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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
romanuli filologia
nino qavTaraZe
realuri da irealuri Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori lia loria
Tbilisi
2010
avtoris stili daculia
2
# Tavebisa da qveTavebis saTaurebi gverdi
1. kvlevis mizani da amocanebi
3
2 kvlevis meTodi
5
3. I Tavi I. I. franguli romantizmis Tavisebureba
10
4. I. II. Jerar de nervali da Jerar labruni
22
5.
II Tavi II. I. fantastikuri Janris istoriidan
29 30
6.
II. II. JanrTaA mravalferovneba Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
42
7. II. III. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, kompoziciis Taviseburebani
46
8. II. IV. TxrobiTi instanciebis cvla Jerar de nervalSi _ ,,anJeliki’’
59
9. II. V. ornamentuli prozis raoba da misi mniSvneloba Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSiD
77
10. III Tavi III. I. naratiuli drois problema
86
11. III. II. Txrobis momenti Jerar de nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’
94
12. III. III. realuri da irealuri moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
100
13. III. IV. qronotopis problema moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
117
14. III. V. intermedialobis sakiTxisTvis Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
132
15. III. VI. interteqstualuri urTierTobebis roli nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
138
16. III. VII. qalis saxe-xati Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
178
17. III. VIII. parateqstis funqcia da mniSvneloba
190
18. naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
193
19. gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa 195
3
kvlevis mizani da amocanebi
winamdebare disertaciis mizans warmoadgens frangi mwerlis –
Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis analizi, saxeldobr: realuris da
irealuris mniSvnelobis dadgena mis prozaul nawarmoebebSi.
Jerar de nervalis (Jerar labruni) Semoqmedeba gviandel frangul
romantizms ganekuTvneba. mwerali rogorc franguli, aseve germanuli
romantizmis gavlenas ganicdida. mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, franguli
romantizmis Taviseburebis warmoCena, rac, erTi mxriv, am mimdinareobis
internacionaluri xasiaTis fonze, franguli romantizmis
gansakuTrebuli niSan-Tvisebebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba, meore mxriv,
gansazRvravs Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis adgils da xasiaTs
franguli literaturis istoriaSi.
kvlevis warmarTvisa da konkretuli daskvnebis gamotanis mizniT,
ramdenime sakiTxis gamoyofa miviCnieT saWirod:
1) franguli romantizmis Taviseburebis warmoCena, imisTvis rom
dagvedgina Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebis adgili franguli
romantizmis istoriaSi.
2) realuris da irealuris urTierTobis warmosaCenad, kvlevis obieqtis
arCevas gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT movekideT. nervalis Semoqmedeba
mravalferovania: nervalma literaturuli moRvaweoba TargmniT daiwyo:
ocdaori wlis Wabuki i.v. goeTes fausts SeeWida. nervali avtoria:
poeturi nawarmoebebis (sonetebis krebuli _ ,,qimerebi’’, ,,saxalxo
elegiebi’’ ,,oqros leqsebi’’, ,,gasxivosnebulni’’), dramatuli
nawarmoebebis _ (,,briyvTa mefe’’, ,,leo bukari’’, ,,pikiio’’, ,,alqimikosi’’),
publicisturi xasiaTis qmnilebebis (,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’,
,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’) da prozauli, literaturul-mxatvruli
teqstebis (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, ,,orelia’’). nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
realuris da irealuris ukeT warmosaCenad da maTi funqciebisa da
bunebis ukeT dadgenisTvis, frangi mwerlis ori ZiriTadi nawarmoebiT
SemovifargleT: novelebis krebuliT _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’
da vrceli moTxrobiT _ ,,orelia’’. es nawarmoebebi erTmaneTTan ideur-
Tematurad arian dakavSirebulni, rac maTi erTi, saerTo analizis
4
sagnad qcevis safuZvels iZleva. am nawarmoebebSi,
yvelaze ukeT aris warmodgenili realuris da irealuris
urTierTkavSiri, rac Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebiT
miznebs emsaxureba.
3) nebismieri literaturuli nawarmoebi formis da Sinaarsis
erTianobas warmoadgens, amitom realuris da irealuris kvlevisTvis,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rogorc nawarmoebis formis, aseve misi
Sinaarsis analizi. Sesabamisad, kvlevis Semdgomi etapi, zemoxsenebuli
nawarmoebebis Janruli identifikaciis sakiTxiT dainteresebaa, rac,
Cveni azriT, saSualebas mogvcems gamovavlinoT romantizmis
esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi JanrTa mravalferovnebis
arsebobis fonze da ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad exmianeba nervalis
nawarmoebebis poetika romantizmis esTetikas.
analizis sagania novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ _
Semavali novelebisa da vrceli moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, Janrobrivi
identifikacia. romantikosi mwerlebis esTetikidan gamomdinare,
sinkretuli Janris Seqmna nervalis nawarmoebebis Janrobrivi
kuTvnilebis sirTuleSic aisaxa. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs
(,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) ,,novelebi’’ pirobiTad ewodeba. maT
literaturuli zRapris, mcire zomis epikuri Janris, fantastikuri
novelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi axasiaTebT. swored amitom,
novelebis krebulSi da, gansakuTrebiT, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
ikveTeba realuris da irealuris urTierTkavSiris magaliTebi.
ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens novelebisa da moTxrobebis kompoziciis
Taviseburebani, rac erT siuJetur invarianze agebul sxvadasxva
nawarmoebebis arsebobaSi vlindeba da qmnis metaTxrobis precendents.
4) realuris da irealuris Sepirispireba, nervalis zemoxsenebuli
nawarmoebebis magaliTze da maTi Janruli kuTvnilebis fonze _ kvlevis
sawyisi etapia. realursa da irealurs Soris urTierTkavSiris
dasadgenad, marTebulad migvaCnia, mcired mimovixiloT fantastikuri
Janris ganviTarebis istoria, rac saSualebas mogvcems nervalis
mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstebis da fantastikuri Janris nimuSebs
Soris msgavseba amovicnoT.
5
5) disertaciis aqtualoba Yyvelaze naklebad Seswavlili moTxrobis,
,,orelias’’, analizis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs. nawarmoebebis Janruli
identifikaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare, sadisertacio naSromSi
zemoxsenebul nawarmoebs ,,moTxrobad’’ movisxeniebT. ANALanalizi
warmoaCens romantizmis esTetikisadmi mwerlis erTgulebas da
gamoavlens im gansakuTrebul, nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiTebel
niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebmac esoden momxibvleli gaxada nervalis
Semoqmedeba, misi supernaturalizmi, momavali TaobebisTvis, kerZod,
modernistuli literaturisTvis.
kvlevis meTodi
mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb iseTive cvlilebebsa da Zvrebs
ganicdis rogorc Tavad literatura. iSleba zRvari literaturis
kvlevis meTodebs Soris. nebismieri meTodis upiratesoba am Tu im
qveynis an epoqis istoriul-politikuri da socialur-kulturuli
TaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli (Todorov 2007 :37).
literaturuli nawarmoebebis kvlevis meTodebSi gamoiyofa ori
Tvalsazrisi da midgoma: erTis mixedviT, literaturuli nawarmoebi
Rirebulia imiT, rasac igi Tavad warmoadgens da xelovnebis arsi Tavad
teqstis saSualebiT vlindeba; meore midgoma, literaturul
nawarmoebSi teqstis miRma da teqstze ufro Rirebulis amocnobasa da
gaazrebas gulisxmobs (mwerlis pirovnebis, fsiqologiuri Tu
sazogadoebrivi aspeqtebis, rac teqstis garda mkvlevaris sxva
RirebulebebiT dainteresebas utoldeba).
kvlevis naratologiuri meTodi, romelsac safuZveli Cauyares
Txrobis Sesaxeb Teoriis, anu naratologiis skolis warmomadgenlebma
(J, Jeneti, v. Smidi . . .), mxatvrul nawarmoebs ganixilavs rogorc
naratorsa (mTxrobeli) da recipients (narateri) Soris arsebul
esTetikur komunikacias, amitom kvlevis naratologiul meTods
Sualeduri adgili ukavia struqturalistur da recefciul-esTetikur
meTodologiebs Soris.
6
naratologia Txrobis Teoriaa. igi rusuli formalizmis
(v. Sklovski, b. tomaSevski), v. propis, m. baxtinis, tartus skolis
warmomadgenelTa (i. lotmani, b. uspenski) gavleniT Camoyalibda
(literaturis...2008:194). gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi, naratologia
struqturalizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda da nebismieri saxis narativis
(literaturuli nawarmoebi, konofilmi, Teatraluri warmodgena . . )
saerTo struqturebis gansazRvras emsaxureba, anu nebismieri TxrobiTi
saxis nawarmoebis (Косиков 2009:159). naratiulad mxolod is teqsti
miiCneva, romlis fiqcionalur samyaroSi mTxrobelis Sualeduri
instanciaa warmodgenili. es instancia _ mTxrobelia.
naratiuli teqstebSi ganarCeven:
1) prozaul teqsts, romelsac mTxrobeli (naratori) gviyveba;
2) TxrobiTi saxis mimesur teqsts, romelsac mTxrobeli ar hyavs
(kinofilmi, warmodgena . . );
3) calke mdgom, aranaratiuli bunebis mqone, aRwerilobiTi saxis
teqsts (magaliTad _ publicisturi teqstebi), romelsac
mTxrobeli ar hyavs, magram ikveTeba naratoris instanciis
Seqmnis tendencia.
naratologiuri kvlevis sagans mxatvrul-literaturuli
nawarmoebis siRrmiseuli struqtura warmoadgens. naratologiuri
analizis ZiriTadi etapebia:
1) literaturuli nawarmoebis komunikaciuri bunebis dadgena;
2) SemoqmedebiTi procesis mravalSrian TxrobiT procesTan
gaigiveba;
3) sxvadasxva diskursebis gamovlena;
TxrobiTi instanciebis Teoriuli kvleva gulisxmobs:
a) mxatvrul teqstSi komunikaciuri jaWvis (informaciis
gamcemis da mimRebis) dadgena;
b) komunikatis (teqsti) niSanTa sistemad ganxilva, romlis
kodireba informaciis gamcemis mier winaswar xdeba;
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens komunikatis (teqsti) da
gareliteraturuli realobis (garefiqcionaluri samyaro) urTierToba,
rac TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis ierarqiul sistemasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
7
naratologiis mimdevrebs formaluri skolis warmomadgenelTa
koncefciasTan msgavsi mosazreba aqvT siuJetsa Tu fabulis arsze. Tu
fabula aris is, rasac mxatvruli nawarmoebi mogviTxrobs, siuJetad
unda CaiTvalos is, Tu rogori saxiT aris moTxrobili yovelive, Tumca
mxatvruli nawarmoebis, kerZod _ naratiuli teqstis amocnobisas,
siuJeti ganmsazRvrel faqtors ar warmoadgens.
fabula movlenaTa erTobliobaa, (b. tomaSevski) fabulis
sapirispirod, siuJeti (revoluciuri elementi – i. lotmani) movlenaTa
Tanmimdevrobaa, is kavSiria, romelic sxvadasxva movlenebs da motivebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs (Лотман 1970:161).
movlena siuJeturi qargis (motivi _ f. veselovski) umciresi
erTeulia. v. Sklovski siuJets iseTive formad miiCnevs rogoric riTmaa.
erTi da igive invariantulma konstruqtivma sxvadasxva siuJeturi rigis
saxiT SeiZleba hpovos ganviTareba. erT siuJetur rgolSi SeiZleba
ramdenime qvergoli gaerTiandes. lotmanis azriT, swored aseTi saxiT
xdeba siuJeturi qargis konstruireba (Шкловский 1925: 56).
i. lotmani ganarCevs siuJetian da usuJeto teqstebs, ,,moZravsa’’ da
,,uZrav’’ personaJebs. uZravi personaJi usiuJeto tipis struqturis
nawilia, radgan dadgenili sazRvris garRveva (literaturuli fiqciis
farglebSi intrigis sawyisi elementi) misTvis akrZalulia. moZravi
personaJs aqvs am akrZaluli sazRvris gadalaxvis ,,ufleba’’. siuJetis
ganviTareba ki akrZalulis garRvevas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, gmiris
misTvis Cveul viTarebaSi gadaadgileba movlenas ar warmoadgens
(Лотман 1970:171).
siuJetian teqstSi sami done gamoiyofa: 1) usiuJeto semantikuri
struqturis done; 2) tipiuri qmedebis (mocemul struqturaSi);
3) konkretuli moqmedebis done. j. prinsis naratologiis leqsikonSi
gamoiyofa Semdegi siuJetebi: bednieri dasasruliT, gare situaciaze
damokidebuli, Sinagani, martivi, rTuli, epikuri (erTmaneTTan naklebad
dakavSirebuli epizodebisgan Semdgari) da dramatuli (mWidrod
dakavSirebuli, SeduRabebuli epizodebi).
Cven gvainteresebs, rogor xdeba siuJeturi qargis ganviTareba iseT
mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi, rogoricaa J. de neralis moTxroba _
,,orelia’’, siuJetebis makonstruirebeli elementebis simciris fonze.
8
naratologia komunikatis siuJeturobis or maxasiTebels
gamohyofs:
1) mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Txrobis struqtura (ra saxiT aris
mowodebuli informacia (naratiuli done);
2) dialogizmis (interteqstis) aspeqti (diskursis done);
naratologiis meTodilogiis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilad miviCnieT
iseTi kategoriebis kvlevisas rogoricaa dro da sivrce, parateqsti,
mTxrobelis (naratori) instancia, fokalizaciis, TxrobiTi
komunikaciuri doneebis modelebis....
nawarmoebSi asaxuli fiqcionaluri samyaro TxrobiTi komunikaciis
doneebadaa dayofili (Smidi 2003:39). TxrobiT komunikaciis doneebis
modelebs Soris naratologia ganarCevs:
1) literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaros
2) asaxul samyaros
3) moTxrobil samyaros
4) citirebul samyaros
TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis modelebs Sesabamisi TxrobiTi
instanciebi gaaCniaT:
1) konkretuli avtori /konkretuli mkiTxveli;
2) abstraqtuli avtori / abstraqtuli mkiTxveli (idealuri
recipienti an savaraudo adresati);
3) fiqtiuri mTxrobeli da fiqtiuri adresati (narrateur/narratair) ;
4) personaJebi.
swored naratoris, mTxroblis instancia xdeba ganmsazRvreli
naratiuli teqtebis amocnobis dros: Tu teqsti naratiulia, igi
mTxrobelis instancias Seicavs, Tumca struqturalistebi naratiulad
yvela saxis teqsts miiCneven, romelSic ambavia gadmocemuli (Шмид
203 :19).
fokalizacia (TvalTaxedva) gulisxmobs imas, Tu visi TvalTaxedviT
mogviTxrobs mTxrobeli ambavs. igi SeiZleba iyos nulovani (focalisation
zéro), anu movlenebi yovlismcodne naratoris mier Sefasdes, Sida (interne),
rodesac movlenebi romelime personaJis mier aris Sefasebuli da gare
(externe), romelic movlenebis obieqtur Txrobas gulisxmobs. aseT
9
SemTxvevaSi, movlenebs arc mTxrobelis da arc ambis sxva monawile ar
afasebs: xdeba mxolod dakvirveba da aRwera (Raimond 2000: 127).
naratologiaSi, naratiuli dro da sivrce erTmaneTisgan aris
gamijnuli. naratiuli dro teqstis struqturis nawilia, sivrce ki _
kompoziciis. naratiuli dro ganixileba rogorc Txrobisa da ambis
droTa Tanafardoba. am kombinaciaSi, ganmsazRvreli ambis droisa da
Txrobis drois urTierTSefardeba xdeba, anu irkveva Tu ramdeni dro
eTmoba ama Tu im ambis, an misi Semadgeneli kompoziciuri elementebis
Txrobas. Txrobis dro SeiZleba ambis droze meti (Td>ad), ambis drois
toli (Td=d) an naklebi iyos (Td<ad). mTxrobels SeuZlia siuJetur
qargas gadauxvios da mkiTxvels sakuTari an sxvaTa msjelobebi,
aRwerebi SesTavazos. am SemTxvevaSi, ambis dro nulis toli iqneba,
Txrobis dro ki – ganusazRvreli (Td=n, ad=0). zogjer mTxrobeli
dros iseT ambavs uTmobs, romlis Sesaxeb nawarmoebSi araferia
moTxrobili: ambis ganviTareba nagulisxevia (elifsisi). zog
nawarmoebSi, konkretuli avtori mkiTxvels ambavs TanmimdevrobiT, anu
movlenebs qronologiurad hyveba, anda piriqiT _ anaqroniulad:
Txrobis momentisTvis ukve momxdari (analefsisi), an mosalodneli
(prolefsisi) ambis saxiT. mTxrobelis mier erTi da igive ambavi
SeiZleba ramdenimejer iyos gadmocemuli erTi an ramdenime mTxrobelis
mier (Jouve 1997 :34).
kvlevis dros Cven vixelmZRvaneleT naratologiaSi damkvidrebuli
terminologiiT, romlis analogi (saboloo saxiT) qarTul
literaturaTmcodneobaSi ar mogvepoveba. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
warmovadginoT maTi Sesatyvisi, SesaZlebeli variantebi.
zemoxsenebuli terminebis garda, kvlevis procesSi Semdegi
terminebi gamoviyeneT:
diegesisi ambis dro da sivrce
homodiegesuri mTxrobeli, romelic ambavSi monawileobs
heterodiegesuri mTxrobeli, romelic ambis monawile ar aris
eqtradiegesuri pirveladi mTxrobeli
intradiegesuri meoreuli mTxrobeli
periteqsti Tavebis saTaurebi
10
parateqsti nawarmoebis saTauri
epiteqsti nawarmoebis danamati
inkipiti
metalefsisi
analefsisi
prolefsisi
metamoTxroba
nawarmoebis dasawyisi
nawarmoebis fiqcionaluri sazRvris garRveva
retrospeqtulad moTxrobili ambavi
winaswar moTxrobili ambavi
moTxroba moTxrobaSi
kvlevis procesSi, saWiroebis da mixedviT, gamoviyeneT kvlevis
interteqstualuri da intermedialuri meTodebi. fsiqokritikis Tu
fsiqoanalizis obieqtad vaqcieT nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) calkeuli
epizodebi. bunebrivia, literaturis istoriis WrilSi ganxilul iqna
naSromis mniSvnelovani nawili.
yovelive zemoxsenebuli, Cveni azriT, Jerar de nervalis
nawarmoebebSi (novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ da
moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’) realuris da irealuris bunebis da mniSvnelobis
dadgenaSi dagvexmareba.
I Tavi
I. I. franguli romantizmis Tavisebureba
franguli sityva _ ,,romantisme’’, Sua saukuneebis sityvidan _
,,roman’’ iRebs saTaves. Sua saukuneebSi espanelebi ase uwodebdnen
saTavgadasavlo da saraindo romanebs, ingliselebi ki – XVIII
saukuneSi, ,,romantic’’-s _ yovelgvar gasaocars, warmoudgenelsa da
saidumloebiT moculs.
romantizmi rogorc klasicizmis sapirispiro literaturuli
mimdinareoba, germaniaSi XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi Camoyalibda, xolo iqidan mTels dasavleT evropasa da
CrdiloeT amerikaSi gavrcelda. am mimdinareobam ganviTarebis umaRles
wertils XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia. romantizmi
klasizicmisaTvis damaxasiTebel kanonzomierebebs uaryofda, rac
11
Tavisuflebisken swrafvis, pirovnuli sawyisis primatis Sesaxeb ideis
klasicizmis esTetikasTan dapirispirebas gulisxmobda.
socialur-politikuri situacia, romelic imxanad evropaSi
sufevda, franguli revoluciis Sedegebi romantizmis winapirobad unda
CaiTvalos. adreuli romantizmis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba
germanel mweralsa da mecniers _ fridrix Slegels ekuTvnis (1772-
1829ww.). misi Tezisebi 1797-98 wlebSi gamoqveynebul Teoriul naSromSi _
,,fragmentebi’’, aisaxa. f.Slegelis azriT, romantizmis warmoqmnis
winapirobebia:
1) safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia
2) emanuel herman fon fixtes (1776-1879ww.) idealisturi
filosofia
3) iohan volfgang fon goeTes (1749-1832ww.) vilhelm maisteri
(Slegeli 1955 :19).
fridrix Slegelma Tanamedrove Semoqmedisa da xelovnebis,
romantikuli universalizmis koncefcia Seqmna. manve ganaxorciela
Teoriuli kvleva xelovnebaSi ironiis daniSnulebaze, rac mwerlobis
misiis gadafasebas emsaxureboda (Хрестоматия ...955:21). XVIII saukunis
germaneli publicistisa da mecnieris _ georg forsteris Sesaxeb
kvlevaSi, Slegeli igive mosazrebas anviTarebs evropis istoriasa da
kulturaSi safrangeTis revoluciis gadamwyveti rolis Sesaxeb
(Зарубежная ...1990:40). misi azriT, safrangeTis revolucia politikuri
samyaros yovlismomcveli miwisZvra, warRvna iyo, romelmac frangi eris
erovnuli TviTmyofadoba warmoaCina. f.FSlegeli iqve dasZens, rom
revolucia, amave dros, epoqis groteski, qaosad qceuli kacobriobis
grandiozuli tragikomediaa (Зарубежная ...1990:45).
XVIII saukuneSi, ganmanaTlebloba axali da samarTliani
sazogadoebis Seqmnas qadagebda, romelic adamianis gonierebas
daeyrdnoboda, magram realoba mxolod logikis kanonebs ar
eqvemdebareba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi momavali aRiqmeboda rogorc
iracionaluri da amoucnobi. sazogadoeba adamianis pirovnul
Tavisuflebas zRudavda da mis bunebasTan harmoniul Tanaarsebobas
uSlida xels (История немецкой литературы 1986: 121). romantizmis mxatvrul-
esTetikuri koncefcia pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis konfliqts emyareba.
12
sulierebas moklebul da ,,egoistur’’ sazogadoebasTan dapirispireba
jer kidev sentimentalizmsa da preromantizmis epoqisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. es dapirispireba yvelaze mZafrad romantizmis epoqaSi
gamovlinda. SeiZleba iTqvas, safrangeTSi man gansakuTrebuli
simZlieriT iCina Tavi, radgan es dapirispireba ara marto socialur
(germaniaSi) da ekonomikur (inglisSi), aramed politikur aspeqtebs
efuZneboda.
romantizmis epoqis literatura maRalfardovanebas uaryofda da
klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel ,,amaRlebul’’ Tematikas
ewinaaRmdegeboda. romantizmis warmomadgenelTa azriT, samyaro
pirvelsawyis qaoss daubrunda da masSi boroteba ganmgeblobda.
romantizmis epoqis wiaRSi gamZafrda egzistenciuri SiSi, samyaros
dasasrulis esqatologiuri gancda. ,,SiSismomgvreli samyaros suraTi’’
mTels romantizms gasdevs Tan. amasTan erTad Cndeba am ,,saSinel
samyarosTan’’ Serkinebis ideac: sasowarkveTa awmyos ukavSirdeba,
civilizaciisa da progresis koncefcia _ momavals. es idealisken
swrafvis, absolutis Ziebis ideas exmianeba, ramac unda gadalaxos
arsebuli dapirispireba realobasa da ocnebas Soris da adamianis
cxovreba mTlianad Secvalos. ,,es srulqmnis erTaderTi saSualebaa’’ _
werda a. de vinii romantizmze (Хрестоматия ...1955:384).
realobis uaryofa ara mxolod idealisken swrafvaSi iyo
gamoxatuli. romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi mefoben jadosnuri,
Seucnobadi Zalebi, iqmneba paraleluri samyaro, romelic, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, met mniSvnelobas iZens vidre Tavad realoba (История
немецкой литературы 1986: 76). swored realobasTan dapirispirebam
ganapiroba romantikosTa ezoTeruli Ziebebis, kabalas,
naturfilosofiis da neo-paltonizmis mimarT esoden didi interesi
(Milner, Pichois1985:139). samyaroSi gabatonebuli boroteba romantizmis
warmomadgenlebs an sasowarkveTaSi agdebda, an protestis grZnobas
badebda maTSi, magram yvela romantikoss erTi ram aerTianebda: isini
adamians yofiTi sakiTxebis gadawyvetas miznad ar usaxavdnen. bunebis
kanonebis, religiuri Sexedulebebis da SemoqmedebiTi gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romantikosebi adamianis arsis wvdomasa da misi
bunebis saidumloebis amoxsnas cdilobdnen. romantizma adamianis
13
arsebobis amsaxveli universaluri Teoriis Seqmna da universumis
kosmogoniuri problemebis gadaWra daisaxa miznad (История немецкой
литературы 1986: 53). Sarl bodlerma sami sityviT daaxasiaTa romantizmi:
,,maradiulobisken swrafvis, individualizmis da sulierebis sauflo’’
(Milner, Pichois1985:137).
romantizmis literaturuli koncefcia kantisa da fixtes
idealistur filosofias efuZneba, romelic samyaros gardaqmnas
Semoqmedebis meoxebiT sTavazobs. yvelaze metad am koncefciam germanul
romantizmSi iCina Tavi (Milner, Pichois1985:136). romantizmis Teoretikosi _
fridrix Slegeli, klasikur literaturas aRweris obieqturobas
daesesxa da istorizmis principi ganavrco. misi mosazrebiT, nebismieri
movlena mis ganviTarebaSi unda yofiliyo Seswavlili, literaturuli
nawarmoebi realobasTan mimarTebaSi unda ganxiluliyo. aman
romantizmis epoqis literaturaSi ironiis koncefcia warmoSva,
romelic subieqturisa da obieqturis, maradiulisa da wuTieris
konfliqts efuZneboda. romantikosTa mosazrebiT, Semoqmedebis
usazRvro ESesaZlebloba empiriul realobas unda dapirispireboda da
gardaeqmna (Хрестоматия... 1955:20).
romantikosTa interesTaA sferos adamianuri vnebebi warmoadgenda,
romelTa Soris ganirCeoda: maRali (siyvaruli) da mdabali
(pativmoyvareoba, qedmaRloba, Suri). yovelgvar materialur
Rirebulebebs romantikosebma sulieri daupirispires: religia,
xelovneba da filosofia (Milner, Pichois1985:143). romantizmis
literaturas damaxasiaTebeli romantikuli gmiri hyavs. Tavisi arsiT,
igi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania. romantikuli gmiri grZnobebiT
Sepyrobili adamiania, romlis diadi miswrafebebi yoveldRiurobis
rutinas ar exmianeba. igi unikaluria, Tavisuflebisken iswrafvis da
istoriis bedukuRmarTobas upirispirdeba. romantizmis epoqis
nawarmoebebis gmirebi Semoqmedni arian, romlebsac, niWisa da energiis
meoxebiT, realobis gardaqmnis unari SeswevT. romantizmis epoqaSi
Semoqmedi RmerTs gautolda: adamians SeeZlo is, rac RmerTs ZaluZs
mxolod (sakmarisia gavixsenoT meri uolstonkrafti Selis cnobili
14
nawarmoebi ,,frankenSteini, anu axali promeTe’’, romlis protagonisti
axal adamians qmnis) (Encyclopédie libre-Shelley).
romantikosebs xiblavT fantastika, xalxuri Semoqmedeba, anu
yvelaferi is, rac saukunenaxevris manZilze yuradRebis miRma iyo
darCenili. klasicizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel ,,bunebis mibaZvas’’,
romantikosebi xelovanis SemoqmedebiT energias upirispireben,
romelic, empiriul samyarosTan SedarebiT, bevrad mSvenier samyaros
qmnis (Milner, Pichois1985:114). romantikosebi sxadasxva istoriuli epoqebiT,
egzotikuri qveynebiT da saidumloebiT moculi movlenebiT
interesdebodnen. swored romantizmis wiaRSi warmoiSva istoriuli
romani, romelsac istoriuli sinamdvilis da adamianis fsiqikis
saidumloebis axsna hqonda miznad dasaxuli (Milner, Pichois1985:67).
romantikosebi Sua saukuneebiT da antikuri epoqiTac xelaxla
dainteresdnen. maTi azriT, samyaros mSvenierebas sxvadasxva,
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli kulturaTa erTianoba qmnida, Tumca
romantikosTa yuradRebis miRma arc im periodis istoriul-politikuri
realoba rCeboda. samyaroSi adamianis misiis amosacnobad, romantikosebi
konkretulobis, sizustisa da damajereblobisken miiswrafodnen,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maT nawarmoebebSi moqmedeba xSirad egzotikur,
ucnob qveynebsa da warmosaxiT samyaroSi xdeba.
bunebasa da mis Zlevamosilebas didi roli ukavia romantizmis
epoqis mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi: peizaJis aRwera iqneba es, romantizmis
gmiris bunebasTan dapirispireba Tu masTan harmoniuli Tanaarseboba
(История немецкой литературы 1986: 58).
romantikosTa azriT, samyaros mTavar Rirebulebas swored
Semoqmedeba, Semoqmedebis rTuli procesi warmoadgens. maT swamT, rom
Semoqmedis Tavisufleba da misi fantazia xelovnebis kanonebs ki ar
emorCileba, aramed Tavad qmnis maT. rogorc literaturaTmcodne v. mani
aRniSnavs: ,,romantizma uaryo kanonebi da bevrad rTul kanonebs
daemorCila’’ (Ю. Манн). amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is JanrTa
mravalferovneba, romelic romantizmis epoqas axasiaTebs. romantizmis
periodSi bevr axal Janrs Caeyara safuZveli, bevrmac _ saxecva
ganicada: istoriuli romani iqneba es Tu fantastikuri moTxroba,
15
deteqtiuri novela, zRapari, lirikul-epikuri poema, drama.
romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia JanrTaA sinTezi, rogorc xelovnebis
sxvadasxva sferoSi, aseve sxvadasxva sferoebis erTmaneTTan
mimarTebaSi. aseT sinkretul JanrSi Sereulia fantastika da groteski,
maRali da mdabali stili, tragikuli da komikuri (Mitterand 1988 :176).
romantizmis epoqas mecnierebis ganviTarebac daemTxva:
filosofiis, sociologiis, istoriis, politologiis, qimiisa da
biologiis. yvela am mecnierebam romantikosTa Semoqmedebaze didi
gavlena iqonia.
internacionaluri xasiaTis miuxedavad, romantizmi yvela qveyanaSi
gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. germania romantizmis Teoriuli
safuZvlebis samSoblod iTvleba, sadac istoriul-politikuri viTareba
filosofiis, eTikisa da esTetikis WrilSi ganixileboda
(v. vakenroderi, novalisi, Zmebi Slegelebi, l. tiki). romantizmis
pirveli koncefcia Camoyalibda germaniaSi da erT-erTi pirveli
literaturuli nawarmoebic ienis skolis warmomadgenlebs ekuTvniT (l.
tikis ,,Ceqmebiani kata’’-1797, novalisis ,,hainrix fon oftendingeni’’-1802).
romantikosTa meore Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen
haidelbergis skolaSi (k. brentano, i. arnimi, Zmebi grimebi). am skolis
warmomadgenlebi religiiT, germaniis istoriiTa da folkloriT iyvnen
dainteresebulni (,,biWis jadosnuri sayviri’’-1806-08). amave skolis
wiaRSi Camoyalibda folkloris Seswavlis miTologiuri koncefcia,
romelic Zmebi Slegelebisa da Selingis Sromebs efuZneboda. germanuli
gviandeli ronmantizmisTvis realobisa da ocnebis mkveTri gamijvna (e.
hofmani, a. klaisti), sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis motivebi, socialuri
groteskia damaxasiaTebelia (a. Samiso, h.haine) (История немецкой литературы
1986: 63).
