 Rigid Strander (with Auto Batch loading system) for Higher Transmission Sizes

37 Rigid Strander for Medium Transmission Sizes

19 Rigid Strander

High Speed Skip 7 Strander for Distribution Sizes

Precise High Speed

Wire Drawing Machines

Furnace for

Aging / Annealing (ACSS)

Aluminium / STAL Rods

Rolling Mill

05 – Rolling Mill

17 – Wire Drawing Machines

03 – Ageing Furnace

01 – Anealing Furnace

08 – 61 Rigid Strander

03 – 37 Strander

02– 19 Strander

08 – Skip Strander

Special Features

• State of the art Properzi Rolling Mill with computerized process control and hence precise and accurate product.

• Auto Tension devices for each bobbin of the Rigid Stranders.

• High Speed Stranding @ 40 to 50meter/min

• Inbuilt Conductor automatic Greasing System

• Special designed machine for making Dull Conductors

•In-house facility/technology for making STAL alloy

5/20/2010 23

New Products Developed

ProductSpecial properties/

UsageApproved / Type tested at

AAAC ASTER 570 (61/3.45mm)High conductivity and high strength

compared to 6201 AAACEDF,France

Al 59 (61/4.02)Strength in-between 6201 AAAC and AAC and conductivity nearly

equal to E.C gradeJPOWER,Japan

E.H.C

AAAC Araucaria (61/4.17)

Super high conductivity and Super high strength compared to 6201

AAACSAG,Germany

ACSR/AS Dove (26Al/3.71+7St/2.89)

Aluminium clad steel instead of galvanized steel which increases the

current carrying capacity of the conductor compared to ACSR

JPOWER, Japan

1120 Sulfur Conductor (61/3.75mm)Strength in-between 6201 AAAC and AAC and conductivity nearly

equal to E.C gradeSAG, Germany

New Products Developed.. Continued..

ProductSpecial properties/

Usage

Approved / Type tested at

STACIR Moose For Uprating Lines; can operate up to 210

Deg CKinertics Canada

ACSS CurlewFor Uprating and New

Lines; can operate up to 250 DegC

Tag Corporation, Chennai

TACSRFor Uprating Lines; can operate up to 250 DegC

Tag Corporation, Chennai

25

Summary

CBIP 26

For re-conductoring:

• Enhanced current carrying capacity.

• No modification / reinforcement to existing towers.

• Cost effectiveness.

For new lines:

• Enhanced current carrying capacity.

• Reduction in overall capital expenditure.

• Reduction in overall operating expenditure

• Higher corrosion resistance.

• Shorter project duration.

Benefits in performance and costs

3rd Annual Conference on Power Transmission in India 27

AL59 AL59

TACSR

1120 1120

ACSS

STACIR

NEW LINES RECONDUCTORING

TACSR

ACSS

Sterlite’s offerings: Diverse range of applications

Other New Solutions: Dull, TW, Gap Type Conductors

Thank YouConnecting every home on the planet…

Workshop on Latest Technologies in Power Transmission Sector

Organised By

CBIP

20th May, 2010

Fault Location Session Travelling Wave System (TWS)

By

Sudhanshu Gupta

What are we doing?

Double ended accurate fault location system for interconnected transmission lines

X XX

X

X

X

TWS DSFL

>100KV

Permanent and

Intermittent Faults

Typical Application

Faults can be divided into three types

• Permanent faults – normally rare but need finding and fixing fast

• Intermittent faults – can be re-closed but can occur again. Eg damaged insulation, vegetation

• Transient faults – can be re-closed. Caused by random events eg lightning, bush fires.

Categories of Fault

Intermittent and transient faults were not taken too seriously

but there is an increasing awareness over power quality and

system stability issues that are driving a need to reduce the

number of line trips.

You need accurate fault location to find these faults

• Reduce downtime

• Allow the implementation of preventive maintenance at known trouble spots to avoid further trips and voltage dips

• Reduce costs and manpower requirements – no need for multiple line patrols or use of helicopters.

• Minimises extra costs involved in maintaining system security during the plant outage.