TavianT SemoqmedebaSi, inglisuri romantizmis warmomadgenlebi
udides adgils pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobas uTmobdnen.
maT mier istoriuli procesi katastrofis moaxloebad ganixileboda.
e. w. ,,tbis skolis’’ warmomadgenlebi (u. vordsuorTi, s. kolriji,
r. sauTi) warsuls aidialebdnen, patriarqalur, martiv, piruTvnelobaze
damyarebul adamianTa urTierTobebs asxamdnen xotbas. inglisurenovani
romantizmis warmomadgenlebis Semoqmedeba qristianuli morCilebiTaa
16
ganmsWvaluli ( u. vordsuorTis Semoqmedeba). romantikosebi adamianis
qvecnobieriT erT-erTi pirvelebi dainteresdnen. iseTi
mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, rogorebic arian j. baironi da p. Seli,
politikuri paTosiT, CagrulTa TanagrZnobiT, pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisken swrafviTaa ganmsWvaluli. tragikuli ganwirulobis
SegrZnebiT Sepyrobili meamboxe-gmiris saxem evropul literaturaze
didi gavlena moaxdina da ,,baironizmad’’ iwodeba (Словарь литературных
терминов- Байронизм).
safrangeTSi romantizmi XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi damkvidrda da
Teoriuli koncefciac mogvianebiT Camoyalibda. amis mizezi safrangeTis
revolucia da misi ganmanadgurebeli Sedegebia. safrangeTSi
klasicizmis gavlena jer isev mZlavrobda, magram axlis Seqmnis
dauokebelma survilma mwerlebs Tamami nabijebisken ubiZga:
literaturuli brZola salonis farglebs gascilda da scenaze
gadainacvla (Bénichou 2004 :347). madam de stali, germanuli romantizmis
frangulze gavlenis Sesaxeb werda da aRniSnavda, rom franguli
romantizmi, Tundac Tavisi damkvidrebisa da ganviTarebis periodiTaa
gansakuTrebuli. im dros, rodesac realizmma inglisur literaturasa
da xelovnebaSi Tamamad Semoabija, xolo germanulma literaturam
droebiT ,,miiZina’’, frangul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi isev
boboqrobda revoluciiT Sobili kulturis gamoZaxili. sakmarisia
gavixsenoT v. hiugos piesis _ ,,ernanis’’ dagmis Semdgomi movlenebi, rac
safrangeTSi romantizmis klasicizmze gamarjvebis mauwyebeli gaxda. es
piesa srulad gamoxatavda 1827 wels dramis _ ,,kromveli’’,
winasityvaobaSi warmodgenil v. hiugos esTetikur koncefcias (Bénichou
2004 :369). swored man ubiZga mwerlebs tradiciuli kanonebis rRvevisa
da avtoritetebis uaryofisken. dramis winasityvaoba franguli
romantizmis manifestad iqca (Зарубежная ...1990 :70).
v. hiugos azriT, mwerals bunebisa da sakuTari xmisTvis unda
egdo yuri, WeSmariteba STagonebSi eZebna, nawarmoebebis personaJebad
Cveulebrivi adamiani gaexada, romelSic erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
Rirebulebebi Tanaarsebobs: tragikuli da komikuri, mSvenieri da
maxinji. nawarmoebSi asaxuli samyaro empiriulTan maqsimalurad unda
17
yofiliyo miaxlovebuli. v. hiugo WeSmaritebas realizmis
warmomadgenelTa mosazrebebis msgavsad ar moiazrebda: misTvis
WeSmariteba nawarmoebSi empiriuli WeSmaritebis identuri ar aris,
radgan ,,xelovneba arsdros ar gaxdeba absuluturad realuri’’
(Зарубежная...1990 :72). manifesti klasicizmis SemzRudav kanonebs
amsxvrevda: saubaria sami erTianobis kanonis Sesaxeb, romlis
mixedviTac nawarmoebi da misi personaJebi, Zalian tragikul
situaciebSic ki komikurad gamoiyurebodnen. hiugo konkretizaciisken da
ara _ abstragirebisken mouwodebda. misi azriT, ambis sicxade da misi
mayurebelze zemoqmedeba (saubaria Tavad dramaze _ ,,kromveli’’)
istorizmis principze iyo damokidebuli. mwerali bualos
Sexedulebebs uaryofda da magaliTis saxiT Seqspiris Semoqmedebis
Zala mohyavda (Зарубежная...1990 :73).
saerTo erovnuli xasiaTi frangulma romantizmma XIX saukunis
ocdaaTian wlebSi miiRo, Tumca franguli romantizmis esTetikuri
principi mainc pirovnebis sociumTan dapirispirebas gulisxmobda.
individi geniaa, romelsac Tavisi ZalisxmeviT samyaros ukeTesobisken
Secvla ZaluZs. romantikosebis esTetikur xedvSi religia udides rols
TamaSobs. romantikosTa mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi,
qristianuli sarwmunoebisken mobruneba da qristianuli moraliT
yvelasa da yvelafris gansjis survili realur da warmosaxviT
samyaroTa dapirispirebaSi vlindeba (Зарубежная...1990 :43).
Tu safrangeTSi romantizmis aRmocenebis winapiroba Seiqmna,
safrangeTSive individis Tavisuflebis SeboWvis meqanizmic yvelaze
mZafrad iqna gamoxatuli. is socialur-politikuri viTareba, romelic
safrangeTSi sufevda, individis Tavisuflebasa da yovlisSemZleobis
ideas akninebda. Semoqmedi ganwirulobisa da bedis ukuRmarTobis ideiT
iyo Sepyrobili (r. Satobriani, e. piver de senankuri, al. de lamartinis
adreuli Semoqmedeba). napoleonis magaliTic am mosazrebas amyarebda:
naxevari samyaros mbrZanebelma, wminda elenes kunZulze, tyveobaSi
daasrula Tavisi sicocxle (Brassel 2004 :355). g. hegeli franguli
romantizmis Taviseburebad pirovnebis ,,sayovelTao realobasa da
miwierTan dapirispirebas’’ miiCnevs (filosofiis ...1987 : 704). frangi
romantikosebisTvis burJuaziuli revolucia da misi Sedegebi rTulad
18
misaRebi aRmoCnda: yofiTis winaaRmdeg buntSi ganwirulobis intuiciuri
SegrZneba moiazreboda, rac sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis
tendenciebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. igi erTgvar antiburJuaziul utopias
waagavda (Mitterand 1988 :174). burJuazia ara konkretul-politikur
aspeqtSi (rogorc realizmis warmomadgenlebisTvis), aramed _ zogad-
sakacobrio aspeqtSi. burJuaziuli Rirebulebebi materialurTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. simandvilis aRqmis es koncefcia franguli romantizmis
katalizatorad iqca. safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis lozungebi
_ Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv imeds
saxavda, meore mxriv ki _ imedgacruebas. germanulsa da inglisur
romantizms realobis uaryofis naklebad radikaluri gamomsaxvelobiTi
formebi gaaCndaT, radgan igive inglisSi, burJuaziam klasikuri
Camoyalibebuli forma ukve SeiZina. germaniis sinamdvileSi ki,
burJuaziuli weswyoba nabij-nabij, yovelgvari paTosis gareSe ikidebda
fexs. germanuli da inglisuri romantizmisgan gansxvavebiT, franguli
romantizmi metad ganicdida Tanamedroveobis, kerZod, socialur-
politikuri procesebis wnexs (Карельский 1992: II).
franguli romantizmis wiaRSi, meamboxe pirovnebis iseTi tipis
konstruireba xdeba, romelic sazogadoebaSi mimdinare aRmSeneblobiTi
da misi Tanmxlebi destruqciuli procesebis momswrea. franguli
romantizmis ,,saukunis Svilis’’ fsiqologiuri portreti germanuli,
hofmaniseuli Semoqmedi-enTuziastisgan da ingliseli meamboxe-
heroikuli, titanuri gmiris tipisgan gansvavdeba (Brassel 2004 :360).
franguli romantizmi qmnis daxvewil, mgrZnobiare gmirs, romelic
uferul samyarosTan Widilsa da sulieri tanjvisTvisaa ganwiruli
(Mitterand 1988 :268). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, germanuli da inglisuri
romantizmis gavleniT (e.a. fon hofmani, j.g. baironi), frangul
romantikul gmirTa palitras titanis tipis gmirebi Seemata, magaliTad
Jan sbogari S. nodies da mose al. de viniis SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca es
gamonakliss warmoadgens.
frangul romantizmSi, Semoqmedisa da xelovnebis rolma da maTi
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sakiTxma, wina planze amave periodSi
wamoiwia. frangulma romantizma politikuri xasiaTi SeiZina. XIX
19
saukunis dasawyisSi, ganmanaTleblobis gavleniT, jer isev iwereboda
traqtatebi politikas, sazogadoebrivi moralisa da literaturis
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb (madam de stali, r. de
Satobriani, b. konstani, et. senankuri) (Mitterand 1988 :177). politikuri
cxovrebis mimarT interesi qveyanaSi socialur-politikuri procesebis
gamovlena iyo. am procesebma restavraciis dros yvelaze mkafiod Tavi
iCina. socialuri usamarTlobis uRelze jer kidev Satobriani wuxda.
madam de stalic naSromSi _ ,,safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelovani
movlenebi’’ (1818 w. ), adamianis zoon politicon -is statusis Sesaxeb saubrobs.
igive sakiTxebs exeba alfred de vinii Tavis nawarmoebSi _ ,,sen-mari’’
(Зарубежная...1990 : 15). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, mweralTa erTi nawili
_ v. hiugo, J. sandi, arsebuli realobis gardaqmnis gzebs eZiebdnen.
SemoqmedTa nawili ki _ sulierebasa da xelovnebis politikisgan
damoukideblobas qadagebda. frangi romantikosebis am
,,apolitikurobis’’ miRma, motyuebuli Taobis uimedoba, poetis
socialuri misiis warumatebuloba da imedgacrueba imaleboda. es
SesaniSnavad warmoCinda alfred de miuses SemoqmedebaSi (Mitterand
1988 :205).
franguli romantizmis warmomadgenelTa msoflmxedvelobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo angaJirebul da ,,wminda xelovnebas’’ Soris
arsebuli dialeqtikuri dapirispireba. swored romantizmis epoqaSi
Caisaxa ,,wminda xelovnebis’’ idea, romelmac asaxva hpova Sarl
bodleris, lekon de lilis da giustav floberis SemoqmedebaSi. TviT
teofil goties uSfoTveli esTetizmi gaugebaria moqalaqeobrivi
poziciiT ganmsWvaluli miuses lorencaCos gareSe, romelic,
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis miuxedavad, yvela mrwamsis romantikoss ar
stovebs gulgrils (Mitterand 1988:334).
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, franguli romantizmi mWidro kavSirs
inarCunebda klasicizmTan, ganmanaTleblobasa da realizmTan. imis
miuxedavad, rom es mimdinareobebi racionalistur, realobis obieqtur
asaxvaze dafuZnebuli mimdinareobebi iyo, maTi gavlena frangul
romantizmze germanul romantizmze idealisturi filosofiis gavlenas
utoldeboda. XIX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebSi, safrangeTis
20
literaturuli cxovrebis mZlavr komponents realizmi wamoadgenda
(al. de miuse, J. sandi, v. hiugo). amasTanaa dakavSirebuli is faqtic, rom
yovelive fantastikuri da irealuri mcired rols TamaSobda frangi
romantikosebis SemoqmedebaSi. mogvianebiT, fantastikuri S. nodies,
t. gotiesa da J. de nervalis nawarmoebebSi hpovebs ganviTarebas
(Mitterand 1988 :281). fantastikuri da warmosaxviTi, genetikurad, germanul
romantizms ukavSirdeba da frangul literaturaSi xSirad ironiul
xasiaTs iZenes. franguli romantizmisTvis religiur simbolikasTan
dakavSirebuli miTosurobac naklebadaa gamoxatuli. Ffranguli
romantizmis wiaRSi, qristianobis apologetad Tavidanve r. de
Satobriani iyo miCneuli. religia did rols TamaSobs lamartinis
poeziaSic, magram religiuroba, orive SemTxvevaSi, gandegilobasa da
Tavganwirvas rodi gulisxmobs: igi ufro esTetikuri an politikuri
miznebisTvis gamoiyeneba, rogorc filosofiuri da sazogadoebr-
politikuri xatovani forma (al. de lamartinis ,,angelozis dacema’’)
(Mitterand 1988:183).
rogorc avRniSneT, XIX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebi, franguli
romantizmis mwvervalad aris miCneuli. frang romantikosTa Semoqmedeba
romantizmis qristianuli religiis Sesaxeb doqtrinas exmianeba da
sasowarkveTilTa da miusafarTa religiad iqceva. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
qristianuli motivebis mniSvneloba v. hiugos, J. sandis da al. de
lamartinis SemoqmedebaSi. amave dros, franguli romantizmi interesdeba
aRmosavluri religiebiT, ezoTerizmiT, spiritualizmiTa da
iluminizmiT. Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi Tavs iCens
kosmopolitikuri da qristianuli orTodoqsiisgan Sorsmdgomi
esTetikuri koncefcia.
romantizmis xangrZlivoba sadavo sakiTxs warmoadgens. amis
Sesaxeb mecnerTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. Zneli dasadgenia,
rodis uTmobs adgils romantizmi realizms, gansakuTrebiT _ franguli
romantizmis SemTxevvaSi. es sadavo sakiTxia iseve, rogorc romantizmis
gavlenis sakiTxi realizmsa da simbolizmze. hainrix haine werda, rom
yvela eri davalebulia franguli revoluciiT, kerZod _ germaneli,
magram Tavad frangebs ,,ar ecalaT’’, radgan axali safangeTis
aRmSeneblobiT iyvnen dakavebulni (Зарубужная ...1990:129). bevri Tvlis,
21
rom saman viqtor hiugo cocxali iyo, safrangeTSi romantizmi iyo
gamefebuli (Карельский 1992:II). erTi ram cxadia, romantizmis aRzeveba
safrangeTSi XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi iwyeba, im dros samoRvaweo
asparezze e.w. ,,umcrosi romantikosebi’’ gamovidnen (t. gotie, J. de
nervali). romantizmis gamoZaxili udaod didia XIX da XX saukuneebis
gasayarze warmoqmnil neorealizmsa da siurrealizmzec.
franguli romantizmis Taviseburebebs SesaniSnavi ortomeuli
miuZrvna literaturis istoriis specialistma _ pol beniSum (1908-
2001ww). franguli romantizmis ganviTarebis Taviseburebas igi im
periods ukavSirebs, romelic frangulma sazogadoebam ganvlo da
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs iluminizms _ religiur-mistikuri
xasiaTis filosofiur mimdinareobas, romlis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen
lui-klod de sen-marteni (1743-1804ww), martines de paskali (1727-1774ww)
da emanuel svedenborgi (1688-1772ww). mecnieri kontrrevoluciis
romantizmze gavlenis Sesaxeb saubrobs, romelic brumeriT ( 22/X-20 XI)
iwyeba da restavraciis bolo wlebiT mTavrdeba (Bénichou 1996 :93).
xelovnebisa da xelovanis damiSnuleba, romelic exmianeba im periodis
liberalur tendenciebs, religiis da misi rolis axleburi gaazreba,
neokaTolicizmi, romelic S. furies socialur utopiasTan
Tanaarsebobs da moicavs gzas, romelic sazogadoebam mecnieruli
utopiidan demokratiamde ganvlo _ yvelaferma aman ,,diadi Taobis’’
Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli (Bénichou 1996 : 751). frangebisTvis, mtkivneuli
Sedegebis miuxedavad, revolucia optimizmis simbolo iyo (Bénichou 1996 :
445). romantizmi im qartexilebiT aRsavse epoqas asaxavs. pol beniSus
azriT, aman gansakuTrebiT 1830-1848 wlebSi iCena Tavi (Bénichou 1996 : 446).
romantizmis yvela zemoxsenebuli tendencia aisaxa frangi
mwerlisa da publicistis _ Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi.
22
I. II. Jerar de nervali da Jerar labruni
x.l. borxesi wers: ,,mweralma marto SemoqmedebiT ki ara, Tavisi
cxovrebiTac unda mogxiblos’’. es sityvebi namdvilad esadageba Jerar
de nervals, romlisTvis Semoqmedeba cxovrebisgan ganuyofeli iyo,
xolo cxovreba – Semoqmedebisgan.
Jerar labruni 1808 wlis 22 maiss parizSi daibada, mamamisi
samxedro eqimi gaxldaT. mwerlis deda _ mari-antuaneta-margerit
lorani, parizeli komersantis _ linger loranis qaliSvili, romelic
parizis erT-erT uZveles quCaze (kokieris quCa _ rue de Coquillère)
cxovrobda. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ori wlis Jerari biZamisTan,
valuas uZveles mxareSi izrdeboda. mama pirvelad Svidi wlis asakSi
naxa. Tavis mogonebebSi, aleqsandre diuma momavali mwerlis mamasTan
Sexvedras aRwers: udardeli, sofelSi gazrdili biWuna masTan
miaxlovebulma samma samxedrom daafrTxo. erT-erTma magra Caikra
gulSi. ,,mama, mtken’’ _ uTxra biWma, misi mklavebidan ganTavisuflda da
gaiqca (Dumas 1990 :46). A
1814 wlidan moyolebuli Jerari mamasTan, etien labrunisTan erTad
parizSi cxovrobda da zafxulobiT xan montefontenSi, xanac
deduleTs, valuas stumrobda. sazRvargareT mogzaurobis msgavsad,
mwerali parizSic xSirad icvlida binas. monmartrze 1846 wels
dasaxlda, Sato bruialSi, Jirardonis quCis dasawyisSi. JorJ sandis,
viqtor hugos, alfons de lamartinis da alfred de viniisgan
gansxvavebiT nervals arasdros hqonia sakuTari saxli. igi daibada sen
martenis quCis 96 nomerSi. mas Semdeg, rac misi mSoblebi napoleonis
jarTan erTad germaniaSi gaemgzavrnen, Jerari luaziSi, biZasTan
gaamweses. Sarl bodleris msgavsad, nervali parizSi daibada da
gardaicvala, magram guli safrangeTis CrdiloeTisken miuwevda (Milner,
Pichois 1989: 371). dedis sikvdilis Semdeg (1810 wels), nervali biZamisTan,
antuan buSes saxlSi gadavida sacxovreblad, romelic montefontenSi,
ermenonvilTan axlos mdebareobda. Wabukobisas, nervali ermenonvilSi,
Jan-Jak rusos saflavze xSirad midioda. swored mSobliuri kuTxis
siyvarulSi unda veZioT nervalis ,,magiuri georafiis’’ fesvebi
(Jean1989:18). dRes biZis saxli da mis siaxloves mdebare anri IV -is
23
droindeli sasaxle, romelic nervalis nawarmoebebSi xSirad aris
asaxuli, aRar arsebobs. 1834 wels, nervali arsen usesTan erTad
parizSi, dRevandeli karuselis moedanze cxovrobda (1835 bozari quCa
#5); 1840-1841 wlebSi, teofil gotieTan erTad navarinis quCis #14 (Jean
1989 : 19).
mamas Svilis momavali saeqimo saqmesTan dakavSirebuli esaxeboda.
nervali samedicino saqmianobas eufleboda, bakalavris statusic
mieniWa da eqimi labrunis asistentadac muSaobda. momavali mwerali
saeqimo saqmianobas mamis gverdiT maSinac agrZelebda, rodesac parizSi
qoleris epidemiam ifeTqa, magram, sabolood, GJerar labrunim mwerloba
arCia (Milner, Pichois1985:372).
1841 wels nervals pirveli nervuli krizi daemarTa. igi emil
blanSis klinikaSi mkurnalobda, romelic gi de mopasanis eqimic
gaxldaT. Semdeg mkurnaloba eqimis vaJiSvilis klinikaSi gaagrZela.
mkurnaloba xSirad xangrZlivi iyo da nervals didi xniT eqimebis
zedamxedvelobis qveS uwevda yofna. mama-Svili blanSebis klinikaSi
nervali 1841-1855 wlamde, anu sikvdilamde mkurnalobda, norvinis quCa
#22-Si. monmartrze, blanSebis klinikaSi, romelic nervals Tavis
nawarmoebSi xSirad aqvs aRwerili, dRes kerZo sastumroa ganlagebuli.
m. fuko werda: ,,sigiJe aris gaSiSvlebuli simarTle adamianis
Sesaxeb, sakuTari Tavis meore mxridan danaxvis da Secnobis
saSualeba’’ (M.Foucault 1964 : 11-12). Jerar labrunic Tavis mdgomareobas
rogorc eqimi akvirdeboda da ikvlevda (Dumas 1990 : 260).
nervalis avadmyofobam mwerlis cxovrebas daRi daasva: Semoqmedisa
da realobis dapirispirebas avadmyofobiT gamowveuli pirovnebis
gaorebac daemata: megobrebis wreSi nervali mourideblad acxadebda
Tavisi oreulis arsebobis Sesaxeb (Dumas 1990 : 267). Jerar labruni Jerar
de nervalad gardaisaxa da parizSi, XIX saukunebSi, ori sxvadasxva
pirovneba daiareboda.
rodesac nervals avadmyofobis pirvelma simptomma iCina Tavi,
mwerali sazogadoebas Tavs ar aridebda, piriqiT, megobrebis
siyvarulisa da pativicemis damsaxurebas cdilobda. igi iZulebuli iyo
eTamaSa, gaxleCiliyo Tavis ubedurebasa da misTvis naklebad Rirebul
24
da mniSvnelobis mqone, magram esoden aucilebel sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas Soris. es gaoreba romantikosTa esTetikisTvis ucxo ar
aris. igi nervalis nawarmoebebSi aisaxa, magram iq, sadac nervalis
gmirebi gamarjvebas zeimoben, mwerali marcxdeba.
nervalis megobarTa Soris im epoqis bevri gamoCenili adamiani iyo:
diuma-mama, arsen use _ Comedie francaise-is direqtori, teofil gotie,
JorJ sandi da misi vaJi, mxatvari selesten nantei, aselino . . .
kritikosma da mweralma _ Jul Janenma (Jules Janin -1804-1874) SesaniSnavad
daaxasiaTaAnervali: ,,gamoRviZebuli mTvlemare’’ (Le rêveur éveillé).
nervals Tavis avadmyofobaze saubari ar uyvarda. amis Sesaxeb Tavis
keTilismsurvelebsac ekamaTeboda, magaliTad krebulis _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, winasityvaobaSi, man Tavis megobarze _ aleqsandre
diumaze gabrazeba ver damala (Nerval 1994 :71). nervalis Tavisi
avadmyofobis ugulebelyofa da amiT misi damarcxeba hqonda mizanad
dasaxuli. mwerlis nawarmoebebis mkvlevarebi misi Semoqmedebis meore
periodis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saubroben, kamaToben da cdiloben
erT kiTxvas upasuxon: nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, ra aris es? esei
SeSlilobis Sesaxeb, Tu SeSlilis esei.
1853 wlis 27 noembers, Jan-batist diublanisadmi miwerili werilSi,
nervali Tavis avadmyofobas kritikul asaks abralebs da misi daZlevis
imeds ar hkargavs. avadmyofobis Sesaxeb gulaxdil saubars, nervali
ganuyrel megobrebTanac aridebda Tavs. mis megobarTa Soris iyvnen
artistuli wris, ,,galanturi bohemis’’ warmomadgenlebi: teofil gotie,
arsen use, Jan de senieri, kamil roJie, Jozef buSari . . . swored am
periodis udardel cxovrebas eZRvneba poeturi krebuli _ ,,galanturi
bohema’’. yvelaze gulwrfeli labruni teofil gotiesTan iyo,
romelTanac jer kidev liceumis droidan megobrobda. egviptedan
nervali mas werlebs ugzavnis da amSvidebs, radgan Tavis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobas dadebiTad afasebs (1843 wlis maisi). amave dros, madam de
Jirardenisadmi miweril werilSi, momaval mkurnalobas zizRiTa da
SiSiT moixseniebs (1843 wlis aprili).
megobarTaA Soris aleqsandre diumac iyo, romelTan erTad nervali
piesebs werda. 1837 wels dramis, ,,pikiios’’, warumatebeli dadgmisa da
germaniaSi erTad gatarebuli dros Semdeg, nervalma, amave wlis
25
dekemberSi, diumas axalgazrda istoriis maswavlebeli _ ogiust make
(Auguste Maquet-1813-1888), warudgina. swored makesTan TanamSromloba
gaxdeba, manamde Teatraluri piesebiT cnobili diumas, popularobis
erT-erTi mizezi: make diumas momavali roman-felietonebis ZiriTad
qargas sTavazobda, romelsac diuma ostaturad aSalaSinebda. 1858 wels
makem saCivari Seitana diumas saxelze: igi misi saxelis dafiqsirebas
moiTxovda saqveynod cnobili romanebis garekanze, magram makem procesi
waago (Encyclopédie libre-Maquet).
nervali, romelic qalebis mimarT gansakuTrebulad faqizi
damokidebulebiT gamoirCeoda, msaxiobi ida ferieTi iyo gatarebuli.
gamWriaxma msaxiobma xelmocarul literators sami muSketeris
avtori anacvala. SesaZloa, nervali nawarmoebebSi qalis Ralatis,
kerZod, msaxiobi qalisadmi uimedo siyvarulis Tema aramarto Jeni
kolonis siyvaruls, aramed madam diumasadmi mwerlis gauziarebel
grZnobasac ukavSirdeba. mogvianebiT, samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi yofnis
dros, nervali werilebs swored idas werda da Tavs sruliad
gamojansaRebulad aCvenebda. diumam da nervalma ida feriesTvis Seqmnes
piesa saxelwodebiT _ ,,alqimikosi’’, romelic 1839 wels daidga.
nervals arsen uses meuRlesTanac hqonda mimowera. 1852 wels,
megobris meuRlis gardacvaleba mwerliTvis tragediad iqca. nervalis
cxovrebis es epizodi aseve aisaxa mis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
(saqorwino beWdis epizodi).
erTxel, morigi krizis dros, nervalma Seityo, rom literaturul
wreebSi misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen. ganawyenebuli da
imedgacruebuli, igi klinikidan Tavis megobrebsa da nacnobebs Woris
Sesaxeb werilebs swerda da periodul presaSic ki gamoaqveyna Tavisi
guliswyroma (Dumas1990 : 238). arsen usesadmi miweril werilSi, mwerali
J. Janenis statiaze gabrazebiT saubrobs. Janenma, nervalis fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi mkurnalobis dros gamoaqveyna statia, sadac nervali
,,gardacvlilad’’ moixsenia. amas ,,Revue Francaise’’-is redaqtorTan _
feliqs bonerTan, miwerili werili mohyva, sadac nervali yvela
msurvels Tavis dakrZalvaze epatiJeba. yvelaferi imiT dasrulda, rom
26
mweralma Tavi unikalur pirovnebad CaTvala, romelsac sakuTar
dakrZalvaze daswrebis saSualeba mieca (Jean 1989:95).