The need for fault location

It is generally accepted that accurate fault location on overhead

lines is necessary at transmission voltages (>100KV) to:

The traditional methods of fault location have been based on

impedance techniques now commonly incorporated in digital

relays and fault recorders.

Impedance techniques have been used for the past 35 years. They

are now conveniently available in digital protection relays and fault

recorders. Problems arise when:

• The fault arc is unstable

• The fault resistance is high and fed from both ends

• Circuits run parallel for only part of the route

Problems with Impedance

Accuracy is dependent on:

• PT and CT response

• The assumption that the line is symmetrical

• A lumped equivalent circuit used in the algorithms

•Filtering of harmonics and DC offsets – more difficult with reduced

data window caused by faster clearance times (5 cycles or less)

•Line parameters

Typically 1 to 20% of line length but it can be worse

depending on fault type.

Phase to phase faults give best performance.

Phase to earth faults with high fault resistance can result in large errors.

Actual error increases with line length.

Compensation required for mutual coupling on double circuit lines

Compensation required for end source impedance.

Accuracy of Impedance

There is a need for a better system

On a 200Km line the error could be from 2Km to 40Km

Application of TWS (Traveling wave

system)

• Best on interconnected overhead lines

• Uses a double ended technique to allow automatic calculation and

display of fault position

• Accuracy not affected by the factors that cause problems to

impedance methods

• Accuracy not affected by line length

• Works for all types of faults including open circuit faults

• Works on series compensated lines, lines with tapped loads, lines

with lengths of underground cable and teed circuits

Double Ended Method of TWS Fault Location

T1A

T1B

A

B

LaA

Lb

Fault

Traveling waves

generated by the

fault propagate along

the line in both

directions

The distance to fault

is proportional to

the difference in

arrival time (T1A –

T1B), the length of

line (La+Lb) and the

propagation velocity

TWS devices

installed at line

ends trigger on

the arrival of the

wave and assign

an accurate time

tag

La = [(La+Lb) + (T1A-T1B).v] / 2

V for air insulation = 300m/μs

How it works

Time stamp accurate to 1μs

It is fortunate and somewhat convenient that at

the speed of light, one micro-second equals

300 m (975 feet)

It is fortunate and somewhat convenient that

300 m (975 feet) equals the average span

length on a transmission line.

The result is repeatable fault location

within 1 tower / span on all types of

fault. Measurements from both ends

gives accuracy 150m

TWS Accuracy

TWS Implementation

Secondary clamp on sensors

Install while energized

No line outage required

TWS Implementation

TWS Implementation

TWS Implementation

Example of Distance to Fault Results

from our PAD software

Result from Malaysia

Automatic DTF Calculation using Double Ended Type D Method

via TWS Base Station 2000 software

TWS Fault Location to One Span - Works Even

When Impedance Methods have Large Errors

Send the repair teams to the right place. Minimize search time and

reduce expensive downtime

What is the actual cost of inaccuracy?

TWS accuracy in all types of weather

Works in fog and at

night when

helicopters cannot

Why risk multiple line patrols over dangerous terrain when you can go

straight to the spot?

TWS One span accuracy locates damaged

insulators

Question:

A structure experienced 4 self-clearing

faults in 1 year. Is it in the best interest of

your company and reliability to visually

inspect that structure for damage that may

eventually result in a non-clearing fault?

Question:

A structure experienced 4 self-clearing faults in

1 year. Is it in the best interest of your

company and reliability to visually inspect that

structure for damage that may eventually result

in a non-clearing fault?

Not possible to pinpoint damage with impedance methods

due to inconsistency of results and variable errors

TWS Accurate enough to locate fault damage

caused by bird streamers

Assess damage and organise repairs

One span accuracy tracks down tree

problems

Go straight to cause of problem to take remedial action and avoid

further trips

TWS accuracy pinpoints lightning faults

• Compare lightning strike information from the IEEE Fault And Lightning Location System (FALLStm) against exact TWS fault location to:

• Confirm lightning is fault cause:-

• The TWS trigger was caused by an actual lightning strike on the line

• Confirm lightning is not the fault cause:-

• The TWS trigger was caused by induced lightning activity, but not a direct hitVital information when deciding

whether to reclose a line

Track faults from ground fires

Compare GPS fire coordinates

against exact TWS fault

location to:

Confirm ground fire is fault

cause

Confirm ground fire is not fault

cause

Vital information when deciding whether to reclose a line

Can the TWS be used as a single ended

fault locator?