XIX saukuneSi, fsiqiatriul klinikebSi, eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis gamoyeneba avadmyofebSi SemoqmedebiTi potencialis
gamomJRavnebiT xdeboda. blanSebis klinikaSi nervals werisa da xatvis
saSualebas aZlevdnen, magram mwerali mainc mkurnalTa tyveobaSi
imyofeboda da maTi nebarTvis gareSe klinikis datoveba ar SeeZlo.
mwerali nebarTvas sazRvargareT gamgzavrebisTvisac iRebda. nervali
bevrs mogzaurobda: germaniaSi, belgiasa da avstriaSi, italiaSi da
aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobas samwerlobo da Jurnalistur saqmianobas
uTavsebda. Tavisi aRmosavluri STabeWdilebebis Sesaxeb nervali
ortomeulSi _ ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’ _ mogviTxrobs (Nerval 1980).
ormocdaaTian wlebSic mwerali bevrs mogzaurobda da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gamo ferenc lists xSirad ewuwuneboda. 1854 wlis 23
ivniss miweril werilSi, igi ferenc lists Tavisi samSoblos genias
uwodebs, romlisTvis siSmage geniosis ganuyreli Tanamgzavria. aseTi
gulRiaoba imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom kompozitori im seniT
itanjeboda, ramac nervals sicocxle mouswrafa.
nervali baron osmanis rekonstuqciamdeli parizis erTguli
amsaxvelia. Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis garda, nervali literaturul
qmnilebebSic iyenebda epizodebs Tavisi cxovrebidan. mas parizi da misi
gareubnebi ise hqonda gaTavisebuli, rom Tavis mxatvrul-
literaturul teqstebSi gaseirnebebis STabeWdilebebs didi adgili
miuCina. misi sicocxlis ukanaskneli wuTebic Semoqmedis artistul
qmnilebas, dadgmul warmodgenas waagavs: simboluria, rom Tavis
CamoxrCoba mweralma im quCaze gadawyvita, saidanac iwyeba moqmedeba mis
cnobil nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’ (Nerval 1984:9).
Jerar de nervali literaturuli saqmianobidan aRebuli
honorarebiT irCenda Tavs. klinikebSi mkurnaloba Zviri ujdeboda,
amitom mwerali bevrs muSaobda da Tavisi nawerebis gamoqveynebas
Cqarobda. 1853 wels, nervali iZulebuli Seiqna swrafad gamoeqveynebina
novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’. bevri mkvlevari krebulis
kompoziciur Taviseburebas am siCqariT xsnis (Milner, Pichois1985:143). amave
wlis oqtombris TveSi, eJen standlerisadmi miweril werilSi, nervali,
27
dafarvis gareSe, Tavis fizikur gadaRlilobas da uunarobas uCivis,
magram Tavis gamomcemels, ferdinand sartoriuss, 1854 wlis 14
oqomberis weriliT mZime krizis daZlevas axarebs: gamomcemelze didad
iyo damokidebuli narkvevis _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’, da
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, bedi.
fsiqikur aSlilobas nervali ,,mistikur gons’’ uwodebda. erT-erT
Tavis werilSi nervali aRiarebs: ,,rogorc ki gamovjanmrTeldi,
yvelaferi gauferulda da xibli dakarga; yvela genialuri idea
gauCinarda da gaqra poeziac, romelic amden xans CemSi budobda’’ (Nerval
1994: 71).
Jerari mkurnalobiT ukmayofilo iyo da eqimebs policielebs
adarebda, romlebic adamianis sulis nacvlad mis sxeuls mkurnaloben.
policielebisa da eqimebis Sedarebamac Tavi iCina nervalis bolo
nawarmoebSi (samxedroebis mier mTxrobelis dakaveba da misi
saavadmyofoSi gadayvana). Tanamedrove fsiqiatriisgan gansxvavebiT, XIX
saukuneSi eqimebi pacientebis dakvirvebebiT Semoifarglebodnen, maT
moTminebiT epyrobodnenAda, didsulovnebis niSnad, xelovnebiT
gatacebis uflebas aZlevdnen. naxatebisa da nawerebis saSualebiT,
eqimebi pacientis mdgomareobas akvirdebodnen. es epizodi asaxulia
nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’. zogierT fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebaSi, samkurnalo saSualebad narkotikul nivTierebebs
iyenebdnen. es nivTierebebi halucinaciebs iwvevda. moTxrobis,
,,orelias’’, TiTqmis naxevari mTxrobelis halucinaciebs ukavia.
mkurnalobis es meTodic asaxulia nawarmoebis bolos.
1852 wels, nervali Tavis cnobil novelas _ ,,silvis’’, aqveynebs,
romlis Sesaxebac italieli mecnieri da mwerali _ umberto eko wers:
,,ukve oci welia, rac am novelas vikvlev da misi yoveli wakiTxvis
Semdeg ufro mets vigeb, vidre manamde vicodi’’ (Эко 2002: 48). amave
periodSi nervali muSaobas asrulebs beletristul naSromze _P,,bohemis
patara sasaxleebi’’ (,,Petits Château de Bohême’’), romelic erTi wlis Semdeg
qveyndeba.
droebiT warmatebas mciredi finansuri anazRaurebac mohyva, Tumca,
janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, nervali iZulebuli Seiqna Tanxa eqim
blanSis kerZo klinikaSi daetovebina, sadac sami Tve (1854 wlis
28
agvisto, seqtemberi da oqtomberi) gaatara. iqidan gamosuls aRaraferi
ebada. swored es periodi aqvs asaxuli nervals Tavis mSvenier
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
1852 wlis ianvarSi, nervalma dubuas municipalur saavadmyofoSi
ganagrZo mkurnaloba, radgan kerZo klinikis mkurnalobis safasurs
veRar ixdida. avadmyofoba mas Tavis saqmianobaSi xels ar uSlida.
eqimebisgan waxalisebuli nervali jer asrulebs da Semdeg aqveynebs
mogonebebs, saxelwodebiT _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’ (,,Promenades et
Souvenis’’), Semdeg narkvevs _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’ (,,Les nuits d’octobre’’).
1854 wels mwerali gamoscems Tavis yvelaze cnobil novelaTa
krebuls _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’. masSi gaerTianebulia novelebi da
zRaprebi. krebuli nervalis yvelaze axlo megobris, aleqsandre diumas
daxmarebiT gamoica.
erT dRes, Lla libertes (La Liberté) redaqtori cnobil fotografs,
etien Sarli gaspar-feliqs turnaSons (1820-1910), igive nadars ewvia.
nervalis skvdilidan oc welze meti iyo gasuli. redaqtorma
fotografiis patriarqs nervalze hkiTxa. misi interviu Mercure de France-
is 1908 wlis pirveli aprilis nomerSi gamoqveynda, nadaris sikvdilamde
ori wliT adre (Mercure # 256, T. LXXII). nadarma upasuxa, rom nervali
bavSviviT gulubryvilo, Zalian saTno da keTilmosurne adamiani iyo,
romelmac siamayis gamo moikla Tavi; siamayis, radgan yvelas igi ukve
gardacvlili egona.
nadaris sitvebiT, nervali sicocxlis ukanasknel periodSi Zalian
nerviulobda, rom veRafers qmnida. Ggardacvalebamde ramdenime saaTiT
adre, nervali aselinosTan imitom mivida, rom samkiTxvelos bileTis
fuli esesxa. rodesac samkiTxveloSi, romelSic mwerali manamde
yoveldRe dadioda, veraferi dawera, mSierma, kostumis amaram, zamTris
susxSi, parizis bnel da ukacriel quCaze CamoixrCo Tavi (Jean 1989:185).
sicocxlis bolos nervali deidasTan, parizSi saxlobda.
xelmokleobisa da avadmyofobis miuxedavad igi ,,kargad’’ iqceoda da
zedmetad aravis awuxebda. rodesac wera veRar SesZlo, nervalma
sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. aleqsandre diuma igonebs im
dRes, rodesac arsen usesgan nervalis gardacvalebis ambavi Seityo. mas
29
policielma miakiTxa da ganyofilebaSi gvamis amosacnobad waiyvana.
sabralo megobris danaxvaze diumam fizikuri tkivili SeigrZno (Dumas
1990: 125). Tavdapirvelad, policiaSi nervalze parizis bnel quCaSi
Tavdasxmis versiac arsebobda. es mosazreba naklebad sarwmunoa, radgan
Silifad Cacmuli adamiani TavdamsxmelebisTvis arc Tu iseTi
momxibvleli msxverpli iqneboda. nervalis literaturuli saqmianoba
warmatebiT (man goeTes fausti Targmna), TviT goeTes aRiarebiT daiwyo
da usaxelod damTavrda.
nervalisa da misi naTesavebis usaxsrobis gamo, misi dakrZalvis
xarjebi megobrebma Tavis Tavze aiRes. teofil gotiem da marsel usem
nervalis piesebis Tanaavtors _ Jozf meris, finansur daxmarebaze uari
uTxres da mTeli xarji Tavad gaiRes. dakrZalvis ceremoniis win notr-
damSi paraklisis gadaxda da per la Sezze dakZalva 400 franki dajda.
marto arsen usem 380 franki gadaixada.
Jerar de nervalis Semoqmedebas Zalian mWidro kavSiri aqvs Jerar
labrunis cxobrebasTan, igive _ Jerar de nervalis biografiasTan. amaSi
igi aleqsandre diumasac gamoutyda Tavisi cnobili novelebis
krebulis _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ _ winasityvaobaSi. mwerlis azriT,
arseboben mwerlebi, romelTa nawarmoebebi mwerlisa da personaJis
igiveobas asaxaven. nervali Tavs maT ricxvs miakuTvnebda (Nerval 1994:72).
30
II Tavi
Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebis Janruli identifikaciis
sakiTxisTvis
Zveli droidan dRemde, literaturuli nawarmoebis Janruli
idiferenciaciis sakiTxi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad rCeba.
istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, igi gansxvavebulad ganixileba da yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad, Taviseburi
midgoma da meTodologia iZebneba, Tumca aristoteles Teoria
literaturis sami Janris Sesaxeb _ lirikuli, epikuri da dramatuli
Janrebi _ dResac ar hkargavs Tavis aqtualobas (Wilaia 1984: 253).
m. baxtini werda, rom literaturuli Janri literaturis
ganviTarebis procesis SemoqmedebiTi maxsovrobaa, amitom Janrs am
ganviTarebis erTianobis da uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofis unari Seswevs
(Бахтин 1975:25).
bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
upriania Janris poetikis sakiTxebis Seswavla istorizmis poziciidan,
radgan nebismier JanrSi ,,maradiuli’’ ,,axlisgan’’ ganuyofelia, iseve
rogorc tradiciuli – novatorulisgan.
Janrebis sazRvrebis dadgenasTan erTad, literaturaTmcodneebi e.w.
qveJanrebis sazRvrebsa da farglebs ganixilaven (romani, balada,
tragedia). qveJanrebsac, Cveulebriv, Janrebad moixsenieben da maT
ramdenime saxeobas ganarCeven.
nebismieri Janri ganixileba rogorc Sinaarobriv-formaluri
kategoria. nawarmoebis struqtura istoriulad Camoyalibebul ideur-
esTetikur erTianobas warmoadgens, romlis formireba nawarmoebis
Janruli kuTvnilebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Janrebis konstruirebis
kanonzimierebebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia nawarmoebebis
individualuri mxatvruli Rirebulebebis dadgena.
arsebobs erTmaneTisgan gansxavebuli da axlosmdgoni Janris
Teoriebi. Janruli identifikaciis sakiTxiT daintereseba Tavad
nervalis Semoqmedebis Taviseburebam ganapiroba. erTi mxriv, nervalis
nawarmoebebi tradiciuli novelis CarCoebs inarCunebs (mcire zoma,
Txrobis lakonuri stili, ZiriTadi siuJeturi qargis sworxazovneba),
31
magram nawarmoebebSi arsebuli ,,Senakadebi’’ mas moTxrobis, vrceli
moTxrobis, Tundac mcire zomis romanis Tvisebebs aniWebs.
nervalis Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebul xibls mis nawarmoebebTan
literaturuli da jadosnuri zRaprebis Serwymis mcdelobaEsZens. amave
dros, Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
fantastikur Janrs da mis mravalsaxeobas.
II. I. fantastikuri Janris istoriidan
,,fantastikuri’’ franguli sityvidan _ ,,fantastique’’_ aris nawarmoebi,
rac uCveulos niSnavs. etimologiurad es sityva laTinur sityvas _
,,fantasticus’’, ukavSirdeba, romelic berZnuli sityvidan – phantasticos, aris
warmoqmnili; es ukanaskneli ki _ sityvisgan _ ,,phantasma’’, anu
,,moCvenebebi’’. fantastika mxatvruli literaturis, kinematografiisaA da
saxviTi xelovnebis Janria, romlis esTetikur dominantas
fantastikuris, anu uCveulos kategoria warmoadgens, rac Cvens garSemo
arsebuli realobis CarCoebis da sazRvrebis reprezentaciis wesebis
ugulebelyofaSi gamoixateba. Tanamedrove, XXI saukunis xelovnebaSi
arsebobs fantastikis sami ZiriTadi Janri: samecniero fantastika,
fentezi da saSinelebaTa Janri.
fantastikuri Janris sawyisebi jer kidev post-miTosur da
folklorul cnobierebaSi unda veZioT, rac jadosnuri zRaprebis
arsebobas ukavSirdeba. fantastikis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis
damoukidebel saxeobad Camoyalibeba misi folklorisgan gamoyofiT,
adamianis garSemo arsebuli empiriuli realobis miTosuri Semecnebis
uaryofiT iwyeba. samyaros pirvelyofiliEaRqma, uZvelesi
kosmologiuri miTebiT misi axsna realobis axlebur gagebas aRar
akmayofilebda. saWiro gaxda realobis gansxvavebuli ganmarteba, mis
mimarT damokidebulebis Secvla, amitomac uwodebs olga fraidenbergi
fantastikas ,,realizmis pirvel pirmSos’’ (Фрeиденберг1997: 3).
fantastikuri literaturis Camoyalibebis pirvel etapze, miTSi da
miTosur azrovnebaSi realizmi fantastikuri arsebebis SetaniT
imkvidrebs Tavs. mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi igi aisaxa iseTi RvaTebrivi
32
warmomavlobis arsebebis SeqmniT, romlebsac adamianisa da
cxovelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi gaaCndaT (kentavrebi, sfinqsebi..)
mogvianebiT, werilobiTi literaturuli tradiciis damkvidreba-
ganviTarebasTan erTad, safuZveli eyreba fantastikis iseT Janrebs,
rogoricaa utopia, Semdeg ki _ fantastikuri mogzauroba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom homerosis odisea dasavleT-evropuli fantastikis pirveli
literaturuli nimuSia, Tumca miTosuri da mimesuri formebis pirvel
gacnobierebul nazavs aristofanes SemoqmedebaSi vxvdebiT, sadac
fantastikuri mogzauroba da utopia erTmaneTTan harmoniulad aris
SekavSirebuli da Sezavebuli.
elinistur-romaul epoqaSi, fantastika ganviTarebis axal, ufro
maRal safexurze gadadis. elinistur epoqaSi iqmneboda e.w.
fsevromogzauroba. nawarmobebis gmirebi dedamiwis sxvadasxava kuTxeSi
mogzaurobdnen da saucxoo Tavgadasavlebis monawileni xdebodnen
(antonius diogenes ,,saocari Tavgadasavlebi tules meore mxares’’).
zogjer, nawarmoebis personaJebi dedamiwis farglebs scildebodnen da
mis gareT mogzaurobdnen, magaliTad _ mTvareze. elinistur-romaul
epoqaSi Seqmnili fantastikuri Janris nawarmoebebSi fantastikuri
xSirad fonad gasdevs sinamdvilis socialur-pilitikur asaxvas da
sasiyvarulo ambebs. gamogonili personaJebis garda, avtorebi
nawarmoebebs istoriul pirebzec qmnidnen. sakmarisia gavixsnoT fsevdo
kalisfenes ambavi aleqsandre didisa, sadac kacobriobis udidesi
mxedarTmTavari goliaTebiT, jujebiTa da kaciWamiebiT dasaxlebul
gasaocari florisa da faunis mqone qveynebSi mogzaurobs, ebrZvis maT
da amarcxebs kidec (Dictionnaire...2001 :434).
fantastikis qveJanrebidan aucileblad unda gamovyoT romanebi,
sadac gardasaxva, personaJebis ierisa da maT mier sakuTari bunebis
saxecvla aris asaxuli, magaliTad apuleusis metamorfozebi, anu oqros
viri. es nawarmoebi literaturis istoriaSi damkvidrda rogorc
pirveli fantastikuri xasiaTis mxatvruli qmnileba adamianis sulisa
da sxeulis Sesaxeb. im epiqos erT-erTi pirveli utopiuri xasiaTis
nawarmoebia petroniusis satirikoni, sadac uSvilZirod darCenilTa
qalaqis _ kronosis, ambavia gadmocemuli. es nawarmoebi, fantastikuris
garda satirul xasiaTsac atarebs, rac SemdgomSi fransua rables
33
epopeaSi _ ,,gargantua da pantagrueli’’, da jonaTan sviftis ,,huliveris
mogzauroba’’-Sia gamoyenebuli da ganvrcobili. am qmnilebebSi,
satiruli fantastika naturalistur grotesks erwymis. fantastikuri
Janris istoriaSi komikuri elementi Semoaqvs lukianes sarwmuno ambavs,
romelSic, komikuri elferis gasamZafreblad, avtori ucnaur floras
da faunas aRwers.
II saukunis adreqristianul literaturaSi uxvadaa fantastikuri
tipis literaturuli nawarmoebebi, magaliTad klimentinebi.
nawarmoebis saxelwodeba mTavari personaJis _ klimnetis, saxels
ukavSirdeba. sxva moqmedi personaJebi realurad arsebuli istoriuli
Tu religiuri pirebi arian: petre mociquli, mogvi simeoni, Tumca maT
gverdiT, gamogonili, legendaruli gmirebic figurireben: umSvenieresi
elene. amave nawarmoebSi pirvelad Cndeba faustis saxe, romelic
Semdgom goeTes ukvdavi qmnilebiT imkvidrebs Tavs (Климентины 2002 :1).
V saukunidan moyolobuli, avtorTa yuradRebas yovelive uCveulo,
jadosnuri ipyrobs. amave periodSi safuZveli eyreba iseT Janrs
rogoricaa paradoqsografia. am Janris pirvel nimuSad iTvleba
tralieli flegontis gasaocari ambebi, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda
personaJi-moCveneba. Sua saukuneebSi (V_XI), fantastikuri literatura
ukana planze gadadis. fantastikis elementebi im epoqisTavis
damaxasiaTebel literaturul formebs erwymis. xdeba fantastikis
,,gamecnireba’’ _ ase axasiaTebs fantastikuri Janris Semdgmom etaps
frangi istorikosi, medievisti, totaluri istoriis koncefciis
erTguli, XIII saukunis dasavleT-evropis istoriis specialisti, wminda
lui IX da francisk asizelis biografiebis avtori _ Jak le gofi
(Jeacque Le Goff). am periodSi iqmneba wignebi, romlebSic gasaocari,
daujerebeli ambebia moTxrobili, e.w. ,,saocrebaTa wignebi’’: marko
polos mogzauroba, ser jon mandevilis Tavgadasavali. es ukanaskneli
imiT aris saintereso, rom misma avtorma (1357-1371) fsevdonimad Tavisi
wignis mTavari personaJis saxeli airCia (Jean de Mandeville).
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia raimon luliusis (Raymundus Lullius, Lulio _
1235-1315), katalonieli poetis, filosofosisa da misioneris, qaRaldis
wreebis meqanikuri logikuri manqanis Semqmnelis nawarmoebebs da
34
mosazrebebs (magaliTad, Ars Magna), romlebsac Semdgom hegelma mimarTa
Tavis SromebSi.
paradoqsografiac axal realobas moergo. paradoqsografia
rogorc damoukidebeli Janri, jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda,
Tumca misi saxelwodeba literaturis istoriaSi mogvianebiT, germaneli
filolog-elinistis, anton vestermanis saSualebis damkvidrda. am Janrs
ganekuTvneba saocrebebis Sesaxeb ambebi, romelic aristoteles
miewereba; aseve varonis da ciceronis nawarmoebebi, romlebsac,
samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia da maT Sesaxeb mxolod gadmocemiT
viciT. paradoqsografias profesoris, mwerlisa da ekonomistis, parizis
parlamentis wevris, politikis Sesaxeb mecnierebis fuZemdeblis _ Jan
bodenis (Jean Bodin-1529-1596) demonomania SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, romelic
bodenis saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sesaxeb Teoriaze aranakleb
popularuli iyo (Schneider 1985 :136). bodeni saxelmwifos mowyobis
optimalur formad absolutur monarqias miiCnevda, uaryofda
aristoteles mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo adamianis
bednierebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tumca Tavis literaturul
eqsperimentrebSi igi ufro Tamami aRmoCnda: jadoqrebis demonomaniaSi
man demonebis uRelqveS myofi adamianebis cxovreba aRwera. demonebis
an demonebiT Sepyrobili adamianebis Sesaxeb ambebi calke mdgar
qveJanrad aris gamoyofili. paradoqsografiis Janrs K nikola remis
Demonolatria-c miekuTvneba.
barokosa epoqaSi iqmneba avgustianeli beris _ hans ulrix megerpes
((1644-1709) _ abraham a santa-klaras HHeilsames Gemisch Gemasch. nawarmoebi
sqolastikis, mistikis da kaTolicizmis nazavia. nawarmoebSi
klerikalebi gaqilikebulni arian. abraham a santa-klaras mosazrebebi
f. Silerma gamoiyena Tavis valenStainis banakSi. imave epoqaSi, didi
popularobiT sargeblobda Jan-pier kamius sisxliani amfiTeatri
(L’Amphithéâtre sanglant), simon gelaris saucxoo ambebi (Histoires admirables),
antonio torkvemadas heqsameroni, fransua roses Theatrum tragicum.
paradoqsografiuli tradicia aisaxa fransua rables gargantuasa da
pantagruelSi, grimelshauzenis simplicisimusSi da jonaTan sviftis
guliveris mogzaurobaSi.
35
XII saukuneSi warmoiqmna e.w. jadosnuri zRaprebi, romlebSic
kelturi miTebi sagmiro eposis tradiciebs harmoniulad Seerwya.
sagmiro eposSi bevri jadosnuri personaJia, magaliTad, oberoni –
juja, iulius keisrisa da feria morganas Svili, romelic ciklis, guen
bordoselis personaJia (XII_XIV ss). oberonis saxe figurirebs uiliam
Seqspiris komediaSi _ ,,zafxulis Ramis sizmari’’. bevr fantastikur
elements vxvdebiT tristansa da izoldaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
fantastikuri elementebis arseboba Sua saukuneebis saraindo romanis
aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia (kretien de truas ,,parcifali’’ (1182)).
aRniSvnis Rirsia ingliseli gamomcemlisa da mwerlis, raindis, TeTri
da wiTeli vardebis omis monawilis, parlamentaris _ tomas meloris
(1417-1471) mefe arturze Seqmnili cikli. melorma cxovrebis bolo oci
weli cixeSi gaatara, sadac Seqmna kidec Tavisi literaturuli
qmnilebebi, maT Soris _ arturis sikvdili (1469).
saraindo romanSi jadosnuri realur samyarosTan Tanaarsebobs, igi
gasaocrad erwymis yofiTs. saraindo romani adamianis fantaziis
ukideganobaze, mis saucxoo masStabebze miuTiTebs. igi axali
fsiqotipis da zneobrivi kriteriumebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobas
warmoadgens, rac samyaros mowyobis Taobaze da am samyaroSi adamianis
daniSnulebaze eklesiis kanonikur warmodgenebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
fantastikuri literaturis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi
ukavSirdeba monumentur-fantastikur tiloebs, romlebic istoriul-
epikur wanaZRvrebs moklebulni arian. sakmarisia davasaxeloT cnobili
humanistis, tito stocis naTesavis, gubernatoris, mateo-maria
boiardos (1441-1494) Seyvarebuli rolandi (Orlando innamorato), romelSic
avtorma mTlianad Secvala warmodgena sagmiro eposis gmiris, mamaci
meomris _ rolandis Sesaxeb: mis nawarmoebSi igi Seyvarebulia. erTiani
siuJeturi qargis ugulebelyofis miuxedavad, igi didi popularobiT
sargeblobda, radgan mkiTxvels karolingebis samefo karis raindebis
daujerebeli, gasaocari Tavgadasavlebi xiblavda. aqve unda gamovyoT
brwyinvale italieli poetis da dramaturgis, ludoviko ariostos
(Ludoviko Arioso, 1474-1533) ocdaxuTi wlis Sromis nayofi _ (1507-1532).
nawarmoebi warmoadgens tradiciuli, saraindo romanisa da sagmiro
eposis sinTezs. ariostom Seyvarebuli rolandis siuJeti ganavrco. mis
36
nawarmoebSi raindebi ara marto sarkinozebs, aramed urCxulebsac
ebrZvian. es Tema sxva sagmiro romanebSic damuSavda. ariostos asaxuli
movlenebis mimarT ironiul damoklidebulebas nawarmoebSi komikuri
elferi Seaqvs da wigns mkiTxvelisTvis momxibvlels xdis. SeSlili
rolandi didaqtikur xasiaTs ar atarebs da mas zneobrivi magaliTis
maCveneblis funqcia ar akisria.
aqve unda vaxsenoT XVI saukunis udidesi italieli poetis,
melanqolikis, Tavisi Tanamedroveebis mier daufasebeli mwerlis
torkvato tasos (Torquato Tasso – 1544-1595) ganTavisuflebuli ierusalimi
(1575), romelSic qristianebisa da mahmadianebis brZolaa aRwerili
pirveli jvarosnuli omis bolos. am nawarmoebSi fantastikuri
warmodgenilia eSmakis mociquli domaskos mefis saxiT, romelsac
alqaji aleqto da sxva boroti Zala da Winkebi exmarebian, amitom
eSmakis mier mojadovebuli saracini rainduli orTabrZolis wesebis
ver icavs. aRwerili egzotikuri peizaJi mxolod warmosaxvis nayofia:
taso aRwers tyes, romelic, axlo aRmosavleTis klimaturi
Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, realobaSi ar arsebobda.
aRniSvnis Rirsia ingliseli poetis, Seqspiris Tanamedroves, edmund
spenseris (Edmund Spenser -1552-1599) feriebis dedofali (1596). es
nawarmoebi adamianis Tormeti siqvelis alegoriuli gamoxatulebaa.
feriebis jadosnur qveyanaSi dedafali gloriana mbrZaneblobs,
romelic aravis unaxavs. dResaswaulze, romelic Tormeti dReE
grZeldeba, gloriana Tavis erTgul raindebs rTul da saxifaTo
davalebebis Sesrulebas sTxovs. edmund spenserma mxolod eqvsi wignis
dawera moaswro, sadac xotba Seasxa siwmindes, zomierebas, umwiklobas,
megobrobas, raindobas, simtkices. nawarmoebis personaJebi feriebi da
elfebi arian. SesaxedaobiT elfi raindisgan arafriT gamoirCeva.
feriebis dedofali saraido da sagmiro eposis mdidar tradiciebs
eyrdnoba. personaJebs Soris arian tristami (tristani), ufliswuli
arturi. nawarmoebSi uxvadaa jadosnuris atributic: jadoqari
merlinis sarke, romelSic meomari-qalwuli britomarTa Tavis
momaval satrfos _ artegals ixilavs. poemaSi istoriul aliuziebsac
vxvdebiT: sakmarisia vaxsenoT mariam stuarti, didi armada, anri
37
navareli; gakvriT aris miniSnebuli dedofali elisabedis da uolter
railis daSorebac.
franguli fantastikis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmodgens XII saukunis
cnobili alegoriuli poema, giom de lorisis da Jan de menis vadis
romani (Roman de la Rose). romanis 22 817 leqsidan pirveli 4669 XII
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aris dawerili. ormoci wlis Semdeg, 1279
wels, Jan de menma igi gaagrZela da ganavrco. giom de loriss Tavisi
qmnileba siyvarulis xotbad hqonda Cafiqrebuli. SeyvarebulTaAes
kodeqsi aristokratTa samagido wigni gaxldaT. mwerlis Semoqmedebaze
ovidiusma da kretien de truas romanebma didi gavlena iqonia.Mpoemis
personaJebi sxvadasxva abstraqtul cnebebs alegoriulad
ganasaxiereben: zrdiloba, safrTxe, SiSi, eWvi . . . Jan klopinelma, Jan
de menma sqolastikis ubadlo mcodnem, giom de lorisis nawarmoebs
enciklopediuri xasiaTi SesZina. misi kalmis qveS nawarmoebi
romantikuli xasiaTis intrigis da alegoriis nazavadD iqca.
klopinelma bunebis sxvadasxva movlenaze, adamianis grZnobebze saubari
scada, Seecada halucinaciebze yvelaferi moeTxro. romanSi
gaqilikebuli iyo mamakacis mxridan qalis mimarT platonuri siyvaruli
da morCileba. nawarmoebica da avtoric italiuri warmomavlobis
frangma poetma qalma, erT-erTma pirvelma feminisma _ qristin pizanelma
(Cristine de Pizane _ 1364-1430) kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara, Tumca maT
dasacavad bevma humanisma aRimaRla xma. MmaT Soris iyo erT-erTi
pirveli humanisti _ Jan de montreili. yvelafris miuxedavad, romani
didi popularobiT sargeblobda rogorc TanamedroveTa, aseve Semdgomi
epoqebis mkiTxvelTa Soris. amis dasturia romanis inglisur enaze
jefri Coseriseuli Targmani da kleman maros redaqtirebuli da
ganaxlebuli gamocema. orive nawili, maTi Tvisobrivi gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, jadosnuri alegoriis saxiTaa warmodgenli.
renesansis epoqaSi fantastika da jadosnuri adgils realistur
romans uTmobs. don kixotesa da gargantua da pantagruelSi
gaqilikebulia saraindo romanebi da Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul-
literaturuli gamosaxviTi saSulebebi. utopiis Janris ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani etapic amave epoqas ukavSirdeba, rodesac utopia
fantastikuris CarCoebSi eqceva. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT
38
Telemis saabatos epizodi gargantua da pantagruelSi: ironiiTa da
iumoriT daxatuli miwieri samoTxe irealuria, warmoudgeneli da,
aqedan gamomdinare _ fantastikuri.
utopiuri Janris erT-erTi fuZemdebelia romaul-kaTolikuri
eklesiis mier wmindanad aRiarebuli Tomas mori (Tomas More – 1478-1535),
inglisis mefis henri VIII – es kancleri. misi nawarmoebia oqros wigni.
tomas mori idealuri saxelmwifos da adamianTa Soris idealuri
urTierTobis models gvixatavs (1516). sityva _ ,,utopia’’, (kunZulis
saxelwodeba) idealuri saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis sinonimad
ixmara ingliselma mRvdelma _ samoel petCesma Tavis nawarmoebSi _
momlocveloba (Piligrimage).
cnobilma ingliselma mweral-fantastma da biologma, herbert
uelsma (1866-1946) kiTxvaze, Tu ras warmoadgens utopia, upasuxa: ,,utopia
es aris ocneba, saukeTeso momavlis imedi, adamianis ukeTesobisken
swrafva’’. nebismieri utopia imdenad aris fantastikuri, ramdenadac
masSi didia ukeTesobisken swrafva da ocneba. iqneba es eko Tu
teqnoutipia, antiutopia (anti-utopia an dystopia), romelic totalitaruli
saxelmwifos saSiSroebaze mogviTxrobs, an amerikeli sociologisa da
futuristis _ elvin tofleris (Alvin Toffler) zeindustriuli praqtopia.
aRniSvnis Rirsia italieli mweralis, tomaso kampanelas (Tomaso
Campanella 1568-1639 utopiuri socializmis koncefcia. kampanelam 27
weli cixeSi gaatara da ganTavisufleba mxolod kardinal riSelies
daxmarebiT SesZlo, romelmac kampanelas miRwevebis aRiarebis niSnad,
mas pensia dauniSna. kampanelas nawarmoebSi Civitas Solis (1602)
fantastikuri da realuri erTmaneTs erwymis. mwerali iseT
sazogadoebas gvixatavs, romelSic mbrZaneblobs metafizikosi. am
ukanasknels saxelmwifos samarTlian marTvelobaSi exmareba
Zalauflebis, sibrZnisa da siyvarulisgan Semdgari triumvirati.
utopiur saxelmwifoSi oTxsaaTiani samuSao dRea, romelic, komunizmis
damkvidrebasTan erTad, SeiZleba kidev Semcirdes. saxelmwifoSi
msuqanni da amxdarni uRldebian, rom qorwineba ufro harmoniuli
gamodges. utopiis qveJanrs miekuTvneba ingliseli filosofosis,
istorikosis da parlamentaris, empirizmis fuZemdeblis, adamianis
39
Zlevamosilebis mexotbis _ frensis bekonis (Francis Bacon – 1561-1626),
axali atlantida. nawarmoebi mkiTxvels socialur gardaqmnebs ar
sTavazobs, radgan kunZul benselemze arsebuli saxelmwifos wyoba im
periodis inglisis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisgan TiTqmis ar
gansxvavdeba, Tumca mecnierebi TavianTi SromisTvis guluxvi,
ganaTlebuli mmarTvelis mier arian dafasebulni da TavianTi
miRwevebis gamo jildovdebian. axali atlantida teqnokratiuli
utopiaa: bekonma ukve XVI saukuneSi iwinaswarmetyvela teqnikis
imxanad daujerebeli iseTi miRwevebi rogoricaa wyalqveSa navi,
mikrofoni da telefoni.
miTologia da folklori yovelTvis iyo fantastikis uSreti
wyaro, Tumca arc bibliuri teqstebi axdendnen masze nakleb gavlenas.
ingliseli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis _ jon miltonis (John
Milton _ 1608-1674) dakarguli samoTxe (Paradise Lost-1667), erTi SexedviT
tradiciul fantastikad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca masSi bevria
uCveulo da saocari. nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi moTxrobilia
damarcxebuli angelozis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis pandemoniums qmnis da
zecas emuqreba. swored demonis aseTi saxe iqca baironis demonizmis da
bevri romantikosis STagonebis wyarod. dakarguli samoTxe apokrifuli
demonologiis stilSia Seqmnili. misi personaJebi zebunebrivi arsebebi
arian. nawarmoebi alegoriul xasiaTs atarebs. bibliur siuJetebsa da
tradiciebze aRmocenebuli erovnuli motivebiT gajerebuli teqsti,
qristianuli fantastikis nimuSia. miltonis religiuri gamocxadebis
poetikam uiliam bleikis vizioneruli fantastikis Camoyalibeba da
ganviTareba ganapiroba.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, barokosa da manierizmis epoqaSi
fantastikuri mxolod fonis rols asrulebda: mis mimarT interesi
daikarga, moxda fantastikuris esTetizacia, ramac jadosnuris,
zebunebrivis mniSvneloba daaknina. manierizms da barokos klasicizmi
Caenacvla. klasicizmisTvis ucxo iyo yovelive fantastikuri. XVII
saukunis bolos fantastikurma racionaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. im
periodis nawarmoebebSi iseT ambebis aRweren, romelTa axsna
SesaZlebeli iyo. am periods ganekuTvneba e.w. ,,tragikuli ambebi’’. aseTi
saxis nawarmoebSi aRwerilia Zaladoba, mkvlelobebi, demonebiT
40
Sepyrobili adamianebi. swored am epoqSi Caeyara safuZveli evropuli
literaturis erT-erT umniSvelovanes Janrs _ e.w. ,,Sav romans’’,
romelSic paradoqsografiis tradicia gamonagonTan aris Sezavebuli
(Schneider 1985 :120). ,,tragikuli ambebi’’ pier boetios saxels ukavSirdeba.
boetiom italiuridan Targmna italieli novelistis, domenikanelTa
ordenis wevris, mateo bandelos (Matteo Bandello-1185-1561) ramdenime
novela. safrangeTis mefis, anri II-is mefobis dros, bandelo aJanis
episkoposi iyo. samefo karTan mWidro kavSiris gamo, man didi roli
iTamaSa franguli renesansis ganviTarebaSi. bandelos 214 novela
CikviCentos epoqis sazogadoebas asaxavs. mwerali sentimentaluri
xasiaTis mqone siuJetebis didostati iyo, magram upiratesobas e.w.
,,sisxlian Janrs’’ aniWebda. bandelos erT-erTi novelis siuJeti uiliam
Seqspirma gamoiyena Tavisi romeo da julieta-sTvis: saswaulmoqmedi
sasmisi julietas ise daaZinebs, rom yvelas mkvdari hgonia. es
mniSvnelovani fantastikuri elementia realistur stilSi daweril
novelaSi. bandelos CanafiqriT, Seyvarebulebis TviTmkvleloba
nawarmoebs e.w. ,,sisxlian Janrs’’ miakuTvnebs. marteo bandelos
tradiciis gamgrZleblad safrangeTSi gvevlineba margarita navarelis
aRsazrdeli _ fransua de belfore (Francois de Belleforest) (Schneider
1985 :107). Seqspiri daniis ufliswulis ambavs swored misi
interpretaciiT gaecno.
imave periodSi, fransua de rose da Jan pier kamiu, episkoposi diu
bele (Du Belley) TavianTi nawarmoebebis Sesaqmnelad da maTTvis
damajereblobis misacemad kriminalur qronikas iyenebdnen. frangul
enaze servantesis samoZRvrebo novelebis mTargmneli, fransua de
roses (François de Rosset) Cveni drois tragikuli ambebi da novela _ ,,da-
Zmis tragikulisiYsiyvarulis uCveulo ambavi’’ (1614), mwerlis mfarvelis,
dedofali margos gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda.
romantizmis epoqaSi fantastika adamianis gaorebas ukavSirdeba.
,,wminda siSmage’’ yvela romantikosis STagonebis wyarod iqca. ienis
skolis warmomadgenlebisTvis fantastikuri legendebis da miTebis
samyaroSi SeRwevis tolfasi iyo. uCveulo, jadosnuri da fantastikuri
WeSmaritebis Ziebis sawindari gaxda, rac l. tikisa da novalisis
41
SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. romantikosTa haidelbergis skola fantastikuri
elementebiT avsebda siuJets, radgan mkiTxvels yovelive saidumlo da
amoucnobi ufro izidavda. romantikuli fantastika transformaciasa da
sinTezs e.a. hofmanis SemoqmedebaSi ganicdis: goTikuri romani (,,eSmakis
eleqsiri’’), zRapari (,,rwyilTa mbrZanebeli’’), feeriuli fantasmagoria
(,,princesa brambila’’) da realisturi vrceli moTxroba _ SesaniSnavad
Tanaarseboben germaneli romantikosis SemoqmedebiT palitraze (Schneider
1985 :151). inglisur romantizmSi goTikuri romanis tradiciebs
agrZelebs edgar alan po (,,eSerTa saxlis dacema’’).
franguli fantastikis fuZemdebelad aRiarebulia rokokos epoqis
frangi mwerali _ Jak kazoti (1715-1792). man dasavleT indoeTSi msaxuriT
sakmao dovlaTi daagrova imisTvis, rom parizis maxloblad udardelad
ecxovra da literaturul saqmianobas miscemoda. aRmosavluri
zRaprebiT monusxuli niWieri diletanti, kazoti pirvel frangul
literaturul-fantastikur zRaprebs qmnis (,,katis TaTi’’, ,,La patte de
Chat’’). manamde man ariostos nawarmoebebze Seqmnili parodiebiT gaiTqva
saxeli (1772 w.). kazoti misticizma da martinizma ise gaitaca, rom misi
cnobili mistikuri mimowera mwerlis dapatimrebis da, Semdeg,
sikvdiliT dasjis mizezi gaxda (1792 w. ). kazotis nawarmoebebs nervali
Sarl nodies saSualebiT gaecno: es ukanaslkneli, imxanad popularul
mwerals piradad icnobda. nervalis winasityvaobiT gamoqveynda kazotis
cnobili ,,Seyvarebuli eSmaki » (1845 w). SesaZloa es nawarmobi gaxda
nervalis fantastikuri novelis pirvelwyaro da axalgazrda mwerlis
iluminizmiT (svedenborgi, martinistebi) gatacebis mizezi (Искусство и
художник...1985:464).
Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi fantastikuri sinkretuli Janris
konstruirebisTvis gamoiyeneba. mis SemoqmedebaSi fantastika aris foni
da ara mizani. nervalis prozaSi erTmaneTs Seerwya yvela is Tviseba,
rac fantastikuri JanrisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: fantastikuri,
jadosnuri, utopisturi, demonur-apokrifuli. fantastikuri mis
novelebSi transformacias ganicdis, rac nawarmoebebis kompoziciis da
arqiteqtonikis mravalferovnebaSi vlindeba, amitom nervalis novelebis
kompoziciis Taviseburebebis Seswavla mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT.
42
II.II. JanrTa maravalferovneba Jerar de nervalis
SemoqmedebaSi
XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis, novelam, iseve rogorc sxva Janrma,
ganviTarebis didi da gangrZlivi gza ganvlo. v. tolmaCovis da
er. karelskis mosazrebiT, romantizmis epoqaSi warmoqmnilma
SemoqmedebiTma impulsebma XX saukuneSi evropuli kulturis
ganviTareba ganapirobes. es, garkveul wilad, ukavSirdeba
miToSemoqmedebas, axal miTologiis warmoqmnis mcdelobas, romelic fin
de sciècle da modernizmis epoqaSi iqna jerovnad dafasebuli.
romantizmis epoqis Janruli mravalferovneba epikuri Janris
ganviTarebas efuZneba. literaturuli zRaprebi Tu fantastikuri
novelebi romantizmis epoqis siuJeturi konstantebis (invariani)
SesaZlo variantebis mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. saavtoro
(literaturuli) zRapris da fantastikuri novelis Janri momxibvleli
iyo romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis, pirvel rigSi, pirobiTobisa
da reglamentirebis ugulebelyofiT da Semecnebis procesis
dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis asaxvis SesaZleblobiT; Tu sxva
mimdinareobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia individis socializacia,
romantizmis esTetika TviTSemecnebas da TviTidentifikacias efuZneba.
es procesi romantikuli gmiris saxes qmnis, rasac yvelaze didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba romantizmis esTetikaSi.
novelis evoluciaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia aRorZinebam da
ganmanaTleblobis epoqam. aRorZinebis epoqaSi Camoyalibda humanizmis
msoflmxedveloba, romelmac Searyia saeklesio-feodaluri ierarqia,
gaanTavisufla adamiani Sua saukuneebis dogmatikis klanWebidan,
daamsxvria arsebuli, saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli
RirebulebaTa sistema da adamiani samyaros centrad aqcia. es
tendenciebi, rasakvirvelia, literaturaSic aisaxa. meore epoqa,
romelmac aseve didi gavlena iqonia novelis rogorc Janris
ganviTarebaze – ganmanaTleblobaa, romelmac adamianis gons Seasxa
xotba (Dictionnaire... 2001 :522).
adamianis da bunebis kavSiri, misi bedi, saqmianoba, cnobiereba,
sazodagoebasTan misi damokidebuleba, socialur-politikuri,
43
filosofiuri, zneobrivi sakiTxebi mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis
sagnad iqca, rac, istoriis calkeul etapze, Janruli tradiciebis
gardaqmnas iwvevda. XIX saukunis dasawyisis novela, misi Janruli
mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, am Janris sxva, adreuli nimuSebisgan
Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba. man lakonuroba da siuJetis dinamikac
dakarga. XIX saukunis novelebSi movlenebze mniSvnelovani Tavad
adamiani da pirovneba gaxda (Исскуство...1985:9). swored amitom,
romantizmis epoqis novelaSi adamianis cxovrebis fsiqologiur
aspeqtebs eniWeba upiratesoba: personaJi, moqmedi gmiri movlenaze
mniSvnelovani xdeba. nawarmoebis gmirmac ganicada transformacia:
moazrovne da mgrZnobiare, igi mSrali faqtebis samyaroSi aRar
cxovrobda, radgan misTvis sulieri samyaro gaxda mniSvnelovani.
adamianis msoflmxedveloba, cnobiereba da grZnobebi romantizmis
epoqis da mis warmomadgenelTa yuradRebis centSi moeqca (Dictionnaire
2001:737).
Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs novelis, aseve mcire zomis romanis
niSnebic aqvs. es tendencia SeimCneva iseT nawarmoebebSi rogoricaa:
,,orelia’’, ,,anJeliki’’, ,,emili’’. rogorc novelaSi, yovel maTganSi
personaJTa raodenoba mcirea, yuradRebis centrSi erTi ZiriTadi
ambavia moqceuli, Tumca kvanZis gaxsna moulodnel xasiaTs ar atarebs.
patar-patara ambebi, romlebsac Sua saukuneebSi novelas uwodebdnen,
ori saxiT arsebobda: samoZRvrebo novelebis (exemplum) da canari, anu _
,,ixvis’’ saxiT. Sua saukuneebSi, kanaris, romelic sxvadasxva TavSesaqcev
ambavs gadmoscemda, mosaxleobas quCebSi usasyidlod urigdeboda.
nervali orive saxis noveliT iyo dainteresebuli: novela _ ,,anJeliki’’,
da masSi gadmocemuli ambavi axalgazrdebis Wkuis dasarigeblad
gamodgeba; rac Seexeba meore saxis novelebs (canari), mas nervali calke
Tavs uZRvnis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ (Нерваль 1985 : 87).
Jerer de nervalis novelebis krebulSi, novelebTan erTad
zRaprebic aris gaerTianebuli. TiToeul maTganSi homogenuri
samyaroebia asaxuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, nervalis novelebSi,
SesaZloa erT konkretul ambavs ar gviTxroben, magram nawarmoebebis
fiqcionalur samyaroSi SesaZleblobaTa erTiani sistema moqmedebs.
44
krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, Semavali novelebi Tu zRaprebi
cal-calke, erTi Janris farglebSi ganicdian cvlilebas. krebulSi
mravali Janris nimuSia Tavmoyrili. krebulisgan gansxvavebiT,
mxatvrul-literaturuli teqsti saxelwodebiT _ ,,orelia”, met
Tavsatexs gviCens: igi moTxrobad, zogan novelad moixsenieba.
literaturul kritikaSi bevri mas literaturul zRaparsac uwodebs
(Jean 1964 :111). romanis zoma ganmsazRvrel faqtors ar warmoadgens,
amave dros nervalis nawarmoebi unda ganvasxvavoT biografiuli
xasiaTis naratiuli teqstisgan, iseve rogorc _ zRaprisgan, romelSic
jadosnuri ambavia gadmocemuli (Dictionnaire.. 2001:522). nervali
SesaniSnavad flobda literaturuli zRapris Seqmnis teqnikas.
sakmarisia gavixsenoT iseTi nawarmoebi rogoricaa _ ,,ganTiadis
dedoflis da sulTa mbrZaneblis, solomonis ambavi’’ (Nerval 1980:233).
Tavis mogonebebSi, aleqandre diuma wers, rom nervali, Wabukobidan
moyolebuli, sabas dedofalis saxiT iyo gatacebuli. mwerli iqve
dasZens, rom nervalis uiRblo siyvaruli sxva araferia, Tu ara
sakuTari cxovrebis zRaprad qcevis mcdeloba (Dumas1990:59).
nervalis novelebze, mis fantastikur JanrTan siaxloveze
saubrisas, mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia gamovyoT is faqti, rom novalisisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelsac erT nawarmoebSi aqvs gaerTianebuli realurica
da irealuric, rac fiqcionaluri samyaros kuTvnilebad aqcevs
istoriulad arsebuli sazogadoebis, konkretuli epoqis socialur-
ekonomikur wyobas da jadosnur samyaros, nervali gansvavebulad
qmedebs: dasawyisSi igi am or cnebas mijnavs (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’),
Semdeg ki _ Slis realursa da irealurs Soris arsebul sazRvrebs
(,,orelia’’). germaneli mwerlis gadawyvetilebas mis SemoqmedebaSi
groteskis elementebi Semoaqvs. nervalTan groteski minimumandea
dayvanili: mis mizans ar warmoadgens mkiTxvelis winaSe realobis
gaqilikeba. nervals surs gaakvirvos mkiTxveli, aCvenos da daarwmunos,
rom sulisSemxuTvel realobasTan erTad, warmosaxviTi, ocnebebis
mSvenieri samyaroc arsebobs, metic, mxolod es ukanasknelia Rirebuli.
nervali erT krebulad gamoscems sakuTriv novelebs (,,oqtavi’’,
anJeliki’’, ,,silvi’’, ,,emili’’), literaturul zRaprebs (,,mwvane urCxuli’’,
,,mojadovebuli xeli’’), jadosnur zRaprebs (,,Tevzebis dedofali’’),
45
fantastikur novelebs (,,eSmakis portreti’’), publicistur narkvevebs
(,,ixvis damajerebeli ambavi’’) da mogzauris Canaxatebs (,,oqtombris
Rameebi’’, ,,venis Tavgadasavlebi’’). igi cdilobs, erTmaneTisgan gamijnos
mcire epikuri teqstebi, rac Janrul aberacias ar iwvevs. Sesabamisad,
novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, literaturul zRaprebs
Tavisi adgili ukavia, sakuTriv novelebs ki _ Tavisi, Tumca maTi erT
krebulad gamocema eqperimentad unda aRviqvad. mogvianebiT, nervali
realursa da irealursac erT mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi
moaqcevs. saubaria mis ukanasknel nawarmoebze, moTxrobaze _ ,,orelia’’.
novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, gaerTianebulia
zRapari _ ,,Tevzis dedofali’’. teqsti literaturuli zRaparis Janrs
ganekuTvneba. xismWreli Zmiswuls totebis mosatanad tyeSi gzavnida.
tyeSi biWuna meTevzis qaliSvils xvdeboda. patara gogona saaTobiT
idga wyalSi. mas gvelTevzebi ise ecodeboda, rom daWerisTanave
uSvebda. gogona yovel DdRe saxlSi xelcarieli brundeboda da
ufrosebis risxvas imsaxurebda. bavSvebi mxolod erT DdRes ar
xvdebodnen, rodesac meluzina Tevzad iqceoda da edas dedofali _
gedad. orives erTi da igive sizmari esizmreboda. boroti xismWrelis
damarcxebis Semdeg, gogona Tevzebis dedoflad, biWi ki _ tyis mefed
iqca (Nerval 1980:219). am ambavs, rogorc yvela zRapars, keTili
dasasruli aqvs. miTisgan gansxvavebiT, masSi ugulebelyofilia
sakraluri profanulis sasargeblod, mas ar gaaCnia ezoTeruli
xasiaTi, Tumca empiriuli sinamdvilis realisturi asaxva
damajereblobis efeqts qmnis da nawarmoebs arazRaprul prozasTan
aaxlovebs. literaturuli zRapariviT, nervalis teqsti didaqtikuri
xasiaTis matarebelia. igi novelistur zRaparsac uaxlovdeba, radgan
borotis damarcxeba istoriulad determinirebul droSi xdeba.
zRaprisTvis Cveuli keTili dasasrulis TvalsazrisiT, yuradRebas
ipyrobs nervalis kidev erTi qmnileba _ ,,mwvane urCxuli’’. es nawarmoebi
Tavisi ironiuli xasiaTiT gamoirCeva. sardafSi sanaZleoze Casuli
jariskaci ubadlo Rvinos daigemovnebs. uecrad, sardafSi boTlebis
cekva-TamaSi atydeba. am gansacdels jariskaci fulis Sovnis mizniT ki
gauZlebs, magram qorwilisTvis naSovn fuls misTvis bedniereba ar
moaqvs: axalgazrda col-qmars saSineli urCxuli SeeZineba. ironia kidev
46
ufro mZafrdeba, rodesac mwerali urCxulis dabadebis mizezs ar
xsnis da mkiTxvels upasuxod tovebs. erTxelac, mwvane urCxuli qreba
da misi gaCenis, misi mSoblebis dawyevlis mizezic samudamod
amouxsneli rCeba. am nawarmoebSi, nervali sakuTriv zRapris CarCoebs
arRvevs da qmnis legendas mwvane saSineli arsebis Sesaxeb. nawarmoebSi
asaxuli istoriuli periodi, zRaprisTvis uCveulo dasasruli teqsts
zRaprisgan mijnavs, magram ambis racionaluri axsnis SesaZlebloba,
nawarmoebs uCveulos qveJanrs miakuTvnebs (Todorov: 1970:42).
ironia da satirac SesaniSnavad warmoCindeba narkvevSi _ ,,ixvis
damajerebeli ambavi’’. nawarmoebis inkipitidan moyolebuli, mwerali
sagonebelSi agdebs mkiTxvels: igi uecrad aRmoaCens, rom mas jadosnur
zRapars, miTs an legendas sulac ar sTavazoben. mkiTxvels molodinis
horizonti gaucruvdeba da swored amaSi mJRavndeba mwerlis ironia:
Jurnalistebi ,,ixvs’’ gasocar axal ambavs uwodeben (canari). rogorc
zemoT ukve avRniSneT, es tradicia Sua saukunebidan momdinareobs.
uecari aRmoCena mkiTxvels Soks hgvris. gasaocari, Znelad
dasajerebeli ambis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad Jurnalisti Tavs ar
iwuxebs: nervali dascinis 1850 wlis cenzuris kanons, romelic roman-
felietonebis (roman feuilleton) gamocemas krZalavda (Boyer 2001 : 34).
rac Seexeba moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, igi nervalis SemoqmedebiTi
eqsperimentebis mwvervalia. mweralma masSi Tavi mouyara Tavis yvela
naazrevs, esTetikur koncefcias da msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburebas.
II. III. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, kompoziciis Taviseburebani
nebismieri Janri ganixileba rogorc nawarmoebis formalur-
kompoziciuri organizacia, amitom Txrobis principebi Janris
kanonzomierebebs unda emorCilebodes. romanze msjelobisas, m. baxtini
mas urTuless, mravalferovan mxatvrul-literaturul teqsts uwodebs
da imasac dasZens, rom romanis Camoyalibebis procesi dasrulebuli ar
aris. misi azriT, avtors romanSi priviligirebiuli pozicia ar ukavia,
igi diskursTa ierarqiazea mTlianad damokidebuli (Бахтин 1970: 112).
g. kosikovi eTanxmeba baxtinis mosazrebas, rom romani mxatvrul-
47
literaturuli samyaros ,,epikuri’’ erTianobis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda,
rac ,,idealur Rirebulebebze’’ orientirebuli gmiris da am
Rirebulebebis uarmyofel yofierebas Soris konfliqts efuZneba
(Косиков 1976:65). romanSi WeSmariteba gmiris pirovnul simarTleze,
samyaros aRqmis subieqturobazea agebuli. romani epikur Janrs
ganekuTvneba. tragediisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac aRweris sagnad iqceva
mxolod is, rac misi personaJebisTvis aris Rirebuli, romanSi piriqiT,
yuradRebas iqcevs is rac, TiTqos personaJis yuradRebis miRma rCeba,
amitom romanSi WeSmariteba ori rakursiT aris danaxuli: erTi
personaJi-gmiris, da meore _ avtoris, romelic pirvelis mcdelobas
iluzorulad miiCnevs. R. yaralaSvili aRniSnavs im faqts, rom
Tanamedrove dasavlur romanSi mZlavrobs subieqturi sawyisi da masSi
lirikuli potencialis momZlavreba SeimCneva. aseTi saxis romani
asaxavs samyaros mTxrobelis cnobierebaSi da ara samyaros TavisTavad.