• The line being monitored is very short compared to the other lines connected to the busbar

• The transmission system is very simple minimising the number of reflections

NO except under special circumstances

Even with the above the operator must be skilled at interpreting

TWS waveforms and be prepared that sometimes they will get a

wrong answer!

We only promote the TWS as a double ended system

Measurement of line length

• The TWS is triggered by energising a dead line

• The waveform is analysed and line length measured by identifying a reflection from the far open circuit end

• A good method to check the length of the line including sags and changes in elevation

• Known as a Type E test

A precise line length checks improves TWS fault

location accuracy and maximises the benefits

Type E Method for confirming line length

END B

L1

L2

x

x

END A

T2

Line Length = [T2 x v]/2

Closing the circuit breaker

at End B to energise the

dead line launches a wave

that reflects from the far

open circuit end

Often used on a trial to show the system is

working

Far end must be open and isolated

(mechanical break with a disconnector)

Result from Nigeria

Type E Test – Line re-energised from TWS1 end with far

end of line open and isolated

TWS Deployment – General Rules

• TWS must be located at a substation where more than one line is

connected to the busbar if linear couplers are used.

= TWS line module (current)

TWS can be located at a line end but the voltage component of the wave

must be monitored, not the current

= TWS line module (current)

= TWS line module (voltage)

TWS Deployment – General Rules

Only allow a maximum of one tee connection between two TWSs

= TWS line module (current)

One T only

Remember – a TWS system must have a good

comms infrastructure for practical double ended

operation

Two types of substations

Centralised Relay Room Distributed Relay Rooms

Good for TWS – LC connection <25m Good for DSFL

X

Central services – control,

comms, batteries

X X

Wiring for Indications

Relays Relays Relays

X

All relay panels in one room

adjacent to each other

X X

Secondary wiring

Results Analysis – 3 x Software Sets

NFE – configures TWS network

Saves files to TWSBase2000

TWS Base2000 – manual connection

to TWS devices. Download, save,

display and analyse index files and

waveforms. Calculation of DTF

PAD – automatically polls DSFL

devices, calculates and displays

DTF results. Logs comms errors and

GPS lock issues

Communications to TWS TWS

PAD software - Fast, Automatic Listing of

Exact Fault Position

• Results displayed shortly after a line trip – no operator intervention required

• No need to wait for a protection engineer to analyze the data

• Results emailed to maintenance departments to get repair crews moving faster.

• Option to terminate polling and get results from a single circuit on demand after a line trip in 4 clicks

• The health status of the fleet of TWS can be seen at a glance

Results available where and when they are needed

without the intervention of skilled operators

Simplified display of Distance to Fault

Results

Results automatically displayed shortly after a line trip

providing vital information for the decision to reclose

Structure ID

can be

imported and

displayed

Simplified Display of System Alarms

Allows communication problems to be quickly identified

so they can be rectified. Provides details of the integrity

of the GPS time synchronization to warn of intermittent

or more serious problems

Network File Editor – a tool to configure a TWS

fault location system

• A graphical user interface (GUI) to configure a fleet of TWS devices

• Can create a new network of devices or edit an existing one

• Can define circuits of a given line length by mapping a TWS line module at one line end with another at the opposite line end

• Circuits can be two or three ended (that is containing one ‘tee’)

• Communication mode, ethernet or modem, and contact details easily set for each device

• Link to TWS Base Station software to immediately start using new configuration

Simple, fast method of setting up or editing a TWS network

without the need for specialist knowledge

TWS Installed Base

Approximately 1000 units have been sold to date to 70 Utilities in

30 Countries.

• 237 units in USA & Canada (23 Companies)

• 180 units in Africa (S. Africa, Namibia, Nigeria)

• 100 units in the UK

• 115 units in the Far East (Malaysia, HK, Indonesia, Vietnam)

• 100 units in Western Europe (France, Spain)

• 70 units in Australia & New Zealand

• 55 units in S. America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina)

• 30 units in Scandinavia & Baltic countries.