Tanamedrove romanebSi introversiis midrekileba iCens Tavs, rac erTi
personaJis cxovrebaze koncentrirebaSi gamoixateba. aseTi tipis
romanebi ara socialur-panoramuli xasiTisaa, aramed _
,,centriskenuli’’. ar. Sopenhaueris azriT, romani xelovnebis formaa
da miT ufro maRali da keTilSobiluria igi, rac ufro metad iWreba
Sinagan cxovrebaSi da rac ufro naklebad warmoaCens gare realobas
(dasavleT evropis . . .1985 :125).
romanis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis arakanonikuri forma,
romelic mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis, SesaZlebels qmnis nervalis
nawarmoebi _ ,,orelia’’, mcire zomis romanad CavTvaloT. amis garda,
nawarmoebi daumTavrebelia (,,orelias’’ meore nawili mwerlis
gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda), amitom sakmaod rTulia imaze
msjeloba, Tu ra saxes miiRebda nawarmoebi mwerals misi dasrulba rom
dascloda. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneboda, Txzulebis
kompoziciis Taviseburebis gansazRvra misi Janrobrivi identifikaciis
fonze, romelic orelias Sinaarsisa da formis Taviseburebebs
warmoaCenda.
nervalis mcire zomis romans Tu moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) axasiaTebs
,,daxuruloba’’, igi emijneba gare realobas (misi siuJetidan
gamomdinare), socialur-ekonomikur da istoriul sinamdviles, Tumca
48
masSi aisaxeba yvela is miRweva Tu mosazreba, romliTac esoden
mdidari iyo XIX saukune. nervalis nawarmoebs mcire zomis romans an
rusuli literaturis specifikur Janrs _ повесть (vrceli moTxroba)
mivamsgavsebdiT. mas epikuri struqturis gaxsniloba (erT invarianze
agebuli erTi mwerlis sxvadasxva nawarmoebi), romanul movlenaTa,
mxatvruli ssistemis elementebis Tavisebureba axasiaTebs.
arqiteqtonikis TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebi or nawils moicavs. amave
dros, naratul teqsts axlavs epiteqsti _ ,,Memorables” da e.w.
,,nawyvetebi oreliadan”. nawarmoebi nervalis sxva prozauli
qmnilebebisgan gansxavdeba, Tundac sayovelTaod cnobili novelebis
krebulisgan _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi”. nervalma krebuli ise aago, rom
masSi prozauli da lirikuli nawarmoebebi gaaerTiana (sonetebi _
,,qimerebi’’). Tu novelebis krebulSi Sedis sxvadasxva saxisa da Janris
prozauli qmnilebebi: jadosnuri zRaprebi, sakuTriv novelebi
(miuxedavad imisa, rom nervali arRvevs Janris Cveul sazRvrebs),
moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, yvela zemoxsenebuli Janris erTobliobas
warmoadgens.
moTxrobis siuJeturi qarga sworxazovan Txrobas efuZneba, anu
ambavi Txrobis momentTan mimarTebaSi retrospeqtulia da
qronologiuradaa gadmocemuli. Txrobis momenti mTeli nawarmoebis
manZilze mxolod erTxel icvleba: nawarmoebis meore nawilSi. teqstis
pirvel nawilSi Txrobis momenti ucvleli rCeba. ambavs samyaros da
sakuTari ,,me’’-s SecnobiT STagonebuli mTxrobeli gviambobs, romelic
ambis diegesisSi Tavad monawileobs. igi homodiegesuri mTxrobelia da
Txrobis dasrulebamde erTaderT naratorad rCeba, Tumca igi ambavs
ara rogorc yovlismcodne aramed, rogorc ubralo aRmwereli da
movlenebis amsaxveli gadmoscems (aq vlindeba nervalis mxatvrul-
literaturuli teqstebis aRwerilobiT teqstebTan miaxloebis
tendencia). Sesabamisad, saqme gvaqvs gare fokalizaciasTan (la focalisation
(Jouve 1997 : 181)). niSandoblivia, rom nawarmoebSi damajereblobis efeqti
mTxrobelis gaorebiT iqmneba: implicituri avtori Tavis SegrZnebebsa
da xilvebs afiqsirebs da, gaorebuli protagonistis arsebobis fonze,
subieqturi gancdebis maqsimalur obieqturobas aRwevs. nawarmoebSi
STambeWdavad aris warmoCenili mwerlis xedvis subieqturoba, rac
49
teqstSi homodiegesuri mTxrobelis arsebobas ukavSirdeba; meore mxriv,
gare fokalizaciis pirobebSi, igi realobisa da protagonistis
SegrZnebebisE mimarT distanciurobas inarCunebs da obieqturobis
iluzias qmnis.
nawarmoebSi, Txrobisas erTamaneTs realuri cxovrebis epizodebi
sizmrebs, zmanebebs da halucinaciebs enacvleba. nervalis nawarmoebebi,
kerZod _ ,,orelia’’, xSirad aris fsiqoanalizis obieqti. gaston
baSlari nervalis orelias labirinTs adarebs da dasZens, rom is
Tavgadasavali, romelsac mwerali asaxavs, misi mogzauroba
qvecnobieris labirinTSi, sxva araferia, Tu ara mtanjveli
koSmarebisgan mwerlis daRwevis mcdeloba: ,,nervalTan erTad Cvenc
Tavs sizmrisgan davixsniT da sicocxles davubrundebiT’’ _ askvnis
baSliari (Башляр 1990 : 39).
Tavad nervali, realurs da irealurs erTmaneTisgan ar ganarCevda:
,,vfiqrob, adamianis warmosaxvas iseTi araferi Seuqmnia, rac
SeuZlebelia’’ _ werda igi. moTxroba _,,orelia’’, nervalis cxovrebis
urTules periodSi iqmneboda: daavadebuli mwerali fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi mkurnalobda. realuri da irealuris monacvleoba, erTi
mxriv, romantizmis esTetikis erTgulebiT aixsneba: mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi paraleluri samyaroebis asaxva, realobis da warmosaxviTis
urTierTdapirispireba romantizmis esTetikisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli;
meore mxriv, nervalis nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebi da moTxrobis
struqtura mwerlis avadmyofobis mimdinareobas hgavs. Sesabamisad,
orelia avadmyofobis amsaxvel Canawerebad SeiZleba miviCnioT da es
ganvixiloT rogorc mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis Tavisebureba. Tu
gavixsenebT Jerar de nervalis samedicino praqtikas, bunebrivad
miviCnevT, rom mwerlis sakuTar Tavze dakvirveba profesiuli
miswrafebebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.
Sizofrenia _ termini, romelic e. bleierma 1908 wels daamkvidra,
fsiqikur disfunqcias gulisxmobs, romlis drosac adamianebs realuris
aRqmis gauareseba aReniSnebaT, rac halucinaciebSi, iluziebis,
fsevdohalucinaciebsa da depersonalizaciaSi gamoixateba (Schizophrénie).
adamianebs eCvenebaT, rom nebismieri qmedeba avtomatur xasiaTs atarebs
da sxvaTa an maT mierve, sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg sruldeba.
50
yovelive amas emociuri disfunqcia da ipoqondriuli TviTanalizi
axlavs. Znelia, u. ekos ar daeTanxmo: mwerali nervali aRwers
labrunis avadmyofobas da Tavis dakvirvebebs literaturul formas
aZlevs (Эко 2006 : 68).
TiTqmis yvela niSani, romelic axasiaTebs SizofreniiT
daavadebuls, analogiuria imisa, rac nervalma moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
aRwera, magaliTad: naTesavebis mimarT Semcirebuli yuradReba. amas
uCivis misi gamzrdeli, rodesac mTxrobeli mas sizmarSi xedavs.
gamzrdeli sayvedurobs, rom igi Tavis mSoblebs naklebad dastiris,
vidre Tavis satrfos: ,,ase gulmxurvaled Seni mSoblebic ar
dagitiria’’ (,,Tu n’as pleuré tes vieux parents ausssi vivement’’ (Nerval 1985 :61)).
logikuria, rom am sityvebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli jer bavSvobas ixsenebs,
Semde ki _ mamis sanaxavad midis. danaSaulis grZnoba mTxrobels
sizmarSic ar tovebs: mTxrobelis winaSe winaprebis saxeebi erT wamSi
gaielveben. TiToeuli maTgani ferkmTaldeba da qreba: ,,isini xan
naTdebodnen, xanac _ ferkmTaldebodnen. gaielvebdnen da ukuniT RameSi
qrebodnen, rogorc gawyvetili krialosanis Tvlebi’’ (,,Elles défilaient,
s’éclairant, pâlissant et retombant dans la nuit comme les grains d’un chapelet dont le lien s’est
brisé’’ (Nerval 1985 :61)).
mTxrobeli Tavs damnaSaved satrfos winaSec grZnobs da Tvlis,
rom misi Rirsi ar aris. igi RmerTis winaSec damnaSavea, radgan gabeda
da samyaros saidumloebis wvdoma moisurva, amitomaa igi dawyevlili:
,,ra Cavidine? jadosnuri samyaros harmonia davarRvie . . . SeiZleba
amitomac damwyevles . . ‘’ (,,Qu’avais-je fait ? J’avais troublé l’harmonie de l’univers
magique où mon âme puisait la certitude d’une existence immortelle. J’étais maudit peut-être
pour avoir voulu percer un mystère redoutable en offensant la loi divine’’(Nerval 1985 : 48)).
sulierad avadmyofebis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba codvebis gamudmebuli
monaniebis survili da moTxovnilebaa. orelias gaxsenebaze mTxrobeli
muxlebze ecema da RmerTs patiebas sTxovs: ,,RmerTo Cemo, mapatieT!
Sevhyvire da muxlebze daveci’’ (,,Mon Dieu, Pardonnez ! écriai-je en me jettant à
genoux’’( Nerval 1985 :59)).
SizofreniiT davadebulebs, maTi rwmeniT, sakuTari azrebis
teleportacia SeuZliaT. isini grZnoben TiTqos viRac an raRac maT
azrebs akontrolebs (kandinski-klerambos simptomi). nervalis
51
nawarmoebSi aRwerilia erTi epizodi, rodesac mTxrobeli Tavis
momakvdav megobars saavadmyofoSi esaubreba: ,,Cven erTad vfiqrobT da
vocnebobT’’ (,,Nous pensons et rêvons ensemble’’ (Nerval 1985 :54)). nervali bevrgan
imeorebs: ,,megona, rom meubneboda’’, ,,momeCvena, rom miTxra’’, ,,misi
sityvebis azrs, mgoni, ver Cavwvdi’’ (,,Il me sempla qu’elle me disait – (Nerval
1985 :61)); ,,Je ne puis citer autre chose de cette conversation que j’ai peut-être mal entendue
ou mal comprise ‘’(Nerval 1985 :54)).
Tavisi gansakuTrebulobis dasamtkiceblad, avadmyofi wignebSi,
Jurnal-gazeTebSi eZiebs gzebs, niSnebs, romlebis mas saidumlo codnas
gaumxelen, radgan WeSmaritebis Secmobis maniakaluri survili
sakraluri codnis SeZenaSi gamoixateba da misticizmSi vlindeba:
,,kabalas ramdenime wigni Sevkribe da davewafe’’ (,,J’ai réuni quelques livres de
cabale. Je me plongeai dans cette études, et j’arrivai à me persuader que tout était vrai dans ce
qu’avais accumulé là-dessus l’esprit humain pendant des siècles’’(Nerval 1985 :52)).
suliT avadmyofebi sakuTar Tavs samyaros centrad miiCneven,
hgoniaT, rom samyaro maT garSemo brunavs. isini darwmunebulni arian,
rom samyaroSi, qaosis gamefebamde, adamiani iyo RmerTi, massaviT
Semoqmedi. moTxrobis mTxrobelis mtkicebiT, harmoniis damkvidrebis
SemTxvevaSi, adamians Tavisi RvTaebrivi warmomavlobac daubrundeba (,,Le
type commun des âmes humaines, dont chacune était à la fois homme et Dieu’’ (Nerval
1985 :53)).
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobels, iseve rogorc klinikis
mkvidrebs, esmis xmebi. fsevdohalucinaciis dros, realurisa da
ararsebuli xmebis garCevaa SesaZlebeli. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,
protagonists gamoafxizlebs qalis yvirili. igi darwmunebulia, rom
xma cxadSi Caesma. mTxrobeli eWvobs, rom intonaciisa da tembris
mixedviT, xma gardacvlil satrfos ekuTvnis: ,,es cocxali adamianis xma
iyo, Tumca me masSi orelias xma amovicani’’ (orelia nawarmoebis am
epizodSi ukve gardacvlilia-n.q.) (,,C’était la voix d’une personne vivante, et
pourtant c’était pour moi la voix et l’accent d’Aurélia’’ (Nerval 1985 : 47)).
SizofreniiT daavdebulebs garSemo mtrebi elandebaT da
eCvenebaT, rom viRacas unda SeebrZolon. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,
protagonisti uwyveti brZolisTvisaa mzad. pirveli misi mteri is
oreulia, romelic ,,motyuebiT’’ oreliaze daqorwinda: ,,Cems oreuls
52
elodnen, oreliasTan rom SeuRlebuliyo’’ (,,On enttendait mon double qui devait
épouser Aurélia’’ (Nerval 1985 :46)). megobrebma swored mTxrobelis oreuli
da ara Tavad mTxrobeli daixsnes cixidan: ,,Secdnen! Cems wasayvanad
movidnen da sxva gaanTavisufles’’ (,,Mais on se trompe! m’écriais-je, c’est moi
qu’ils sont venus chercher et c ‘est un autre qui sort !’’ Nerval 1985 :14)). nawarmoebis erT
epizodSi, protagonisti aRmosavleli ufliswuliviT Cacmul
axalgazrdas ebrZvis, romelic mas Zalian hgavs. sinamdvileSi,
ufliswuli misi aslia (Nerval 1985 :40). mTxrobels xSirad iaraRiT
emuqrebian. igive aRmosavleli ufliswuli tanisamosis qveS iaraRs
malavs, romelsac protagonistri mainc SeamCnevs: ,,xelSi gaurkveveli
iaraRi ekava’’ (,,Il portait à la main une arme dont je distinguais mal la forme’’ (Nerval
1985 :43)).
mTxrobeli ara marto halucinaciebsa da sizmrebSi ibrZvis. mas
realobaSic uwevs Cxubi: igi kliSis midamoebSi moCxubare muSebs da
policias aSvelebs. erT-erTi xilvis dros, mTxrobels eCveneba, TiTqos,
wminda estates eklesiasTan, armaniakebisa da burginionebis Cxubs
eswreba. (,,Je croyais s’élevaient autour de moi des fantômes des combattants . . ‘’ (Nerval
1985 :72.)).
sainteresoa erTi epizodi, sadac mTxrobeli sakuTar Tavs
napoleonTan aigivebs. fuas kafeSi igi acxadebs: Secdoma davuSvio.
mTxrobelis es gancxadeba yvelasTvis gaugebaria (,,J’ai fait une faute’’ (Nerval
1985 : 75)). sakuTar Tavze Seqmnil STabeWdilebas igi Tanxis
gadauxdelobis aRiarebiT gamoasworebs. sinamdvileSi, nervali
napoleonis Secdomebze miuTiTebs da ara fulis gadauxdelobaze.
a. diumas mogonebebis erTi epizodi imas mogviTxrobs, rom nervali
sakuTar Tavs napoleonTan aigivebda (Dumas1990 :162). napoleonis saxem
udidesi gavlena moaxdina XIX saukunis axalgazrdebis cnobierebaze.
nervalisTvis napoleoni iyo mesia, samyaros gadamrCeneli. Jiul
Janenisadmi miweril werils nervali awers: ,,G.Nap.’’, e. i. _ Jerar
napoleoni. nervalma napoleons oTxi sonetic miuZRvna (Benichou 2004 :
1760).N
SemoqmedebiTi potencialis mateba suliT daavadebulTa kidev
erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, siTamame (imis Tqma, rasac sxva ver bedavs)
53
da gadametebuli religiurobac. survilis nawilobrivi dakargva
(hipobulia) da sruli dakargva (abulia), nervalis TviTmkvlelobis
mizezi SeiZleba gamxdariyo. nervalma Tavisive avadmyofobis aRweras
Zalzed kargad gaarTva YTavi: misi halucinaciebi, zmanebebi, sizmrebi da
realoba urTierTkavSirSia. realurs da irealurs Soris kavSiri
mxolod nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi iZens mniSvnelobas.
mkiTxvels survili uCndeba CaeZios, gamoikvlios es kavSiri da erTi
halucinaciis saSualebiT meore axsnas.
J. delozis ganmartebiT ,,veluri gamocdileba’’ (sigiJe),
subieqturi qaosis suraTi, romelic yovelgvar struqturas
ugulebelyofs da amave dros, potenciur kreatiulobas gamoxatavs.
merlo-pontis azriT, huserlis fenomenologiisa da haidegeris
egzistencializmTan genetikurad dakavSirebuli cnobierebis
Tanamedrove koncefcia is Tanamedrove ,,metafizikaa’’, romelic
adamianis cxovrebis axsnas cdilobs. spinozas Tezisis mixedviT,
adamiani Tavis cxovrebas sxva sagnebTan da adamianebTan urTierTobisas
ayalibebs, radgan arseboba win uswrebs ars, rac merlo-pontis
intersubieqtur cnobierebaSi (arseboba-sxvisTvis) gamoixateba. jeims
hilmani yvelafris ,,bavSvobis wlebTan dakavSirebas’’ fsiqikis
terorizirebas uwodebs da adamianisadmi damokibulebas
postfreidistebsac uwunebs. misi azriT, imis nacvlad, rom
arqeologiviT, adamianis bavSvobis wlebSi yvela kiTxvaze veZioT
pasuxi, Cveni yuradReba imaze unda gavamaxviloT, Tu rogor dakarga
adamianma bavSvobasTan erTad warmosaxvis unaric. (Хиллман...on-lain
dok). swored warmosaxvas unda mieces absoluturi Tvisufleba da,
iungis analitikuri fsiqologiisgan gansxavebiT, aRiarebul iqnas ara
erTi monoTeisturi fsiqologia, romelic individualizaciis
universalur models miuaxlovdeba, aramed ,,poliTeisturi
fsiqologia’’, romelic aRiarebs warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unikalur,
TviTganviTarebad xasiaTs. nervalis cxovreba da misi moRvaweoba
mWidro urTierTkavSirSia: misi pirovnuli tragediis sawyis, nervalis
urwmunoebis fesvebi dedis adreul gardacvalebis faqts unda
davukavSiroT. nervalis bavSvobis wlebi misi Semoqmedebis, misi uSreti
fantaziis wyarod iqveva.
54
Jak deridas dekonstruqcia, romelic exmianeba haidegeris
destruqcias, rac teqstis siRrmiseul aRqmas, mis xelaxal gadakiTxvas,
stereotipis rRvevas da axal konteqstSi teqstis wakiTxvas gulisxmobs,
amitom nervalis nawarmoebi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnas
interpretirebuli. masSi furies socialuri utopiis gamoZaxili
SeiZleba amovikiTxod, SizofreniiT daavadebulis dRiurebad aRviqvad
an, Tundac, taros kartebis saidumloebac amovicnoT. moTxrobis _
,,orelia’’, protagonistis azrebi klinikaSi mkurnalobis dros misi
cxovrebis mogonebaa da ara aTi wlis Sromis nayofi. sabolood,
yvelaferi mainc uTqmeli rCeba, miniSnebis usasruloba Seucnobad
yofierebas sruliad faravs.
umberto eko, Tavis vrcel kvlevaSi _ ,,valuas nisli’’, romelic
nervalis novelis _ ,,silvi’’, kompoziciur Taviseburebebis kvlevas
eZRvneba, nervalsa da labrunize, rogorc or gansvavebul pirovnebaze
saubrobs da dasZens, rom Tu universitetis profesuras novelaSi _
,,silvi’’, labrunis biografiis nakvalevis amocnoba surT _ es maTi
nebaa, magram nawarmoebis swor interpretacias aseTi msjeloba ar
waadgeba (Эко 2006 45). eko im mosazrebas anviTarebs, rom labruni
marTlac fsiqikurad iyo daavadebuli, magram amas mweral nervalTan da
mis SemoqmedebasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. SesaZloa, silvi-sTan
mimarTebaSi es marTlac momgebiani mosazreba iyos, magram moTxroba _
,,orelia’’, nawarmoebi, romelSic ara marto biografiiT, aramed
nervalis sxva nawarmoebebiTacaa nasazrdoebi, nervalis biografiasTan
paralelebis gavlebas aucileblad saWiroebs.
Tavis cnobil werilSi, nervali madam diumas gamoutyda: ,,guSin
Tqvens meuRles Sevxvdi. …albaT getyodaT, rom Tavs ukeT vgrZnob, rom
goneba gadamewminda, Tumca CemTvis araferi Secvlila: rogoric viyavi,
iseTive var”. xolo moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia”, Tavis mdgomareobas
mwerali ase axasiaTebs: ,,Tavi ase kargad jer arasdros migrZvnia”
(Nerval 1985:23).
romantizmis epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqsperimentebi mxatvruli
nawarmoebis formasTan mimarTebaSi, ucxo ar iyo e.w. ,,mcire
romantikosTa” jgufis warmomadgenlis _ nervalisTvis. germaneli
romantikosebis kvaldakval, nervalis mier sinkretuli Janris Seqmnis
55
mcdeloba poeturi da prozauli teqstebis harmoniul SerwymaSi aisaxa.
rogorc ukve avRniSneT, moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’ ideur-Tematurad aris
dakavSirebuli novelebTan _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi” da lirikul
krebulTan _ ,,qimerebi”. yuradsaRebia am nawarmoebebis fabulaTa
msgavseba. am TvalsazrisiT, moTxroba _ ,,orelia” _ saintereso xdeba
ara marto rogorc damoukidebeli mxatvruli teqsti, aramed rogorc
nervalis mxatvrul-stilistikuri xerxTa Tviseburebis gamovlineba:
mwerlis ocneba, Seeqmna erTi diadi qmnileba, swored am sami
nawarmoebis erTian konteqstiT gaazrebaSi hpovebs asaxvas da
romantikosTa eqsperimentebs exmianeba. nervalis samive zemoxsenebul
nawarmoebs erTi, saerTo fabula aqvs: satrfos Zieba. rasakvirvelia,
satrfoSi ara marto realuri pirovneba SeiZleba moiazrebodes.
mwerali ,,oreliaSi” monaTxrobs ,,jojoxeTs STasvlas’’ adarebs,
Txrobas ki satrfos dakargvis mogonebiT iwyebs. samive nawarmoebis
fabulaTa msgavsebis fonze SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ,,orelia’’ iseve,
rogorc cecxlis qaliSvilebi da qimerebi, orfevsis Sesaxeb miTis
siuJeturi invariantis sxvadasxva versiaa, anu igi am miTis Tavisebur
kompilacias warmoadgens. es ki nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia ‘’ _ kompoziciis
kidev erTi Taviseburebaa.
fabulaTa msgavsebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, siuJetis warmomqmneli
elementebis, motivebis identurobac emateba. magaliTad: italiaSi
mogzaurobis epizodi, dabruneba valuas mxareSi, sadac Tavad mweralma
gaatara bavSvoba ramdenjerme aris gameorebuli. es msgavseba
laitmotivis arsebobad unda miviCnevT erTi avtoris sami nawarmoebis
farglebSi rogorc erTi hipoteqsti da ramdenime hiperteqti. swored aq
Cans nervalis rogorc mwerlisa da Semoqmedis novatoroba, radgan
nawarmoebis kompoziciis safuZvlad laitmotivebis gamoyeneba
damaxasiaTebeli xdeba ufro mogvianebiT, neoromantizmis, miTosur
azrovnebaze dafuZnebul mimdinareobebis, simbolizmisa da XX saukunis
miTolosuri romanisTvis. nervali, sakuTari Semoqmedebis farglebSic,
erTi siuJeturi invariantis sxvadasxva, damoukidebel nawarmoebebad
transformirebas ostaturad axerxebs. misi eqsperimenti warmatebuli
aRmoCnda: TiToeuli nawarmoebi damoukidebel mxatvrul-literaturul
formas inarCunebs, maTi wakiTxva mkiTxvels siamovnebas hgvris. ufro
56
gaTviTcnobierebuli mkiTxveli (mkiTxveli-modeli, idealuri
recipienti), nervalis novatorobas iwonebs da Semoqmedebis procesis
srulqmnis survilad aRiqvams. nervalis Semoqmedebis magaliTze
SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom romantizmis SemoqmedebiTma impulsebma
mniSvnelovan wilad ganapirobes evropuli kulturis ganviTareba XX
saukuneSi: axali miTologiis Seqmna, rac gamoarCevs fin de sсiècle da
postmodernizms.
laitmotivi rogorc literaturaSi gamoyenebuli musikaluri
termini, asaxavs dominantas, mwerlis erTi romelime nawarmoebis, an
mTeli Semoqmedebis farglebSi. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
dakarguli satrfos Zieba, laitmotivad gasdevs nervalis mTels
Semoqmedebas. laitmotivi Tematuri elementis saxes iZens da
warmoadgens mudmiv, SeiZleba iTqvas ,,kanonikur” gamomsaxvelobiT
saSualebas, romelic nervalis stilis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs
(Wilaia 1985:163). laitmotivi xSirad Tematurad erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebeli, an sxvadasxva Janrebis erTiani emociuri aRqmis
sawindari xdeba. bunebrivia, rom moTxrobis analizi nervalis sxva
nawarmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. iqmneba epikuri da lirikuli
nawarmoebebis jaWvi, romelSiac erTiandeba novelebi, leqsebi da mcire
zomis, Tundac daumTavrebeli epikuri Janris teqsti (,,orelia’’).
moTxrobas _ ,,orelia‘’, axasiaTebs unilinearuli ganviTarebis
siuJeturi qarga (Tu mwerlis mxatvrul amocanad realuris da
irealuris urTierTmonacvleobas CavTvliT), magram fabulis
ganviTarebis sworxazovneba nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II TavSive
wydeba. moTxrobis pirveli ori Tavi SeiZleba winasityvaobad,
eqspoziciad, CavTvaloT, romelic mkiTxvels mTeli nawarmoebis
mniSvnelobas da ideas acnobs (l’incipit in medias res) Tanmimdevroba _
/qmedeba_reacia/ _ nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, realuri da irealuris
amsaxveli epizodebis urTierTCanacvlebazea agebuli, magaliTad:
Sexvedra _ halucinaciebi, saavadmyofo _ sizmari. e. i. siuJeturi
kogezia realuri da irealuris daqvemdebarebul TanmimdevrobaSi
vlindeba.
57
miTi orfevsze moTxrobis _ ,,orelia‘’, siuJetur-semantikuri
safuZvelia. siuJetis warmomqmneli elementi, riTac Txrobis inicireba
xdeba, es realobaa, romelsac nervali gvixatavs: gaseirneba parizSi da
mis gareubnebSi, megobrebTan mxiarulad gatarebuli dro an Tundac
saavadmyofoSi mkurnaloba. nawarmoebis I nawilSi, romelic Tavebis
simciris miuxedavad iseTive zomisaa rac meore, homodiegesuri
mTxrobeli, vrceli Sesavlis Semdeg, aRiarebs, rom sizmari ,,meore
cxovrebaa’’ (,,Le rêve est une segonde vie’’(Nerval 1985:3)). igi xvdeba qals,
romelic satrfos agonebs. am moments, meyseulad, xilva enacvleba.
pirveladi amplifikacia xdeba korelaciuri elementis damatebiT.
qmedeba – protagonistis Sexvedra ucnob qalTan, romelsac igi
satrfos amsgavsebs. am TvalsazrisiT, xilva sapasuxo reaqciad
moiazreba. e. i. siuJetis konsruirebisas, amplifikacia zmanebebis,
sizmrebis da halucinaciebis xarjze xdeba. SemaerTebeli
konstruqciuli elementebis roli akisria reminiscenciebs da
avtoaluziebs, nervalis sxva nawarmobebTan (,,qimerebi’’ da ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’) moTxrobis transteqstualuri urTierTkavSirebis
xarjze.
arsebobs bevri mosazreba nervalis poetur krebulTan _ ,,qimerebi’’
_ mimarTebaSi. zogi mas taros kartebs da magias ukavSirebs, zogi ki
furies socialur utopias (Jean 1989:131). imazec ki msjeloben, aris Tu
ara es leqsebi erTi ideiT gaerTianebuli, Tu maTi erT krebulSi
Tavmoyra SemTxveviTia. Cveni mosazrebiT, es leqsebi mTlianobas
warmoadgens. leqsebis krebuli nervalis poeturi samyaros suraTia. igi
gzaa qaosidan harmoniamde. TiToeuli soneti erT romelime epoqas an
religias warmoaCens. magaliTad, meeqvse soneti _ ,,artemide’’, oqros
saukunes asaxavs (oqros saukunis miTologema orelias saTaurSi
amoikiTxeba-n.q.). leqsis bolos, bunebis saidumloebas farda aexsneba da
adamianebi samyaroSi TavianT adgils daimkvidreben. soneti exmianeba
S. furies da misi mimdevrebis mosazrebas, romlis mixedviT samyaro
did transformacias manam ganicdis, sanam adamianebi dakargul
harmonias daamkvidreben (es motivi oreliaSic JRers). taros kartSi 12
arkania, rac adamianis 12 vnebas Seesabameba. krebulSi QTormeti sonetia.
S. furies mixedviT, adamianis codvebs mecametec emateba _ harmonizmi
58
anu uniTeizmi. sainteresoa, rom nervalis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, cameti nawarmoebia gaerTianebuli. Tu qimerebis
saidumlos axsnas taros kartis mixedviT SesaZleblad miviCnevT,
romelic JorJ le bretonma Camoayaliba Tavis naSromSi, an maT Sarl
furies da furierizms mivusadagebT, aseve SeiZleba taros karti an
furies socialuri utopizmi gaxdes moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, analizis
sawindaric (Jerar de nervali moTxrobaSic _ ,,orelia’’ _ amoicnoba
taros kartis didi arkanebi (CamoxrCobili, dedofali . . . ) (Le
Breton...on-lain dok).
krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, aerTianebs rogorc sakuTriv
novelebs, aseve literaturul zRaprebs. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
nervalis sxva nawarmoebze miniSnebebi, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
gameorebadi, CarTuli _ kumulaciuri elementi. es teqstis frontaluri
analizis dros SeiZleba ar Candes, magram siRrmiseuli analizisas,
isini elifsisis an reziumirebis saxiT mainc vlindeba. analizis Sedegi
ki imis aRiareba iqneba, rom moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, jadosnuri
zRaparis, miTis da mcire zomis epikuri JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel
elementebs Seicavs. esec nawarmoebis kompoziciis Taviseburebis
maCvenebelia.
fantastikuri novelisgan gansxvavebiT, moTxrobas _ ,,orelia”,
mZafri fabula, movlenebis dramatuli ganviTreba ar axasiaTebs:
moTxroba asaxavs ara ,,SemTxvevas”, adamed – ,,process”, Tumca masSi
moqmedebis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba daculia (movlenebis
TanmimdevrobaSi mTxrobelis gancdebis da SegrZnebebis Tanmimdevrobac
igulisxmeba). moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia‘’, moqmedebis (movlenebi) mkveTrad
gamoxatuli upiratesoba ar SeiniSneba (le récit d’événement); igi ufro
aRwerilobiT principzea agebuli (le récit de pensées - Jouve 1997: 31). teqstSi
siuJeturi ,,Senakadebis’’ arseboba minimumamdea dayvanili, iseve rogorc
sxvaoba siuJetsa da fabulas Soris, magram ukve is, rom moTxrobaSi
miTosuri CarCo ar aris ugulebelyofili (pirovnuli miTis Seqmnis
mcdeloba), es faqti nawarmoebs literaturuli zRaprisgan mijnavs,
magram nawarmoebSi arsebuli kumulaciuri struqturuli elementebi
59
(erTi da igive movlenisa Tu qmedebis ramdenjerme gameoreba), zRapris
JanrTan mis siaxloveze metyvelebs.
maSasadame, Jerar de nervalis orelias, kompoziciis Tavisebureba
gamoixateba:
1) daumTavrebeli nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikaSi;
2) pirovnuli miTis CamoyalibebaSi;
3) moTxrobis _ ,,orelia”, novelebis krebulis _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi” da leqsebis _ ,,qimerebi” _ fabulaTa msgavsebaSi, rac
samives erT siuJetur invariantze agebul sxvadasxva nawarmoebad
ganixilavs;
4) avtobiografiulobaSi;
5) mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis samecniero kvlevad qcevis
mcdelobaSi;
6) Janrobrivi identifikaciis sirTuleSi: ,,orelia’’ rogorc
fantastikuri novelis, jadosnuri zRapris da moTxrobis
makonstruirebeli elementebis matarebelia. Txrobis mSvidi,
neitraluri stiliT, fsiqologiuri, subieqtur-Semfasebluri xasiaTiT
orelia mcire zomis romans uaxlovdeba.
II. IV. TxrobiTi instanciebis cvla Jerar de neralis novelaSi _
,,anJeliki’’
krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, novelebidan yvelaze
didtaniania ,,anJeliki’’. igi Tormeti nawilisgan Sedgeba. sainteresoa,
rom nervali TiToeuli Tavis periteqstSi sakmaod dawvrilebiT
gvacnobs novelis Tavebis Sinaars. rogorc moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
novelaSic Tavebad dayofa pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs: nawarmoebis
Tormeti Tavi Tormet werils ar gulisxmobs. faqrobrivad, nawarmoebSi
oTxi werilia, romlis mixedviT mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom werilebis
avtori SekveTiT istoriuli Sinaarsis nawarmoebis daweras cdilobs.
novelaSi arc konkretuli adresatia miTiTebuli da arc werilebis
avtori, Tumca periteqstSi miwerilia: ,,À M.L.D.’’(,,baton direqtors’’
(Nerval 1994 : 380); erTxel, Jerar de nervalic aris naxsenebi (Nerval
60
1994 :145). avtobiografiuli cnobebi, mogzauroba nervalis mSobliur
mxaresa da germaniaSi (nervalma 1938 da 1850 wlebSi germaniaSi
imogzaura), saSualebas gvaZlevs mTxrobelSi Tavad mwerali
vigulisxmod, Tumca es sakmaod gulubryvilo da araseriozuli
damokidebuleba iqneba. nervalis nawarmoebebs biografiuli xasiaTi
aqvs, magram mwerlis cxovrebis realuri epizodebi mis SemoqmedebiT da
esTetikur koncefciebs exmianeba. nervalis nawarmoebebis fiqcionaluri
samyaro imdenad asaxavs empiriul realobas, ramdenadac igi mxatvrul-
literaturuli teqstis daniSnulebas exmianeba da mwerlis miznebs
emsaxureba. v. tiupas sqemis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, avtobiografiuli
romani, an nebismieri naratiuli teqsti, avtobiografiisa da
biografiisgan gansxvavebiT, fiqciurobisken miiltvis. emociuri da
racionaluri sawyisi masSi naklebia, vidre dRiursa Tu mogonebeSi,
iseve rogorc _ naratiuloba (Тюпа-on-lain dok.). andre Jidi
mogonebebze agebul avtobiografiuli xasiaTis teqstebs naxevrad
gulrwfels uwodebs (,,Les mémoires ne sont qu’à demi sincères, si grand que soit le
souci de vérié’’). sapirispiro mosazreba aqvs f. moriaks, romelic dasZens,
rom fiqcia ar cruobs (,,La fiction ne ment pas’’) (Baudelle 1005 :231).
nervalis novela, romlis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSans
moulodneli kvanZis gaxsna unda warmoadgendes, mkiTxvels siuJetis
konstruirebiT da kompoziciiT xiblavs, vidre SinaarsiT. frankfurtis
bukinistTan mTxrobeli vinme abat bukuas Sesaxeb germanul-frangul
wigns waawydeba. wignis SeZenis nacvlad, safrangeTSi dabrunebuli
mTxrobeli biblioTekebSi mis moZiebas iwyebs. kvlevisTvis saWiro
istoriuli wyaroebis sapovnelad mTxrobels didi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba.
nacnobobis miuxedavad, igi wigns samkiTxvelo darbazebis sacavebSi ver
ipovis. bukuas sagvareulos istoriiT dainteresebuli, anaznad, abatis
Soreuli naTesavis, anJelikis dRiurebs aRmoaCens. mkiTxvels, samuSaos
SemkveTsa da werilebis adresats (savaraudod, gazeTis redaqtori),
rom ,,ar moswyindes’’, mTxrobeli, anJelikis dRiurebis mixedviT,
axalgazrda qalis Tavgadasavals hyveba.
erTi SexedviT, sasacilod gamoiyureba is faqti, rom erTi ambis
sanacvlod, avtori meores mogviTxrobs. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi,
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patareqstiT SecdomaSi Seyvanil mkiTxvels, SesaZloa cotaoden
gabrazebulsac, mwerali ,,miwaze daabrunebs’’. marTalia, mTxrobeli abat
bukuas Sesaxeb wigns eZebs, magram nawarmoebs ,,abat bukua’’ ki ara _
,,anJeliki’’ hqvia. Tavad mTxrobeli acxadebs, rom dainteresebul
mkiTxvels (,,samagaliTo mkiTxveli’’ _ umberto ekos gansazRvrebiT)
abat bukuas Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb imave avtoris (,,anJelikis’’
protagonisti) sxva nawarmoebSic SeuZlia waikiTxoso (Nerval 1994 : 171).
mTxrobelis es aRiareba novelis boloSia miwerili da novelis
ironiuli dasasruli, kidev ufro aRizianebs istoriuli da deteqtiuri
Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulT, romlebsac abatis Soreuli naTesavis
sasiyvarulo ambavi mouyves. Tu ironia, romelic nawarmoebis bolos
cxaddeba, novelis moulodneli kvanZis gaxsnad CaiTvleba, maSasadame,
swored aseTi saxiT mJRavndeba mwerlis novelis konstruirebis teqnika
da amaSi imaleba mwerlis mizanic.
novelis -_ ,,anJeliki’’, ZiriTad siuJetur qargas _ wignis Ziebas,
nervali kidev sxva ambiTac avsebs. anJelikis sasiyvarulo
Tavgadasavali abat bukuasTanaa dakavSirebuli: anJeliki bukuas
naTesavia, magram nawarmoebis II werilSi moTxrobili le pileris
tragikuli ambavi bukuas ojaxis istoriasTan araviTar kavSirSi ar
aris. ubralod, wignis Ziebis dros, mTxrobeli biblioTekaSi policiis
sammarTvelos Canawerebs waawydeba da ojaxuri dramis ambavs
mogviTxrobs. le pileris ambavma, novelis -_ ,,anJeliki’’, mTxrobeli
mxolod imiT daainteresa, rom mis Tvalwin ,,sazareli drama
gaTamaSda’’ (,,Tout une drame se déroula devant mes yeux’’ (Nerval 1994 : 95)). nervalis
ironiuli toni nawarmoebis am nawilSic aris SenarCunebuli, radgan,
kanonmorCili burJuasaviT, mwerali mkiTxvels imas uyveba, rasac
istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs da faqtebiTacaa dasabuTebuli. zemoxsenebuli
drama, rac ar unda tragikuli iyos siZisa da colisZmebis SuRli,
romelic mkvlelobiT dasrulda, srulebiTac ar hgavs romans (,,Ce n’est
pas un roman’’(Nerval 1994 :95)), anu sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavals. Txroba
policiuri gamoZiebis masalebs eyrdnoba da fiqciis Saravandeds
hkargavs. es aRiareba mTxrobels (implicitur avtors) mniSvnelovan
movlenad miaCnia: romani rom daewera, anu sasiyvarulo ambavi, mis
Txzulebas eWvis TvaliT Sexedavdnen da ar gamoscemdnen, amitom
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nawarmoebis dasawyisSive mTxrobeli acxadebs, rom romanebs ar wers:
cenzuris Sesaxeb axali kanonis masac eSinia da im jarimisac, romelic,
romanis dabeWvdis SemTxvevaSi, avtors da gamomcemels daekisrebaT.
jarima ki, mTxrobelis gamoTvliT, nawarmoebis gasamrjelos aRemateba:
,,Jurnal-gazeTebis Sesaxeb kanons mec SevuSindi’’ (,,Mais je commence à
m’effrayer aujourd’hui des condamnations suspendues sur les journaux pour la moindre
infraction au texte de la loi nouvelle’’(Nerval 1994 : 85)).
siuJeturi qargidan uCveulo gadaxvevas mTxrobeli imiT xsnis, rom
cenzuris kanonebs emorCileba. nervali 1850 wlis 16 ivlisis kanonze
mianiSnebs, romlis mixedviTac literaturul gazeTebsa da Jurnalebs
roman-felietonebis beWvda aekrZalaT (Nerval 1994 :380). eJen siu, viqtor
hiugo, onore de balzaki, nervalis megobari _ aleqsandre diuma,
swored aseTi romanebis didostatebi iyvnen. im droisTvis (1849),
nervals gamosaqveynebeli hqonda erTi aseTi saxis romani _ ,,markiz de
faioli’’. am tipis romani (roman-felietonebi) romantikosebis Janrul
mravalferovnebis moTxovnas akmayofilebda da XIX saukuneSi
damkvidrda kidec rogorc calke Janruli modifikacia
referenciulobisa da fiqcionalobis, dokumentalobisa da warmosaxvis
gasayarze. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom romanis rogorc literaturuli
Janris istoria, im mxatvrul- literaturuli teqtebis, romlebsac
romanebs vuwodebT, swored XIX saukunidan ikidebs fexs. romanze
saubrisas, m. baxtini am Janaris gansazRvis sirTuleebzec miuTiTebs. igi
aRniSnavs, rom romani erTaderTi Janria, romlis Camoyalibeba ar aris
dasrulebuli. misi azriT, romani axali epoqis pirmSoa, igi ,,Tavisi
adgilis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZvis’’. Tu sxva epoqebSi (klasicizmi,
antikuri epoqa) sxvadasxva Janri harmoniulad Tanaarsebobs da
erTmaneTs avsebs, romani maTgan gancalkevebiT dgas (literaturuli....
.2008 :30). m. baxtini aRniSnavs, rom epoqaSi, rodesac Tanamedrove romanma
popularobiT yvelas gauswro, sxva Janrebma ar dahkarges TavianTi
kanonikuri forma, magram moxda maTi ,,romanizacia’’, JanrTa
trasnsponireba (sakmarisia gavixsenoT j. baironis galeqsili don
Juani). mravalplaniani Tu erTplaniani romani, sxva Janrisgan
gansxvavebiT, ufro ,,moqnili’’ epikuri nawarmoebia, amitom misi
popularobac metia (literaturuli... .2008 :33).
63
nervalis novelebi da moTxrobebi, iseve rogorc literaturuli
zRaprebi, ar icaven Janris kanonikur formebs. nervali mkiTxvels
novelis kanonikuri Janris nacvlad, imxanad tabudadebul romans, anu
sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavals sTavazobs. nervalis mizani ara
kanonmorCilebaSi unda veZioT, aramed _ mis amboxSi.
XIX saukunis safrangeTSi, mwerals Tavisi mwiri honorarebiT Zlivs
gahqonda Tavi. roman-felietonebis periodul presaSi gamoqveyneba
avtorisTvis wignis gamocemis maRali tarifis Jurnal-gazeTebis dabali
tarifiT Secvlis SesaniSnav saSualebas warmoadgenda ise, rom
mkiTxvelis didi raodenobis mozidva yofiliyo ESesaZlebeli. novelis
(,,anJeliki’’) mTxrobelis wuxili da cezuris SiSi imdenad didi iyo,
rom momaval nawarmoebs mxolod ,,abat bukua’’ da ara ,,abat bukuas
daujerebeli Tavgadasavali’’ (sawyisi varianti) uwoda da dasZina:
,,arc me var romanisti’’ (,,Moi-même, qui ne suis pas un romancier’’ (Nerval 1994 :
85)). axla gasagebia, nervalma mkiTxveli ,,SecdomaSi’’ ratom Seiyvana:
rogorc literatori da Jurnalisti, igi ewinaaRmdegeboda cenzuris
uazro kanons da novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, misi gaqilikeba scada: erTi
ambis nacvlad mkiTxvels sxva ambavi (ara sasiyvarulo) SesTavaza da,
TiTqos ucabedad, sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavalic ,,Seapara’’. nervali da
misi novelis mTxrobelic, ise eSmakurad moiqcnen, rogorc Seherazada,
romelic sikvdiliT dasjis SiSiT, yovel Rame, sulTan Sahriars axal
zRaprebs uambobda. Jerar de nervalis novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, wignis
ZebniT iwyeba da misi povniT mTavrdeba. mesame werilSi naratori
biblioTekaris gasaocar ambavs mogviTxrobs. biblioTekaris sulis
gamocxadebis, iseve rogorc iadoniT movaWre qalis an ori
bibliofilis ambavi, novelis ZiriTad siuJetur qargas ar ukavSirdeba
(Nerval1994 :108,101). nerval-mweralSi nervali-Jurnalisti iRviZebs da
mkiTxveli (novelis savaraudo adresatad cenzurac moiazreba), sanam
gons moegebodes, novelis didostatis eSmakobis msxverpli xdeba.
novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, sxva, ufro vrceli nawarmoebis _ ,,yalbi
mariliT movaWreni’’ _ Semadgeneli nawili iyo (Nerval 1994 :380). es
ukanaskneli, 1850 wlis oqtomber-dekemberSi, literaturul JurnalSi _
,,Le National’’-Si gamoqveynda. Semdeg nervalma nawarmoebi daanawevra da,
64
1853 wels, erTi nawili sxva krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’_
gamosca. literaturul kritikaSi, anJeliki moixsenieba rogorc novela.
maSasadame, am mcire formis TxrobiT nawarmoebs originaluri mZafri
fabula da logikuri kvanZis gaxsna (puanti) unda axasiaTebdes
(Wilaia 1984 :226); magram nervalis novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mTxrobelis
mier sasurveli wignis povna Zalzed logikurad gamoiyureba: alogikuri
da paradoqsuli, swored, am wignis moZiebis SeuZlebloba iqneboda: amas
mwerali, novelis bolos, elifsisis klasikuri magaliTis saxiT
gvawvdis (Neravl 1994 :171). sawyis etapze, nawarmoebi gaSlil anegdotur
ambavs marTlac waagavs (Wilaia : 1984 :226). formis simciresa da mZafr
fabulasTan erTad (anJelikis ambavi), novelas asaxuli mxatvruli
movlenis erTianoba ar axasiaTebs (Rey 1992 : 114). nervalis ,,anJeliki’’ am
princips ewinaaRmdegeba: masSi, Senakadebis saxiT, ramdenime, ZiriTad
siuJetTan daukavSirebel ambavTan erTad, mwerali sami mTxrobelis
Semoyvanas axerxebs: pirveli es aris mTxrobeli, romelic abat bukuas
Sesaxeb wigns eZebs, meore _ anJeliki, romelic Tavis ambavs
mogviTxrobs da mesame _ anJelikis biZaSvili (kuzeni), romelic
naTesavis ambis gansxvavebul, SeiZleba iTqvas _ dramatul versias
sTavazobs mkiTxvels (Nerval 1994: 142). miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturul-
istoriuli viTareba novelis mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs, nervalis
novelis mcire forma, anegdoturi ambis gadmocema da genetikuri
safuZvlebi mas zRapars, an igavsac amsgavsebs. SesaZloa, amiT aixsneba
nawarmoebis parateqstic _ ,,anJeliki’’: axalgazrda qalis sevdiani
ambavi, im samoZRvrebo novelas mogvagonebs, romlebsac momaval Taobas
darideba-gafrTxilebisTvis uyvebian. nervali novelis am uZveles
Janrsac (samoZRvrebo novelebi) miagebs pativs.
anegdotisgan novela gadmocemuli ambis ara komikuri, aramed
tragikuli an sentimentaluri xasiaTiT gansxvavdeba. novelaSi _
,,anJeliki’’, ambavi, romelic ZiriTad siuJetur qargas gadmoscems,
sasacilod Tavad mTxrobelsac ki eCveneba: man frankfurtSi nanaxi
franguli wignis safrangeTSi moZieba ver SesZlo. cenzuris mesveurebma
mwerlis faruli ganzrazva rom ar amoicnon, aRiarebs _ weriTac veRar
vwero, da amas istoriuli xasiaTis narkvevis dasawerad masalis
simciriTa da uqonlobiT xsnis (Nerval 1994:103). marTlac sasaciloa,
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frangi Tavadis Tavgadasavali germaniaSi rom ipova da safrangeTSi _
ver (Nerval 1985 :173). mwerali mkiTxvels TavSesaqcevad sxva ambavs
sTavazobs: xan axalgazrda qalis sasiyvaruli Tavgadasavals, xan
realisturi xasiaTis Canaxats (,,Le canari’’- 102); xan Zvelfrangul
baladebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoketa mefe luim Tavisi urCi
qaliSvili dilegSi, magram satrfoze uari ver aTqmevina (,,Le roi Loys’’
(Nerval 1984:121), xan ki, Txrobas CrdiloeT safrangeTis da Tavisi
bavSvobis mogonebebiT avsebs. VI, IX,XII XII TavSi mTxrobeli sanlisis,
suasonis, Sanlisis, ermenonvilis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. safrangeTis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare mxaris aRwera realobis iluzias qmnis,
mTxrobelis codnas warmoaCens, istoriul atmosferos gadmoscems da
mkiTxvels safrangeTis istoriiT xiblavs. amave dros, mwerals
cenzurac SecdomaSi Sehyavs: mTxrobeli Tavis bavSvobis wlebs ixsenebs,
Zvel romaulsa da druidul wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, ris
fonzec subiequri ,,me’’-s wina planze wamoweva xdeba. istoriul
warsulSi wiaRsvla novelas dramatul elfers sZens, rac mkiTxvelis
warsuliT _ realobisgan gansxavebuli fenomeniT _ dainteresebas kidev
ufro metad ganapirobebs.
nawarmoebSi, realoba homodiegesuri mTxrobelis fsiqologiur
qronotops ukavSirdeba. moqmedeba germaniasa da safrangeTSi xdeba,
oqtombris dasasruls iwyeba da noemberis TveSi mTavrdeba, anu
gamoqveynebis Tanadroulia. Cveni azriT, nervalis mxridan, erT
nawarmoebSi epistolaruli, publicisturi da naratiuli Janrebis
gamoyeneba empiriuli sinamdvilis iluziis Seqmnas, ambis
damajereblobas emsaxureba. MmTxrobeli topografiul qronotops
maqsimalurad akonkretebs: 11 noemberi (121), 20 noemberi (122), 30 noemberi
(173), yvela wmindanis dRe, anu 1 noemberi (II werili), ,,SabaTs, dilis
Svid saaTze’’ (175). damajereblobis gasaZlireblad, mwerali werilebSi,
romelsac protagonisti, savaraudod, Tavis gamomcemels swers,
akonkretebs drosac da adgilsac; swored am misamarTze unda Catardes
auqcioni, sadac saZiebeli wigni gaiyideba (,,5 dekemberi, bruseli,
puasenis quCa #5’’ (Nerval 1994 :157)). nervalis cenzuras kidev erTxel
uxdis xarks: prolefsisis es magaliTi mxolod abnevs mkiTxvels,
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radgan sabolood, mTxrobeli sasurvel wigns _ ,,abat bukuas
Tavgadasavals’’ safrangeTSi ki ara _ bruselSi SeiZens (Nerval 1994 :171).
novelis dasawyisSi, frankfurtidan dabrunebuli mTxrobeli wigns
parizis biblioTekebSi ver moiZiebs: igi arc mazarinis (Nerval 1994 :117),
arc arsenalis da arc nacionalur biblioTekebSi ar Semonaxula (Nerval
1994 :109). mTxrobels erTaderTi gamosavali rCeba: protagonistma igi
bukinistebTan unda daZebnos. nervali, TiTqos, mwerlis funqciaze uars
ambobs da, JamTaaRmwerlis sizustiT, XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
parizis biblioTekebisa da bukinistebis samyaros gviRweres: misma
teqstma im epoqis cnobili frangi bukinistebis saxelebi Semogvinaxa:
fransi, merleni, teSneri. saubedurod, wigni arc fransTan arc
merlenTan ar aRmoCnda (Nerval 1994 :120). mTxrobelma es wigni
teSnerTanac ver naxa. moxuci wignebiT movaWre protagonists
saidumlod gaandobs, rom kerZo koleqcioneris sakuTrebis auqcionze
wigni gasayid nivTebs Soris iqneba (Nerval 1994 :121). kerZo koleqcioneris
savaraudo saxels nawarmoebis boloSi vigebT _ batoni motli (Nerval
1994:170), Tumca mTxrobeli didxans ar gvimxels mis vinaobas, romelic
teSnerisgan gaigo (Nerval 1994 :166). novelis protagonisti TiTqos
mkiTxvels eTamaSeba, intrigas agebs, cdilobs koleqcioneris
mniSvnelobas moklebuli vinaoba damalos, magram is, rom mTxrobeli
mis povnis imeds ar hkargavs, Tavgadasavals avanturistul elfers
sZens. nervali ostaturad Jonglirebs empiriuli realobis (XIX
saukunis parizuli cxovreba) epizodebiTaA da mxatvruli nawarmoebis
fiqcionaluri samyaroTi. igi publicistikasa da literaturul fiqcias
erTmaneTs uxamebs, amitom novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, Jerar de nervalis
mxatvruli samyaros konstruirebis, mis mxatvrul-literaturul
teqstebSi, realurisa da irealuris monacvleobis TvalsazrisiTac
aris saintereso. nervali agebs metadiegesur samyaros, qmnis
metaTxrobis precendens (Женетт 1998 :411). Tu moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
realuri da irealuri erTmaneTs upirispirdeba da enacvleba erTi
warmosaxviTi, fiqcionaluri samyaros farglebSi, amjerad nervali,
mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, qmnis fiqcionalur da garefiqcionalur
samyaroTa Tanaarsebobis iluzias, garRvevas, metalefsiss: erTi mxriv _
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abat bukuas Sesaxeb wignis Zieba, romelic mkiTxvelis mier empiriul
realobasTan igivdeba, meore mxriv _ anJelikis dRiurebi, romelic,
wignis moZiebasTan mimarTebaSi, literaturul fiqciad aRiqmeba.
mTxrobels cenzuris ganawyenebis imdenad eSinia, rom TviT abat bukuas
pirovnebis arsebobis faqts eWvis qveS ayenebs: ,,am pirovnebis arsebobis
damadasturebeli sabuTebi ar arsebobs. . . samsjavroze Tu wamomaZaxes
ra mivugo _ grafi bukua wignis gamogonili personaJi, avtoris
warmosaxvis nayofia-meTqi? ’’ ,,Il n’y a pas un légiste qui ne fût fondé même à
l’existence matérielle de l’individu . . . Que répondre à un substitut qui s’écrierait devant le
tribunal: le compte de Bucquoy est le personnage fictif, créé par la romanesque imagination de
l’auteur ?’’ (Nerval 1994 :93). novelaSi damajereblobis efeqtis Seqmna
imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom mwerali, keTilsindisieri redaqtoriviT,
nawarmoebis bolos, Txrobis procesSi daSvebul uzustobebs asworebs
(Nerval 1994 :171). es miTiTebebic nervalis novelas metadiegesur xasiaTs
sZens: erT mxriv, publicisturi nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesi,
redaqtorTan mimowera da wignis Ziebis procesis dawvrilebiT aRwera
da, meore mxriv, sabralo anJelikis ambavi (SenakadebiT). amave dros,
xdeba savaraudo adresatis Tu idealuri recipientis konkretizacia
(metalefsisis magaliTi), am ukanaskneliT da fiqtiuri mkiTxvelis
instanciebiT manipulireba.
novelaSi kvanZis gaxsna deteqtiuri nawarmoebis dasasruls
mogvagonebs. bolos vigebT, rom abat bukuas Tavgadasavlis Sesyidva
Tavad bukinist teSnersac da nacionaluri biblioTekis
warmomadgenelsac (romelsac mTxrobelma Tavis droze igive wignis
moZieba sTxova) hqoniaT ganzraxuli (Nerval 1994: 166). maTi dainteresebis
Sesaxeb mkiTxveli da mTxrobelic erTad Seityoben: orivesTvis es
moulodneli aRmoCndeba. protagonistTan erTad, mkiTxvelic, erTi
mxriv, wignis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli, meore mxriv _ mTxrobelTan
erTad, am wignis da Tavad graf bukuas warmomavlobazec eWvobs. aseT
moulodnel dasasruls, vfiqrobT, ori mizezi SeiZleba hqondes:
1) Tu grafis warmomavloba istoriulad ar iqneba
dadasturebuli mTxrobels, momavali istoriuli Txzulebis
avtors, axali kanonis mixedviT romanebis weraSi dasdeben
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brals da mas da literaturuli Jurnalis mflobelsac
daajarimeben;
2) Tu aqamde, mkiTxveli mTxrobels (abat bukuas ambis)
konkretul avtorTan aigivebda (metadiegesisis farglebSi),
axla mTxrobeli yovlismcodne rodi Cans: igi nawarmoebis
fiqcionalur samyaroSia ,,gamomwyvdeuli’’. manac imdenive
icis, rac novelis mkiTxvelma. es ki, nervalis Canafiqrs xdis
fardas: winamdebare Txzuleba publicistikas an istoriuli
xasiaTis narkvevs hgavs: mweralma faqtualuri masalis
mosapoveblad Zalisxmeva ar daiSura, magram publicisturis
nacvlad mxatvruli nawarmoebi Seqmna da mkiTxvels
mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis fiqcionaluri samyaro
SesTavaza.