Users by Type

• Transmission greater than 100KV

• Interconnected substations

• Long lines greater than 100Km

• Difficult terrain with access problems

• Prone to bad weather – lightning, rain, gales

• Poor maintenance record – more faults

• Heavily loaded lines - line trips have bigger impact

New Generation Conductors

Transmission of Electric Energy

Short History

&

Development of Bare HighVoltage Overhead Lines(Bare OHC)

Important Conditions for Bare OHC

Ampacity

SAG

Tension on the towers

Tension in the conductor

Temperature of the conductor

Boundary conditions

History Bare OHC

Since beginning all conductors

were made of Copper

or

Copper Alloys

Reasons: Good Conductivity

Availability

Materials of Bare OHC

Material Density Conductivity TensileStrength

CTE

g/cm3 % IACS MPa X 10 -6 / Co

Copper 8.9 100 450 17

Aluminium 2.7 61 165 23

Steel 7.8 9 1600 11.5

Alloy 2.7 52 325 23

Invar 7.1 14-23 1310 –1170

3.7

AAC – All Aluminium Conductors

Advantages:Better Conductivity per unit of weight strung.

(Less tension on towers)

Disadvantages:Loses 60% of its strength when overloaded.

Has in absolute value less reserve in

strength to overcome wind and ice loading.

Continuous improvement in Bare OHC

ACSR AAAC 6201 AL-59 TACSRGood Conductivity –53.0 % IACS*

ModerateConductivity – 52.5%IACS*

Better Conductivity –59% IACS*

Moderate Conductivity– 52 % IACS*

Moderate Corrosion Resistance

Better CorrosionResistance

Better CorrosionResistance

Moderate CorrosionResistance

Better Strength toWeight Ratio

Better Strength toWeight Ratio

Good Strength toWeight Ratio

Better Strength toWeight Ratio

Better TensileStrength

Good Tensile Strength Moderate TensileStrength

Better Tensile Strength

Typical ApplicationCommonly used forboth transmission anddistribution circuits.

Typical ApplicationTransmission andDistribution applicationsin corrosiveenvironments, ACSRreplacement.

Typical ApplicationTransmission andDistribution High Ampacityapplications in corrosiveenvironments, ACSRreplacement.

Typical ApplicationTransmission andDistribution High Ampacityapplications in non-corrosive environments,ACSR replacement.

* International Annealed Copper Standard for conductivity

An Overview of Bare

Overhead Transmission

Conductors

Categories of Overhead Conductors

Homogeneous Conductors AAC – All Aluminum Conductor

AAAC – All Aluminum Alloy conductor

Non - Homogeneous Conductors ACSR – All Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

ACSR/AW – All Aluminum Conductor Al. Clad Steel

Reinforced

TACSR – Thermal Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

TACSR/AW – Thermal Aluminum Conductor Cl. Steel Reinforced

TACIR/AW – Thermal Aluminum Conductor Cl. Invar Reinforced

AACSR – All Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel

Reinforced

ACAR – All Aluminum Conductor Al. Alloy Reinforced

ACSS – All Aluminum Conductor Steel Supported

Limitations of Present Transmission System

The present Transmission System is overloaded due to

Economic Expansion (Commercial, Industrial and

Residential)

Max. Op. Temp with Existing ACSR Conductors 85 0C

Very High cost to install new Transmission Lines.

Very difficult to acquire Right of Way (ROW).

Time constraint for new Transmission Lines.

Objections from inhabitants to construct new T/L.

Solution: New Generation Conductors ...

New Generation Conductors

Options Available with

Apar Industries Limited

High Ampacity Alloy Conductors

AAAC 6201, 6101

AAAC 1120 AL-57, AL-59 Thermal Resistant Alloy (TAL)

Defined as per IEC,

ASTM, BS, NFC,

EN, CSA

Specification.