novelaSi Tavad bukuas pirovneba idumalebiTaa moculi. mTxrobeli
ambobs: ,,bukuas Zebna ganvagrZe’’ (,,Je continue à faire chercher le prétendu conte du
Buquoy’’ (Nerval 1985 : 92)). esec nervalis novelas deteqtiur JanrTan
aaxlovebs. nervalis novelas _ ,,anJeliki’’, klasikur deteqtiuri
nawarmoebis Tvisebebi gaaCnia: masSi mTxrobeli abat bukuas wignis
moZiebis Sesaxeb Tanmimdevrulad mogviTxrobs. Tavad graf bukuas ambavs
saidumlod tovebs, rom istoriuli pirovnebis vinaobaSi eWvi ESeitanos.
mkiTxvels TandaTan miewodeba kvlevisTis saWiro informacia, amitom,
ambis dasasruls, mas sakuTari marTebuli daskvnis gamotana ar uWirs.
nervalis mier realuri, empiriuli samyaro maqsimalurad obieqturobiT
aris daxatuli (moTxrobisgan _ ,,orelia’’ gansxvavebiT). mkiTxveli didi
Zalisxmevis gareSec ikvlevs gzas da sazRvras, ra aris Cveuli da
piriqiT – uCveulo. personaJebis qceva stereotipulia, maTi
fsiqologiuri portretebi gamWvirvalobiT gamoirCeva. maTi saqcielic
advilad amosacnobia.
nervalis novelaSi siuJetis aprioruli agebis wesi XIX saukunis
tradicias Seesabameba, magram klasikuri deteqtivi faqtobrivad
gamoricxavs Secdomas, romelic anaznad SeiZleba iqnas daSvebuli:
deteqtivSi xom yovel Secdomas Tavisi mizezi aqvs (SecdomaSi erTi
ambis sanacvlod meoris Txrobas vgulisxmobT –n.q.). deteqtiuri Janris
pirveli nawarmoebebad edgar alan pos novelebia miCneuli, magram
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deteqtiuri elementebi, romlebic fantastikuris qveJanrs axasiaTebs,
adrec iyo gamoyenebuli sxva cnobili mwerlebis mier (,,Savi romani’’,
tragikuli ambebi’’).
deteqtivis centralur figuras warmoadgens maZiebeli, igi SeiZleba
iyos profesionali an moyvaruli. nervalis nawarmoebis mTxrobeli
profesionali Jurnalistia. avtori ar ayovnebs da meti damajereblobis
da sarwmunoebisTvis, mkiTxvels sakuTar saxelsa da gvars axsenebs: ,, es
dokumenti mkiTxvelisTvis, sasiamovno batoni Jerar de nervalisTvis,
moviZie’’ (,,Lecteur sympatique de M.Gérard de Nerval et désirant lui être agréable, je lui
communique le document ci-joint . . .’’(Nerval1985 :145)). am konkretul SemTxvevSic,
saqme gvaqvs iseT movlenasTan, romelsac metalefsisi ewodeba.
ritorikaSi metalefsisi metonimiis nairsaxeobas aRniSnavs, ormag
metonimias. Jerar Jenetma am cnebas sxva datvirTva SesZina: man
fiqcionaluri samyaros garRvevas metalefsisi uwoda, rac mTxrobelis
an eqstradiegesuri adresatis diegesur samyaroSi, an diegesuri
personaJebis metadiegesur samyaroSi SeWras gulisxmobs. Jenetma
metalefsisis transgresiul bunebas gausva xazi (Genette 1972: 285) da
aRniSna, rom aseTi saxis transgresiuli movlena axasiaTebs rogorc
klasikur teqstebs (deni didro), aseve _ Tanamedrove nawarmoebebsac
(m. prusti, Jak rulo, klod klotzi).
metalefsisi TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis Canacvlebazea
agebuli. naratiul teqstebSi TxrobiTi komunikaciis TamaSis (le jeu sur
les niveaux) sami SemTxveva gamoiyofa: CarCoiani moTxrobebi, teqsti
teqstSi (mise en abime) da metalefsisi. swored metalefsisi Txrobisa
da fiqciis urTierTCanacvlebiT xorcieldeba, romelic moulodneli
xasiaTisaa da mkiTxvelis gakvirvebas an ironias iwvevs (Reuter 2005 :57).
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, metalefsisi novelis (,,anJeliki’’) bolosac
fiqsirdeba. nawarmoebi ironiul xasiaTs atarebs. mTxrobeli aRiarebs,
rom nawarmoebis erT-erT werliSi, naxsenebia vinme Jerar de nervali.
erT-erTi werili misi Ziebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. novelis _
,,anJeliki’’, konkretuli avtori gviyveba im ambavs, romlis personaJi
Tavadaa. am SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba metalefsisi da xdeba
ontologiuri samyaros sazRvrebis garRveva: xdeba abstraqtuli
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avtoris konkretizacia, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, implicituri da
eqsplicituri avtorebis Tanxvedra. sawyisi ambis mTxrobeli
eqtradiegesuria, radgan igi moTxrobili ambis diegesisSi ar
monawileobs (anJelikis werilebi) da amavdroulad _
heterodiegesuric, radagan ambis nawils (bukuas Sesaxeb wignis moZieba)
gviyveba, romelSic igi wigns daeZebs. novelis mTxrobeli pirveladi
mTxrobelia: igi gviyveba frankfurtSi wignebis gayidvis Sesaxeb da im
mizanzec, ramac germaniaSi Caiyvana. Sesabamisad, novelis mTxrobeli
eqstradiegesuria (pirveladi) nawaroebis im nawilSi, romelic,
TiTqosda, publicistur xasiaTs atarebs. dRiurebis Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, igive mTxrobeli intradiegesuria, anu _ meoreuli. es
mosazreba nawarmoebis parateqstis _ ,,anJeliki’’ _ literaluri
xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli da, rasakvirvelia,
Tu mkiTxveli nervalis Canafiqrs Caswvdeba: sasiyvaruli ambis
SeparviT moyola; Tumca, pirvelis wakiTxvisas (le récit premier), ambis
mTxrobeli, romelic novelis avtorTan igiveobis iluzias qmnis, aris
pirveladi da, aqedan gamomdinare, anJeliki _ meoreuli
(eqstradiegesuri), qalis naTesavi ki _ mesame (intra/heterodiegesuri).
am TvalsazrisiT, parateqsti rematuli xasiaTis iqneba (Rhématique), anu
nawarmoebis meorexarisxovan personaJebTan dakavSirebuli. rogorc
vxedavT, nervali Tavis novelaSi xSirad mimarTavs TxrobiTi
komunikaciis doneebis TamaSs, rac parateqstis aRqmis mraval
SesaZleblobaSic vlindeba.
nervalis nawarmoebi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mkvlelobis Tu qurdobis
gamoZieba araa. Sesabamisad, masSi arc dazaralebuli an msxverplia
vinme. am TvalsazrisiT, novela klasikur deteqtiur Janrs ar hgavs.
nawarmoebSi gamomZiebels (maZebeli) marto erTi damxmare ar hyavs,
rogorc bevr deteqtiuri Janris novelaSia xolme: wignis mopovebaSi mas
bevri adamini exmareba, rogorc zRapris protagonisti, romelic
siZneleebis gadalaxvas sxvaTa daxmarebiT axerxebs. damxmare
personaJebis cvla siuJetis cvlazea damokidebuli: jer mTxrobels
nacionaluri biblioTekis TanamSromeli aRmouCens daxmarebas, Semdeg _
teSneri, bibliofili. mogzaurobis dros, mTxrobels bavSvobis
megobari _ silveni axlavs (mTxrobelis bavSvobisdroindeli megobari
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silveni, krebulis _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebis’’, kidev erT novelaSi _
,,silvi’’, aris naxsenebi). novelis _ ,,anJeliki’’, eWvmitanili – Tavad
bukuaa, radgan mTxrobels (da masaTan erTad mkiTxvelsac) ara marto
mis Sesaxeb wignis povna, aramed – misi vinaobis dazustebac ainteresebs.
mokled rom vTqvaT, nervalis novelebi a. greimas aqtanturi sistemis
(personaJebis semiotikuri modeli) sailustraciod gamodgeba (Jouve
1997:52).
nawarmoebSi ori sxvadasxva, ZiriTadi ambavia aRwerili: erTi XIX
saukuneSi xdeba, meore XVII-Si. marTalia anJelikis Tavgadasavali
sasiyvarulo ufroa, magram kuzenis mier Tavisi naTesavis Sesaxeb
naambobi monaTxrobs yovelive romantikuls akargvinebs. anJelikis
vreceli dRiuris wakiTxvis Semdeg, mkiTxveli qaliSvilis mier
movlenebis araadekvaturad aRqmaSi darwmundeba. mkiTxveli anJelikis
Tavgadasavals aRar ganixilavs rogorc sasiyvarulo ambavs. monaTxrobi
axalgaxrda qalis winaSe qmris danaSaulebrivi da Seuracxmyofeli
saqcielis aRwerad iqceva, Tavad ,,dRiurebi’’ Kki _ deteqtivis siuJetad.
nervalma erT novelaSi orze meti ambis gadmocema moaxerxa, romelic
sxvadasxva saukuneSi viTardeba da, cenzuris sapasuxod, faqtebiTac
daadastura.
rogorc avRniSneT, novelaSi sami mTxrobelia. Txrobis momenti
novelis dasasruls aris mowodebuli. ori ambavi, bukuas wignis Zieba
da anJelikis sasiyvarulo istoriac, retrospeqtulia Txrobis
momentTan mimarTebaSi. novelSi orive ambavi erTmaneTis paralelurad
viTardeba: erTi axlo warsulSi, meore _ SoreulSi. yvela SemTxevaSi
Txroba retrospeqtulia, anaqroniuli. ganarCeven gare, Sida da Sereul
analefsisebs. gasarkvevi rCeba, Tu ramdenad emTxveva erTi moTxrobili
ambis xangrZlivoba ZiriTadi ambis ganviTarebas. gare analefsisis
SemTxevavSi (analepses externe), meore ambavi pirvelisgan damoukideblad
viTardeba. Sida analefsisis dros (analepses interne), erTi ambavi meoreSi
aris SeWrili. Sereuli analefsisis dros (analepces mixte), distancia
meore ambis pirvelTan mimarTebaSi didia, nawarmoebis bolos igi
ZiriTadi ambis drosa da sivrceSi ganviTarebas emTxveva. arsebobs
heterodiegesuri analefsisi, rodesac meore ambis diegesisi ar
utoldeba ZiriTadisas, da homodiegesuri analefsisi, rodesac pirveli
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ambisa da ZiriTadi ambis Tanxvedra xdeba. nervalis novelaSi _
,,anJeliki’’, gare analefsisi figurirebs (Женет 1998 :397).
novelaSi CarTul ambebTan mimarTebaSi (iadonis ambavi,
biblioTekaris sulis gamocxadeba, ori bibliofilis ambavi), abat
bukuas ambis mTxrobeli homodiegesuria: igi mowme xdeba rogor uTxra
moxuc qals Citebis gamyidvelma iadonis yidvaze uari (Nerval1994 :83).
heterodiegesuria mTxrobeli, rodesac mojadovebuli zaris ambavs
ixsenebs, radgan es ambavi sxvisgan moismina. novelaSi intradiegesuri
naratoric figurirebs (Nerval 1997 : :25). anJelikis ambavis komentirebis
dros, abat bukuas mTxrobeli meoreuli mTxrobelia igi anJelikis
ambavs mkiTxvels uyveba da is, rac am axalgazrda qals gadaxda, am
ukanasknelis dRiuridan icis. Sesabamisad, nervali novelaSi _
,,anJeliki’’, metadiegesur samyaros qmnis, romelic sxvadasxva diegesisis,
mTxrobelis statusis, TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis instaciebis
cvlaSi vlindeba. nervali cdilobs Tavis novelas maqsimaluri
damajerobloba SesZinos. es arCevani mwerlis mxatvrul mizans
emsxureba: man, mkiTxevlis winaSe, iseTi ambavi unda waradginos, romlis
utyuarobaSi aravis epareba eWvi da didZali jarimac aicdinos. amave
mizans emsaxureba mwerlis mier arCeuli epistolaruli Janric,
romelic faqtobriv masalazea agebuli, magram werilebi, rogorc
pirveli ambis (abatis) ESesaxeb, romelic mTxrobels ekuTvnis, aseve _
anJelikis, epistolaruli urTierTobis klasikur magaliTs ar
warmoadgenen. arc werilebi da arc intimuri dRiurebi erTmaneTan
mimarTebaSi polisubieqturi araa. isini arc dialogis modelia, radgan
pirvelis (abat bukuas ambavi) adresati savaraudod gamomcemelia, meore
_ dRiurebis saxes atarebs da inspirirebulia anJelikis
Tayvanismcemlis mier. Tayvanimcemlis pirveli sasiyvarulo
baraTi anJelikis dRiurebs ,,qanqaras principiT’’ ar agebs. erTi werili
(Tayvanismcemlis) anJelikis Tavgadasavlebis mizezi ki gaxdeba, magram
anJelikis adresati arc misi Tayvanismcemeli da arc naTesavia, romelic
mxolod anJelikis ambis boloSi gamoCndeba. anJelikis werilebi
klasikuri ,,epistolaruli monodiebis’’ magaliTs mxolod imiT
uaxlovdeba, rom mimoweraSi udidesi mniSvneloba pirveli
(Tayvanimcemlis werili) da bolo _ naTesavis werils eniWeba (Женетт
73
1998 :413). orive mimowera (mTxrobelis savaraudod gamomcemelTan da
anJelikis) kreatiul komunikaciur strategias emsaxureba. abat bukuas
wignis Ziebis SemTxevaSi, mTxrobelis werilebi dialogis, replikis
funqcias iTavseben nawarmoebis mxolod erT nawilSi, rodesac xdeba
implicituri da eqsplicituri avtoris Tanxvedra. X werilSi
mTxrobeli adresatisgan (romelic kvlav ucnobi rCeba) or miRebul
werils pasuxobs. mTxrobeli mkiTxvels am werilebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb
Zalian mokled, reziumes saxiT, sapasuxo werilSi mouTxrobs.
belgiidan mosul werilSi ki Tavad nervalic aris moxseniebuli,
rogorc abat bukuas ambis mkvlevari, Tumca werilis avtori kvlav
ucnobi rCeba. mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gamovTqvaT, rom werlebis
avtori, saZiebeli nawarmoebis konkretuli avtoria (abstraqtuli
avtoris konkretizirebuli instancia). mTxrobelis sapasuxoT,
belgiidan biblioTekaris pasuxSi vkiTxulobT: ,, . . . .minda rameSi
gamovadge iseT sasiamovno pirovnebas rogoric Jerar de nervalia’’
(,,Lecteur sympatique de M. Gérard de Nerval et désirant lui être agréable, je lui communique
le document ci-joint . . .’’(Nerval 1994 :145)). epistolaruli da sakuTriv
naratiuli Janrebis erT novelaSi gamoyeneba droTa TamaSzec
miuTiTebs: werili ambis da Txrobis droTa Tanafardobis efeqts qmnis
(scena _ ad=Td), rasac emateba analefsisiT gamoxatuli movlenaTa
retrospeqtiva. swored amitomaa saintereso novelaSi droTa Tanxvedra.
nervali, asociciaciis wyalobiT, warsulis (anJelikis ambavi _ XVII
saukune) da awmyos (abat bukuas wignis Zieba _ XIX saukune) erT
novelaSi gaerTianebas ostaturad axerxebs (wignis Ziebis dros
mTxrobeli abatis didedas werilebs waawydeba) (Nerval 1994 :109).
anJeliki Tavis bolo werils biZaSvils swers. anJelikis naTesavi
aris intredegesuri narateri (Nerval 1994 :26) axalgazrda qalis danarCeni
werilebis konkretuli adresati dasaxelebuli ar aris, anu igi
eqstradiegesur naraterzea gaTvlili, magram bukuas ambis mkvlevari,
uneblied, anJelikis adresati xdeba, e.w. narateri da Tavis statuss ar
icvlis: igi estradiegesur naraterad rCeba.
radgan anJeliki Tavis Tavgadasavalsa da SegrZnebebs Zalze
subieqturad aRiqvams da gadmoscems, ambavi misi TvalTaxedviT aris
74
gadmocemuli, Sesabamisad saqme Sida, anu romelime personaJze
morgebul fokalizaciasTan gvaqvs (La focalisation interne (Jouve1999 :33)),
rodesac igive ambis gansxvavebul versias anJelikis naTesavi hyveba,
mTxrobelis SecvlasTan erTad fokalizacia ar icvleba: igi aseve
Sidaa, radgan erTsa da imave ambavis sakuTar xedvas anJelikis naTesavi,
gesankuri gvTavazobs (Нерваль 1985155). abat bukuas ambavs wignis
maZiebeli mkiTxvels (an naraters) sakuTari konemtarebiT awvdis, magram
igi amas gulsgareT, samagaliTo JunalistiviT akeTebs. axalgazrda
qalis mier dRiurebis Sesaxebac uinteresod hyveba iseve, rogorc misi
naTesavis mier, sruliad saporispirod danaxul igive ambavs, amitom
saqme gare fokalizaciasTan gvaqvs (Le focalisation externe).
abat bukuas wignis Zieba erTxel aris moyolili, ambis Txroba
Tanamimdevrulia: wignis Ziebis dasawyisidan misi SeZeniT damTavrebuli
(erTjeradi Txroba). anJelikis ambavi samjer aris moTxrobili
(mravaljeradi Txroba): pirvelad abatis ambis maZiebeli (novelis
ZiriTadi mTxrobeli, nawarmoebis eqsplicituri da implicituri
avtori) mas reziumirebis saxiT hyveba, qalis sasiyvarulo gancdasa da
mis uiRblo siyvarulis istorias ramdenime striqonSi atevs. Semdeg
igive ambavs hyveba Tavad anJeliki, da bolos _ anJelikis biZaSvili.
Txrobis momentis ambavTan mimarTeba intimur dRiurebSi Tu werilebSi
Sereul xasiTs iZens. erTi mxriv, dRiurebisa da werilebis dialoguri
formidan gamomdinare, ambis Txrobis dro Txrobis momentis
Tanadrouli unda iyos (La narration intercalée (Jouve 1999 :36)) da Txrobis
mometis momdevno (La narration ultérieure ( Jouve 1999 :36)). anJelikis werilebi,
Tu maT dialogis formad miviCnevT ucnob, igi homodiegesur naraterze
unda iyos gaTvlili, magram hetero da intradiegesur naratateris
(mkiTxvelis) xelSi aRmoCndeba, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, Txrobis
momentTan mimarTebaSi, novelaSi momxdarzea saubari (La narration ultérieure).
abat bukuas wignis Ziebis dros, saqme Sereul SemTxevasTan gvaqs (La
narration intercalée): novelis mTxrobelis sxva personaJebTan Sexvedrebis
dros (dialogis SemTxvevaSi) Txrobis droisa da momentis Tanxvedra
xdeba (La narration simultanée ( Jouve 1999:36), rac sinamdviles ar Seesabameba,
magram logikurad SesaZlebalia. anJelikis werlebis SemTxvevaSi,
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novelis igive mTxrobelis mier warsuli ambis (wignis Ziebis procesi
da bukuasTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, maT Soris anJelikis werilebic)
moyolisas, Txrobis moments ambavi uswrebs win (La narration ultérieure).
mxolod erT epizodSi, rodesac novelis mTxrobeli mosalodnel
auqcionze da Tavis gegmebze saubrobs, Txrobis momenti win uswrebs
Tavad ambavs (La narration antérieure (Jouve 1999 :36)).
Sesabamisad, novelaSi damajereblobis efeqti (effet de réel) iqmneba,
ambis gadmocemis gameorebiT, metalefsisiT (transgresiiT) da TxrobiTi,
naratiuli instanciebis (naratori) cvliT, gare da Sida fokalizaciis
monacvleobiT. amave dros, nervali qmnis metamoTxrobas (métarécit),
moTxrobas moTxrobaSi (Genette 1972 :239), romelsac hyavs Tavisi
mTxrobeli da mkiTxvels literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
uyveba.
damajereblobis efeqtis Seqmnis sailustraciod gamodgeba
nervalis kidev erTi novela _ ,,emili’’. novelaSi mogviTxroben
axalgazrda samxedros sevdiani ambis Sesaxeb. oTaxSi Tavmoyrili
adamianebi deroSis TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb bWoben da surT gaigon, ram
aiZula aseTi vaJkaci qristianisTvis Seuferebeli da miuRebeli
saqcieli Caedina.
nervali novelaSi ramdenjerme cvlis mTxrobels:
I. Tavdapirvelad ambavs eqstra/homodiegesuri mTxrobeli gviyveba,
romelic mkiTxvels deroSis TviTmkvlelobas amcnobs da eWvi Seaqvs
mis saqcielSi (Nerval 1994 :291);
II. Txrobas agrZelebs intradiegesuri mTxrobeli (mRvdeli).
sainteresoa, rom mis moTxrobil ambavSi, igi yvela epizodis mowme ar
yofila, magaliTad: deroSis mier axalgazrda germaneli memaqmanis
gacnoba. maT Sexvedras yovelTvis sxva eswreba (qaliSvilis deida).
meoreuli mTxrobeli axalgazrdebis siyvarulis Sesaxeb Tavad
deroSisgan igebs da germaniaSi maT dasaqorwineblad Cadis (Nerval
1994 :293);
III. ambis damajereblobis efeqtis gasaZliereblad, nervali bevri
mwerlis nacad xerxs mimarTavs: Txrobis procesSi mas abstraqtuli
avtori Semohyavs. am epizodSi xorcieldeba metalefsisi, rac
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abstraqtuli avtoris konkretizaciaSi, intra/heterodiegesuri
mTxrobelis yovlismcodne mTxrobelad gardaqmnaSi vlindeba (Nerval
1994 :296);
IV. adamianis Sinagani buneba, misi samyaro amoucnobi da
saidumloebiT moculia. yvelaze ukeT pirovnebis Sesaxeb Tavad igi
moyveba, amitom nervali novelis nawils, sadac deroSis ucnaur
saqciels exdeba farda _ deroSi brZolis sacolis mamas dros hklavs
_ Tavad deroSs ayolebs (Nerval 1994 :300);
V. nervalis amas ar sjerdeba da kidev erTxel cvlis mTxrobels.
ambavs meoreuli mTxrobeli _ mRvdeli, agrZelebs. amjerad igi ambis
mowmea, anu intra/homodiegesuri mTxrobelia. am ukanasknelis sityvebiT
sruldeba novelac da msmenelebs deroSis saqcielis marTebulobaSi
eWvi aRar eparebaT (Nerval 1994 :301);
rogorc vxedavT, nervali, damajereblobis efeqtis misaRwevad,
cvlis TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebs da instanciebs. novelaSi _
,,anJeliki’’, igi ,,CarCoiani novelebis’’ agebis xerxs iyenebs: erTi patara
nawarmoebis farglebSi sxvadasxva ambavs sxvadasxva mTxrobeli
mogviTxrobs (Le récit emboîté généralisé). ironiis miRma imaleba mxatvrul-
literaturuli teqstis metadiegesuri konstruqciis Seqmnis survili.
igive xdeba novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, amjerad, damajereblobis efeqti erTi
ambis danawevrebis, sxvadasxva mTxrobelis Semoyvanis xarjze iqmneba.
novela _ ,,oqtavi’’ aseve ,,CarCoian novelebs’’ SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT,
magram novelisgan _ ,,anJeliki’’, igi imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mTxrobelis
werili novelis farglebSi calke ambis saxiT ar aris Setanili.
yovelive es awmyosa da warsulis, realuri da warmosaxviTi samyaros
Soris sazRvrebis waSlas emsaxureba (Le récit emboîté ponctuel (Reuter 2005: 57)).
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II. V. ornamentuli prozis raoba da misi mniSvneloba Jerar de
nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
ornamentuli prozis cneba farTea da fundamentuli.
ornamentalizmi teqstSi mxolod sityvaTa TamaSi rodia (Baudelle 2005 :30).
ornamentuloba efuZneba simbolizmisa da modernizmisTvis
damaxasiTebel azrovnebasa da msoflmxedvelobas, romelic Tavisi
arsiT miTopoeturia. ornamentul prozaSi (discours orné) iseTi saxis
teqstebi moiazreba, romlebic poeziis gavlenas ganicdian, rac
miTosuri azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. miTosuri azrovneba
kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi vlindeba: filosofiasa da poetikaSi,
fsiqologiaSi... ornamentul prozaze saubrisas erTmaneTisgan unda
gavmijnoT sakuTriv naratiuli teqtebi da iseTebi, romlebic poezias
uaxlovdeba, anu naratiuli proza ornamentuls SevadaroT
daEdavupirispiroT.
naratiul teqstSi Txrobis dros umniSvnelovanesi, ganmsazRvreli
roli ara komunikaciur struqturebs ekisreba, aramed Tavad
mTxrobelis instanciis arsebobas. termini ,,naratiuli’’ upirispirdeba
,,deskripciuls’’ anu ,,aRwerilobiTs’’. naratiuli teqsti ambavs
gadmogvcems da axdens mis temporalizacias, anu ambavs droisa da
sivrcismier sazRvrebSi aqcevs. naratiulobis cneba axlos dgas
,,fabulobasTan’’. ambavi movlenis cnebas ukavSirdeba, rac arsebuli,
sawyisi situaciis cvlilebas gulisxmobs. es cvlileba moTxrobil,
fiqcionalur samyaroSi xorcieldeba. Tavisi bunebiT, movlena SeiZleba
iyos bunebrivi, aqciuri (dakavSirebuli moqmedebasTan, qmediTi) da
interaqciuri, Sinagani (mentaluri). maSasadame, naratiuli teqtebis
amocnoba movleniTobas, xdomilobas ukavSirdeba. lotmanis
gansazRvrebiT, movlena TxrobiTi teqstis xerxemals warmoadgens da
,,personaJis semantikuri velis sazRvis miRma gadaadgilebas’’
gulisxmobs; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ ,,akrZaluli sazRvris
gadalaxvas’’ (Лотман 1970 :282). Tavisi arsiT, xdomiloba transgresiuli
bunebisaa: xdomilobis, movlenad aRiarebuli qmedebis dros, xdeba
topografiuli, pragmatuli, eTikuri, fsiqologiuri an SemecnebiTi
sazRvris garRveva, anu personaJis mier iseTi qmedebis realizeba,
78
romelic normisgan gansxvavdeba. rac mTavaria, dakanonebulisgan
gadaxveva mkiTxvelisa da fiqcionaluri samyaros instanciebis mier
erTnairad unda aRiqmebodes (Шмид 2003 : 20).
n. tamarCenko movlenad subieqtis miznisken swrafvas aRiqvams,
personaJis empiriul Tu mentalur samyaroebSi gadaadgilebas.
xdomiloba realobis iluziis Seqmnas efuZneba. xdomiloba movlenad ar
aRiqmeba, Tu personaJi mxolod ocnebobs da miznis misaRwevad arafers
akeTebs (Шмид 2003:20). aseT SemTxevaSi, movlenad aRiqmeba Tavad
ocnebis, zmanebis, warmosaxvis, halucinaciis procesi. aqedan
gamomdinare, nervalis nawarmoebebSi, kerZod, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
ocneba da zmaneba SeiZleba xdomilobas gautoldes, radgan mTxrobeli
realobasa da sizmriseul samyaros Soris sazRvris garRvevas Seecada.
naratologiur analizs ornamentuli prozis nimuSebic eqvemdebareba:
amis erTi mizezi xdomilobisa da warmosaxviTis tolfasobaa; meore
mizezi, ornamentuli Tu aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebis
naratiulobisken swrafvaa.
rogorc zemod avRniSneT, moTxrobil ambavSi xdomiloba
realobasTan unda iyos daaxlovebuli (effet de réel), personaJma da
mkiTxvelma moyolili ambavi SesaZleblobaTa erTiani sistemiT unda
Seafason. nebismier movlenas Sedegi unda mosdevdes, anu qmedeba
movlenad im SemTxvevaSi iqceva, Tu mas Sedegi mohyva. Sedegi naraciis
dasrulebamde unda gamJRavndes. amas Smidti moqmedebis Sedegze
orientirebul qmedebas uwodebs (Шмид 2003 : 22). aseTi saxis moqmedeba
upirispirdeba inqoatiur movlenas, anu iseTs, sadac moqmedebis mxolod
sawyis etapzea saubari, gmiris mxridan moqmedebis martooden
mcdelobaze (moqmedebis konatiuri xerxi), an qmedebaze, romelic
ganxorcielebis stadiaSia (moqmedebis duratiuli xerxi).
funqciebis garda, xdomilobas ganxorcielebis stadiebic aqvs.
sruli xdomilobis SemTxvevaSi, naratiul teqsts xuTi kriteriumi unda
axasiaTebdes:
I. pirveli relevantobaa, rac movlenis mniSvnelobas
gulisxmobs, asaxuli movlenis mniSvnelobas, mis gadamwyvet
funqcias personaJis cxovrebisTvis. movlena STambeWdavi
mkiTxvelisTvisac unda gaxdes.