Defined as per

Australian

Specification.

Defined as per

Swedish

specification & EN

Specification.

Defined as per IEC, &

ASTM Specification.

Popularly in use@ Countries:France,

Bangladesh, India,

North and East

Africa, Middle East, USA … so on

Popularly in use @Countries:

Australia & New

Zealand

Popularly in use @Countries:

Norway, Sweden,

India … so on

Popularly in use @Countries:

South and East Asia,

Nigeria, Middle East

Asia, Europe… so on

Up rating of Transmission System

No,Re -Conductoring

Ground clearance is enough?

Thermal Resistance Al.

Alloy Conductor

High Ampacity Alloy

Conductors

TACSR, TACSR/EST,

TACSR/AW, TACSR/TW

TACIR/AW &

TACIR/TW/AW,

GAP type

Conductors

TAL with Al. Clad Invar

Core. i.e. for PGCIL Re-

Conductoring Tender we

have offered TACIR/AW

388 sq mm against

ACSR Moose

Yes, New

Transmission Lines

Power T’xfer

Requirements

Up to

30%

Al-59

AAA 1120

More

than

30%

• TACSR family Conductor has 60+ % more ampacity of ACSR Conductors.

• TACSR/TW Conductor has more than 70+% more ampacity of conventional ACSR type.

• TACIR/TW Conductor has equivalent sag-tension properties as conventional ACSR type.

• Conventional fittings and accessories for ACSR can be used for TAL Conductorsexcept compression fittings

• Same installation method as conventional ACSR is applied for TALConductors

• TAL Conductors has high long-term reliability with strong track record

Use AL-59 & TACSR for New Lines and TACIR/AW & GAP Conductor for Re-Conductoring

Summary

Greetings & Welcome

Presented by :

M N RAVINARAYAN

& N R DHARDated on :

20-05-2010

Workshop on latest

technologies on power

transmission sector: CBIP New

Delhi 20th MAY 2010

Transmission line Signature Analysis.- ECG OF TRANSMISSION LINES

- a necessity

It is imperative on the part of Transmission line operator toeliminate patrolling as far as practicable, reduce downtime, labourand transportation cost . It is, therefore, necessary that accurate &re-confirmed information is obtained before commencingpatrolling or sending team to the spot, on the instant information.

On-line fault locators today give data of instant information ofdistance to faults with varying accuracy regarding location of faultin a transmission line.

A reconfirmation with an Line Signature Analysis study ispreferable to accurately locate the prolonged presence of fault inorder to send teams to pinpointed fault location & repair the sameto reduce downtime.

1. Reduction of downtime

Line Signature Analysis study prior to recharging, after the linerepair, reveals healthiness of line or indicates persistence of faultsin the event of a multiple fault condition. This will avoid stressconditions on the terminal equipments, relays and eventualline/system tripping, as the line can be declared faulty withoutcharging.

2. Safe recharging of lines

Line Signature study of a transmission line (Line healthiness studyor ECG of a transmission line) can predict developing faultlocations e.g. weak jumpers, leaky insulators etc on the lineindicating various degrees (immediate/2nd & 3rd preference etc) ofweakness of the line. Thus a planned maintenance schedule can beprogrammed to avoid forced outage of any line. This helps inreducing the downtime of the line to a greater extent.

3. Predictive Maintenance

Line Signature Analysis study is also most useful tool for pre-commissioning tests for a newly constructed Transmission Line.Line Signature scans the entire line and provides documentationon the line’s readiness for charging. Decision for charging a newTransmission line can be taken based on this Line Signature study.

4. Line pre-commissioning tests

The Signature Analysis does not require any presetting of line data,no additional attachments interfering with the substation/powerstation terminal equipments. The Line Signature Analysis study isnot influenced either by any effect due to dynamic behavior of thetransmission line that may be encountered when the transmissionline is in charged condition or by any data of line, conductors,geometry of towers, GPS positioning etc. This is considered anideal situation for study of line condition.

5. Accurate data independent of operating parameters

Line Signature Analysis provides historical data on the entire line,its weakness/improvement, which can be useful for comparisonwith subsequent data for monitoring the transmission linecondition at any given point of time for planning preventivemaintenance.

6. Historical data for asset management

Feeding a correct data of a transmission line for on-line / Relaysystem is essential. Length of a line constitutes an important factorfor input data of ONLINE / Relay system. The Signature Analysison application to a line provides accurate line length and hencehelps improve accurate functioning of on-line / Relay system.

7. Data for Relay system

Line Signature Analysis can be used as a back up of on-linesystems in the event of system failure. Various components areresponsible for measurement by on-line system whereas LineSignature Analysis is an in-dependant system.

8. A backup

TAURUS EHT 1250 MAX-3

FAULT ANALYSER SYSTEM

1. Used for FAULT LOCATION

2. Used for Predictive Maintenance

3. Used for Pre–charging verification

4. Used for Pre-commissioning of EHT lines

UTILITY

1. Portable offline system with in-built re-chargeable battery.

Housed in IP67 pelican casing.

2. Complete fault Information in direct reading digital display

3. Complete Line Healthiness Study.

4. Can be used in any line EHT line from 66kV to 1250 kV.

5. Requires no parameter input. Extremely simple operation

6. Accuracy of +/- 100 meters through out the range of 1000 KM.

7. Direct PC storage and printout.

8. Optimum safety. Complete suppression of induction voltage

9. All the functionalities of the system can be tested with the EHT line Simulator.

10. Economical Investment – one single system is sufficient for the entire station and

applied to any EHT line from 66kV to 1250kV.

The MAX-3 Digi Scan

-- Salient features..

ECG OF TRANSMISSION LINES

- The LINE SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

A look at

NORMAL LINE BAD LINE

GOOD LINE

GOOD LINE

NORMAL LINE

BAD LINE

A look at - All the in-homogeneous present on your EHV line

B PHASE OPEN :- PROGRESSIVE GAIN HIGHLIGHTS

p5 :- 3/16/2006 4:43:15 PM :- 400 KV Mysore - Neelamangala ckt1

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 Remarks

[] [] [] [] [] 002.0[8] X

[] [] [] [] [] 004.5[8] X

[] [] [] 012.3[1] 012.3[3] 012.2[6] B

[] [] [] [] [] 020.6[3] X

[] [] [] [] 022.3[3] 022.2[5] B

[] [] [] 026.1[1] 026.2[3] 025.9[7] A

[] [] [] [] [] 029.3[3] X

[] [] [] [] [] 035.6[3] X

[] [] [] [] 036.0[1] [] X

[] [] [] [] [] 039.6[2] X

[] [] [] [] [] 046.4[3] X

[] [] [] [] [] 047.0[3] X

[] [] [] [] 050.7[1] 050.5[3] C

[] [] [] [] [] 051.2[1] X

[] [] [] [] [] 056.6[3] X

[] [] [] [] 060.3[1] 060.4[3] C

[] [] [] [] [] 065.9[3] X

[] [] [] [] [] 069.2[2] X

[] [] [] [] [] 078.7[2] X

[] [] [] [] [] 085.6[1] X

[] [] [] [] 086.3[1] 086.3[3] C

[] [] [] [] [] 090.6[2] X

[] [] [] [] [] 096.7[3] X

[] [] [] [] [] 097.3[3] X

[] [] [] [] [] 102.6[2] X

[] [] [] [] [] 112.7[1] X

[] [] [] [] 118.7[1] 118.7[4] C

[] [] [] [] [] 124.0[1] X

[] [] [] [] [] 126.6[1] X

135.8[3] 135.8[8] 135.9[8] 135.9[8] 135.8[8] 135.8[8] E

Case Studies

Decapping FAULT AT 69 KM IN B PHASE

DECAPPING FAULT

SHORT CIRCUIT FAULT AT 112 KM IN Y PHASE

SHORT CIRCUIT

FAULT

Thank you