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II. meore Tviseba _ gauTvaliswineblobaa. naratiuli teqstisTvis,
gauTvaliswineblobas, moulodnelobis efeqts udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirurTierTobis saSualebiT
moulodnelobis efeqti mkiTxvelisTvis logikuric SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rac mkiTxvelis dainteresebas da misi molodinis horizontis
gamarTlebas emsaxureba.
III. naratiuli teqstis mesame niSanTviseba _ konsekuciurobaa, anu
ra kvali datova ama Tu im movlenam personaJis cxovrebasa Tu mis
msoflmxedvelobaze.
IV. meoTxe niSanTviseba movlenis Seuqcevadobaa: ramdenadac didia
movlenis Seuqcevadobis albaToba, miT ufro metia Tavad movlenis
mniSvneloba personaJebisa Tu mkiTxvelisTvis. naratiul teqstebSi,
movlenebis ganviTarebas personaJis gamorkveva, gons mogeba unda mohyves.
es ki personaJis zneobriv amaRlebas, pirovnebis Camoyalibebas
gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, Seuqcevadi movlenis Sedegad moqmedi piri ar
da ver ubrundeba Tavis pirvandel mdgomareobas, mentalursa Tu
suliers.
V. movlenis mexuTe niSania _ ganumeorebloba. es ukanaskneli, imaze
miuTiTebs, rom cvlileba, romelzedac nawarmoebSia saubari, erTjerad
xasiaTs unda atarebdes. gameorebadi cvlileba xdomilobas ar qmnis,
Tundac Seuqcevadi iyos. movlenebis gameoreba aRwerilobiTi teqstis
niSanTvisebaa.
naratiul teqtebs yovelTvis ar axasiaTebT xdomilobis
damaxasiaTebeli xuTive niSani da Tu axasiTebT, yvela erT doneze ar
aris gamovlenili.
v. tiupa gamohyofs naratiuli teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
xdomilobis sam ZiriTad kriteriums: heterogenuloba, qronotopuloba,
intelihibeloba (Smidi2003 :295). naratiuli teqstebis sami niSniT
daxasiaTebas mkvlevari naratologiis da misi mimdevrebisa da
warmomadgenlebis mier xdomilobis cnebis gansazRvris garTulebiT
asabuTebs. misi azriT, gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone diskursuli
procesebis, magaliTad komunikaciuri xdomilobisa da istoriuli
(kvaziistoriuli, fiqcionaluri) procesis referenciuli xdomilobis
erTi niSniT gaerTianebis mcdelobas, Sedegad movleniTobis
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gansazRvrebis sirTule mohyveba. Tu lotmanisTvis xdomiloba, movlena
,,normisgan mniSvnelovan gadaxvevas’’ niSnavs, ganmsazRvrels, am
SemTxvevaSi, Tavad normis farglebis gadgena warmoadgens: epoqis,
socialur-kulturuli gamocdilebis, eris istoriis . . . g. hegeli
erTmaneTisgan mijnavda imas, rac ubralod xdeba da imas, rac epikur
nawarmoebSi movlenad iqceva. hegeli garegan cvlilebas movlenis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miiCnevda. am Tvalsazrisis
gaziarebiT imis aRiareba mogviwevs, rom subieqturi xasiaTis
matarebeli mxatvrul-literaturuli teqsti narativs ar warmoadgens.
n. tomarCenkos azriT, xdomiloba erTi mdgomareobidan meoreze
gadasvlaa: personaJis qmedebis, mogzaurobis, an garemoebaTa
zemoqmedebiT (biologiuri cvlilebebi, antagonistebis moqmedeba,
bunebis movlenebi istoriuli perepitiebi . . .). mxatvrul narativSi
umniSvnelo elementi ar arsebobs (v. tiupa). rogorc i. tinianovi
ambobda, movlenis arsi misi niSan-Tvisebebis maqsimalur raodenobaSi ki
ara, aramed maT aucilebel minimumSi vlindeba. lotmani wers: ,,movlenad
unda aRviqvad is, rac moxda, magram SeiZleba arc momxdariyo’’.
realisturi prozisTvis damaxasiaTebelia samyaros aRqmis
samecniero-empiriuli modeli da Txrobis fiqcionalur-naratiuli
principi, romelic xdomilobazea orientirebuli. aseTi saxis naratiul
teqstebSi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens mimesuroba, mentaluri da
garegani qmedebebis fsiqologiuri damajerebloba; modernistul
prozaSi ki piriqiT _ am principebis ganzogadeba xdeba, rac
aranaratiuli arsis mqone poezias prozasTan aaxlovebs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT, upriania gavixsenoT romantizmis Teoretikosis _
f. Slegelis, sityvebi, romantikuli poeziis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb:
,,romantikuli poezia eposs hgavs da SeiZleba gaxdes samyaros amsaxveli
sarke. poeturi refleqsiis frTebma igi caSi unda aitacon, nebismieri
saxis realuri Tu idealuri interesebisgan gaanTavisuflon’’
(Хрестоматия 1955 : 21).
naratiuli prozisgan gansxavebviT, ornamentuli proza istoriul
kanonzomierebebs ar eqvemdebareba. igi poeziis gavlenis qveS eqceva.
literaturis istoriaSi naratiuli teqstis poeturTan miaxlovebis
magaliTebi mravlad moipoveba da, yvela SemTxvevaSi, saubaria im poetur
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sawyisebze, romlebic miTosur azrovnebas gulisxmobs. saukuneze meti
xnis win novalisi werda, rom romantikuli bunebis mqone moTxrobebSi
movlenaTa Soris kavSiri mcirea, magram asociacia _ meti. moTxrobebi
sizmrebs hgvanan. novalisi iqve dasZens, rom leqsebi mSvenieri sityvebis
wyebaa, yovelgvari Sinagani kavSirisa da Sinaarsis garaSe, sadac
mxolod calkeuli strofebia gasagebi da mniSvnelovani
(Зарубежная...1991 :72). am TvalsazrisiT, nervalis orelia poeziisgan ar
gansxvavdeba.
poeturobidan gamomdinare, ornamentuli proza miTis struqturul
saxed aRiqmeba. ornamentul prozaSi, miTosuri azrovneba
mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis motivirebis, mizez-Sedegobriobis
kanonebis rRvevaSi vlindeba.
realistur prozaSi sityva pirobiTi simboloa, miTosur
azrovnebaSi, am azrovnebis models daqvemdebarebul mxatvrul-
literaturul teqstebSi ki _ xatia. miTSi sityva ar warmoadgens
niSans, romelic saganze moiuTiTebs. sityva Tavad sagnis
ekvivalenturia, amitom miTosuri azrovnebisTvis ar aris
damaxasiaTebeli idealurisa da realuris gamijvna. am mosaxrebas
iziarebs germaneli filosofosi _ erns kesireri, romelsac miaCnda,
rom eris istoria ki ar gansazRvravs mis miTologias, aramed
miTologia _ naciis istorias. miTi transcedentul process
gamoxatavs. miTosuri samyaro warmosaxviTia, Sesabamisad, ornamentuli
prozis saSualebiT sityva da sagani igivdeba (Кесcирер –on-lain wigni).
siuJetebisa da Temebis gameoreba rogorc miTosuri samyaros, aseve
ornamentuli prozis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia. mxatvrul-
literaturul nawarmoebSi laitmotivebis jaWvi amoicnoba, iqmneba
calkeuli niSnebis ekvivalentoba. swored am ekvivalentobas
eqvemdebareba naratiuli teqstis enobrivi sintagma da moTxrobili
ambis Tematuri sintagmac. ornametul prozaSi ritmuloba, JReradi
ekvivalentoba Tu laitmotivze dafuZnebuli iteraciuli xerxebis
gamoyeneba SeiniSneba. gameorebadi faqtorebi teqstis kompoziciur
erTianobas uzrunvelyofen, anu siuJetis Sesusteba laitmotivebis
arsebobis xarjze xdeba da amiT siuJeturi qargisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis simcirec kompensirdeba.
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gameorebis principi laitmotivebs da yvela sxva saxis formalur
Tu Tematur ekvivalentobas gulisxmobs, romlebic mxatvrul teqstSi
ZiriTadi ambis paralelurad Tanaarseboben da am ambis droSi
konstruirebas agvareben. laitmotivebi da ekvivalentoba realistur
prozaSic arsebobs. realisturi prozisgan ornamentuli gameorebebis
principiT gamoirCeva, magram Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani teqstSi Sesabamisi
mxatvruli Tu stilistikuri xerxebis gamoyenebaa, rac moTxrobili
ambis Tu diskursis doneze vlindeba. Tu realistur prozaSi
laitmotivi da ekvivalentoba mxolod Tematur doneze Cans, ornamentul
prozaSi, naraciis prezentaciis dros, orive Tematur da siuJetur
TanafardobaSi vlindeba. Sesabamisad, gadmocemuli ambavi da movlenaTa
Soris urTierTkavSiris ageba semantikur, leqsikur da formalur
doneze xdeba.
ornamentuloba komunikaciis princips eyrdnoba. ornamentul prozas
Sinaarssa da gamoxatvas Soris sazRvris waSla, gare da Sinagan,
meorexarisxovan da mniSvnelovan, JReradi motivebis Tematur motivebad,
metaforis da stilistikuri xerxebis siuJetis nawilad qceva
axasiaTebs.
rogorc avRniSneT, ornamentuli proza siuJetis SesustebiT
gamoirCeva. moTxrobili ambavi SeiZleba iyos gabneuli nawarmoebis
sxvadasxva nawilSi, romelTa Soris kavSiri mocemulia ara naratiul-
sintagmnatikur planSi, aramed _ poeturi paradigmis planSi, maT
msgavsebasa da kontrastSi.
ornamentuli proza teqstis naratiul safuZvels bolomde ar
ugulebelyofs. rogorc v.Smidti ganmartavs, es maSin xdeba, rodesac
paradigmatizacia da siuJeti erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, magram maSinac,
sityvisa da Txrobis xelovnebas azrobrivi datvirTvisa da aRqmis
gamZafrebisken mivyavarT. prozisa da poeziis naerTi poeturi da
naratiuli SesaZleblobebis rTul interferencias, hibridul prozas
qmnis (Шмид 2003.263).
swored aseTi saxis teqstebTan gvaqvs saqme Jerar de nervalis
SemTxvevaSi. misi prozauli nawarmoebebi ornamentul prozas
ganekuTvneba. amis dasturad, sakmarisia avRniSnoT realurisa da
irealurs Soris sazRvris waSla, siuJeturi qargis Sesusteba, rac
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laitmotivebiT, aluziebiTa da avtoaluziebiT kompensirdeba
(motivebisa da xdomilobis simciris xarjze). gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens mwerlis msoflmxedvelobis miTosur azrovnebasTan
siaxlove.
Cvvi azriT, nervali wminda saxis naratiuli teqstebis Seqmnas
gamiznulad gaurbis, rac mis nawarmoebebs poeziasTan aaxlovebs.
SesaZloa amiT avxsnaT nervalis novelebis da sonetebis (,,qimerebi’’)
erT krebulad (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) gaerTianeba. ufro met interess
iwvevs nervalis teqstSi stilistikuri xerxebis simcire: nervalis
esTetika miTopoeturia, amitom mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis simcire simboloebiT aris Canacvlebuli; amitom gaxda
nervalis Semoqmedeba momdevno TaobebisTvis ufro saintereso; amitomac
ar unda gagvikvirdes misi Semoqmedebisadmi interesi arc simbolistebis,
arc siurealistebis mxridan (Conty 1988 :280). aseTi saxis miTopoeturi,
ornamentuli teqsti franguli romantizmisTvis, kerZod frangi
adamianis kartezianuli gonebisTvis ucxoa. miT ufro gasagebi xdeba,
nervalis germanel romantikosebis esTetikasTan siaxlove. nervalis
proza ornamentulia da hibridulic, radgan nawarmoebebSi arc
naratiuli da arc poeturi sawyisebi ar iSleba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, misi esTetikisa da
formidan gamomdinare, yvelaze metad vlindeba ornamentuli prozis
niSan-Tvisebebi. movlenis damaxasiaTebeli xuTi niSnidan, nervalis
moTxrobaSi warmodgenil movlenebs mxolod oTxi axasiaTebT:
relevantoba, gauTvaliswinebloba, konsekuciuroba da Seuqcevadoba.
amave dros, misTvis (movlenisTvis) naratiul teqstebTan axlosmdgomi
aRwerilobiTi teqtebis Tvisebebic ar aris ucxo, anu im teqtstebis,
romlebSic statikuri mdgomareobaa aRwerili, aRwerilia portreti,
iqmneba klasebad dayofili sazogadoebis suraTi, xdeba gameorebadi
xasiaTis mqone movlenebis, cikluri procesebis Sejameba. v. Smidis
azriT, aRwerilobiTi xasiTis teqstebsa da naratiul teqstebs Soris
zRvari yovelTvis gamokveTili ar aris: yovel TxrobaSi aRwerac
figurirebs, rac Txrobis procesis Seyovnebas iwvevs da nawarmoebs
garkveul statikurobas sZens. aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebSic moipoveba
84
dinamikuri elementebi, xdomilobis Semcveli struqturebi. mkiTxvelze
bevrad aris damokidebuli rogor aRiqvams igi nawarmoebs, rogor avsebs
igi e.w. ganusazRvrel adgilebs (literaturis. . . 2008: 186).
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi nebismieri moqmedeba mxolod peizaJebis
aRwera rodia. teqstSi asaxuli samyaro qmnis toposs da yovelTvis
konkretul aRqmas exmianeba, romelic empiriuli realobis Semecnebas
ukavSirdeba. es toposi mwerlisa da mkiTxvelis Cveul samyarosTan
maqsimaluradaa miaxlovebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, ra saxisac ar unda
iyos mxatvruli nawarmoebi (realisturi Tu fantastikuri), igi ama Tu
im epoqis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, amitom ,,mkiTxveli
sagnis (literaturuli nawarmoebis _ n.q.) pasiuri momxmarebeli ki ara,
aramed SemoqmedebiTi procesis aqtiuri monawilea. aqtiuria igi Tundac
imitom, rom . . . nawarmoebis gasaRebi aRmoCenas moiTxovs’’ (yaralaSvili
1977: 34). mkiTxvelis mier teqstis konkretizacia, aqtualizacia da
rekonstruqcia amarTlebs an, piriqiT, _ awbilebs mkiTxvelis
molodinis horizonts da nawarmoebis gansxvavebulad wakiTxvis
saSualebas iZleva (literaturis . . . 2008: 187).
nervalis nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) SemTxvevaSi, realurisa da
irealuris analizis dros, mniSvnelovani xdeba imis garCeva aris
nervalis teqsti aRwerilobiTi, statikuri Tavisi bunebiT, Tu
iteraqciuli, radgan, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, movlenebs naklebi
mniSvneloba mieniWeba, vidre _ meoreSi, rac kumulaciuri elementebis
arsebobis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs da nawarmoebs jadosnur zRaparTan
gaaigivebs. naratiuli da aRwerilobiTi teqstebi ara statikuri Tu
dinamikuri elementebis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba, aramed am
elementebis saboloo funqciiT, Tumca es ukanaskneli Sereuli xasiaTis
SeiZleba iyos (Шмид 2003: 20). mxatvrul nawarmoebSi erTi an meore
funqcia dominirebs. b. tomaSevski droismier da mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebis arsebobas, nawarmoebis fabulis agebis ganmsazRvrel
faqtorad miiCnevs (tomaSevski fabulas nawarmoebSi moTxrobil an
aRweril movlenaTa erTobliobas, xolo siuJets _ am movlenebis
gadmocemis Tanamimdevrobas uwodebs-n.q). (Томашевский 1925: 137)). mkvlevari
mogzaurobasac ,,ufabulo Txrobad’’ moiazrebs. b. tomaSevskis am
mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radgan mogzaurobac SemecnebiTi procesia
85
da Tu masSi mcire raodenobiTaa movlenebi, STabeWdilebebis
mniSvneloba da gavlena adamianis cnobierebaze yovelTvis didia da
xSirad ufro gadamwyveti, vidre Tavad movlena. Cven vemxrobiT fabulis
Smidiseul gansazRvrebas, romelic ,,fabulas’’ ,,moTxrobil ambavs’’, an
ubralod ,,ambavs’’ uwodebs (Шмид 2003:24).
nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, da novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, Semavali zogierTi nawarmoebi (,,venis Tavgadasavlebi’’),
aRwerilobiTi saxis teqstebTan aris miaxlovebuli. mTlianad
aRwerilobiTi xasiaTisaa Jerar de nervalis ,,mogzauroba
aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’,
Tumca,. yovel maTganSi, mTxrobelis Sualeduri instancia figurirebs
(Шмид 2003:25). nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambebi (,,mogzauroba
aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,gaseirnebani’’) Tavisi arsiT,
diegesuri ar aris, anu moTxrobil samyaros ar ganekuTvneba. igi
mimesuria, Sesabamisad, aRweras utoldeba. yoveli aseTi saxis teqsti
(nervalis zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebebic) Sualeduri instanciis cvlas
asaxavs. swored, mTxrobelis Sualeduri instancia nervalis
publicistur nawarmoebebs mxatvrul-literaturul, naratiul
teqstebad aqcevs.
86
III Tavi
realuri da irealuri Jerar de nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
III.I. naratiurli drois problema
Jerar de nervals gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia franguli
romantizmis istoriaSi. es ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv, franguli
romantizmis ganviTarebis TaviseburebiT, meore mxriv _ germanuli
romantizmis gavleniT nervalis Semoqmedebaze. romantizmis esTetika da
nervalis Semoqmedeba imis safuZvels iZleva, rom nervalis
nawarmoebebis (,,orelia’’, ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) analizisas
naratologiis meTodologia gamoviyenoT. amas gvkarnaxobs romantizmis
warmomadgenelTa nawarmoebebSi iseTi samyaroebis arseboba, romelic
mxatvruli teqstis fiqcionalur samyaroSi moqmedebis SesaZleblobaTa
ramdenime sistemiT gamoixateba, romlebic erTmaneTs upirispirdeba an
enacvleba. movlenebisgan Semdgari ambavi, drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba,
amitom kvlevis sagani naratiuli dro unda gaxdes.
rogorc zemod avRniSneT, meoce saukuneSi, naraciis Sesaxeb
uamravi Teoria Seiqmna: rusi formalistebis Teoriebi (v. propi, v.
Sklovski), m. baxtinis narativis dialoguri Teoria,
neoaristotelianuli Teoriebi (Cikagos skola, u. buti),
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriebi (z. froidi, J. lakani), hermenevtikuli da
fenomenologiuri Teoriebi (r. ingardeni, p. rikiori),
struqturalisturi, semiotikuri, topologiuri (k. levi-strosi, al.
greimasi, J. Jeneti), marqsistuli da sociologiuri Teoriebi (f.
jeimsoni), recefciuli esTetika (r. ingardeni), poststruqturalisturi
da dekonstruqtivistuli (J. derida, p. de mani). naratologia XX
saukunis samocian wlebSi struqturalizmis wiaRSi aRmocenda. mis
fuZemdeblebad miiCneven algirdas greimass, cvetan todorovs, Jerar
Jenets da klod bremons. Txrobis Teorias Sualeduri adgili ukavia
struqturalizmsa da recefciul esTetikas Soris. rogorc
literaturaTmcodneobis disciplina, igi Seiswavlis xelovnebis
komunikaciur aspeqtebs, naratiul teqstebs da gamohyofs kvlevis
ZiriTad kategoriebs: avtoris da mTxrobelis, naratiuli droisa da
87
sivrcis, mkiTxvelis, TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis, TvalTaxedvis
(fokalizacia) . . .
Jerar de nervalis pirovnebis, misi nawarmoebis aRqmis
sirTulidan gamomdinare, saWirod migvaCnia zemoxsenebuli
nawarmoebebis (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, ,,orelia’’) analizisas
naratologiuri meTodologiis gamoyeneba, rac mwerlis Semoqmedebis
ukeT aRqmisa da Cveni kvlevis ukeT warmaTvisTvisaa mizanSewonili.
literaturuli nawarmoebis analizisas didi adgili droisa da
sivrcis problemas eTmoba. nebismieri ambavi drosa da sivrceSi xdeba.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, saubari gvaqvs realizmis kuTvnil mxatvrul-
literaturul teqstze, romelic Cvens garSemo arsebul, empiriuli
realobis msgavs realobas asaxavs, Tu _ fantastikurze. yvela
SemTxvevaSi, literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionaluri samyaro, homo
Tu heterogenuli, ambavs mogviTxrobs, romelic drosa da sivrceSia
ganfenili.
pol rikioris ganmartebiT, samyaro, romelic TxrobiT
nawarmoebSi iqmneba, es droiTi samyaroa: ,,dro iqceva adamianur drod
imdenad, ramdenadac igi naratiuli xerxebiT artikulirdeba, da
piriqiT, Txroba imdenadaa mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac masSi ikveTeba
droiTi gamocdilebis Tavdapirveli naratiuloba (literaturis
Teoria :2008 200).
drois naratologiuri analizi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad mijnavs
ambis dros (saukuneebi, wlebi, dReebi . . ) da sakuTriv Txrobis dros
(striqonebi da gverdis, furcelTa raodenoba): magaliTad, erTi Taobis
ambavs SeiZleba mTeli romani, erTi gverdi, an Tundac erTi striqoni
daeTmos (Jouve 1997 :44).
naratologia naratiul dros ganixilavs rogorc nawarmoebis
struqturul elements. igi striqonebisa da wignis gverdebiT
ganisazRvreba. naratologia sivrces mxatvruli teqstis kompoziciis
Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevs. frangi mecnieris _ Jerar Jenetis
TvalsazrisiT, sivrcis kvlevis sakiTxi klasikuri naratologiis
CarCoebs scildeba (Jouve 1997 : 35).
J. Jenets naratologiaSi Semohyavs Txrobis drois logikis cneba,
romelic aerTianebs anaqroniis literaturul teqnikas, movlenaTa
88
xangrZlivobis modifikacias, sixSirisa da Txrobis tempis SesaZlo
variaciebs (Genette 1977 : 36).
anaqronia prolefsiss da analefsiss gulisxmobs. sixSire
mTxrobelis mier momxdaris mravaljer gameorebaa, an piriqiT _
mravaljeradis erTxel moxsenieba. J. Jeneti xazs usvams reziumes,
deskrifciuli pauzis (Txrobis Seyovneba, atmosfero, peizaJis,
garegnobisa an romelime sagnis zedmiwevniT aRwera), scenis (dialogi)
da elifsisis (Txrobis xazis mTliani ugulebelyofa) mniSvnelobas.
Sesabamisad, naratiuli drois problemis analizisas naratologia
ganarCevs Txrobis moments, temps, sixSiresa da Tanamimdevrobas.
swored aseTi kuTxiT SevecdebiT ganvixiloT Jerar de nervalis
novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ da warmovaCinoT frangi
mwerlis msofmxedvelobis siaxlove romantizmis esTetikasTan, xolo
romantizmi – rogorc eqsperimentuli mimdinareoba, romelmac didi
gavlena iqonia modernistul literaturaze.
nervalis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mkvlevaris, filip destruelis
azriT, drois problema mis nawarmoebSi udides rols TamaSobs. misi
mniSvneloba imdenad didia, rom cecxlis qaliSvilebs ,,drois
qaliSvilebi’’ SeiZleboda rqmeoda (Нерваль1985 :55).
romantizmis Teoretikosis, fridrix Slegelis TvalsazrisiT,
literaturis universaluroba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Caswvdes
da gadmosces adamianis, bunebisa da mTeli samyaros arsi. universumis
ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis wvdoma SemoqmedebiTi intuiciis MmeoxebiT
xdeba da sinkretuli Janris nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba, anu iseT
nawarmoebebSi, romelic yvela literaturul Janrs moicavs (Шлегель
1955 : 20).
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’_ mravali novelisa da maTTan ideur-Tematurad
gaerTianebuli leqsebisgan Sedgeba. lirikuli da epikuri Janrebis erTi
saTauriT gaerTianeba, SesaZloa, leqsebisa da novelebis zomis simciris
gamo moxda, an, romantikosTa kvaldakval, mxatvruli nawarmoebis
formis srulqmnis xelsayrel da Sedegian cdad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
Tavad mwerali, 1854 wels, anu im dros, rodesac krebuli _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, gamoaqveyna, literaturul salonebSi mniSvnelovani
89
nawarmoebis Seqmnaze xmamaRla saubrobda (Нерваль 1985 :17). SesaZloa, mas
leqsebisa da novelebis erT krebulSi moqceva surda ise, rom leqsebi
novelebis erTgvar reziumed qceuliyo. sabolood, leqsebisa da
novelebis erT krebulad gaerTianeba aleqsandre diumas daxmarebiTa da
ZalisxmeviT moxda, radgan nervalis poetur Sedevrs swored igi
gamoexmaura pirveli (arsebobs nervalis leqsis _ ,,El Deschirado’’-s
diumaseuli manuskripti-n.q.). Tu yurad viRebT im faqts, rom nawarmoebis
saboloo saxis miRwevamde nervalma krebuls _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’,
mravaljer ucvala forma da gaviTvaliswinebT romantikosTa
eqsperimentebs, damajereblad migvaCnia am krebulSi Semavali oTxi
novelis gamorCeva, romlebic qalTa saxelebs atarebs: ,,anJeliki’’,
,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’ da ,,emili’’.
sixSiris (La fréquence) naratologiuri cneba nervalTan ara marto
romelime calkeul novelasTan mimarTebaSi, aramed cecxlis
qaliSvilebis, orelias da qimerebis erTian konteqstSi unda iqnas
ganxiluli. novelis martivsiuJetiani JanrisTvis sixSiris
erTjeradobis xerxis (Le mode singulatif) gamoyenebaa damaxasiaTebeli,
rodesac erTxel momxdars erTxelve hyvebian. nervalis calkeul
novelaSi ZiriTadi ambavi erTxelaa warmodgenili. ar unda dagvaviwydes,
rom nervalis nawarmoebebi erTian qmnilebad moiazreba, amitom erTi da
igive, an masTan miaxlovebuli ambavi, sxva novelebSic meordeba. am
SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba sixSiris mravaljeradi xerxi (Le mode répétitif) :
mTxrobeli erTxel momxdars mravaljer imeorebs: siuJeti msgavsi,
xSirad avtobiografiuli xasiaTis, magram saxecvlili movlenebiT
ivseba, magaliTad saanlisis, mSobliuri mxaris monaxuleba, satrfos
dakargva, italiaSi gamgzavreba . . .
novelebis dasawyisSive mTxrobeli Tavisi adgilsamyofelis, xSir
SemTxvevaSi _ parizis, datoveba uwevs: zogjer, gauziarebeli
siyvarulis gamo (,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’ _ mTxrobeli dedaqalaqs msaxiobi
qalis gamo tovebs), zogjer _ idumali xelnaweris saZieblad
miemgzavreba (,,anJeliki’’), an saidumloebiT moculi sikvdilis mizezis
asaxsnelad Zalas ar iSurebs (,,emili’’). novelebSi siuJetis Semdgomi
90
ganviTareba mogzaurobebsa da warmosaxviT Tavgadasavlebs ukavSirdeba,
an kidev _ Soreuli warsulis mogonebebs.
novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, sanatreli adgilebis monaxulebis survils
mTxrobeli valuas sagrafoSi Cahyavs, sadac bavSvobis wlebi aqvs
gatarebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom valua parizis CrdiloeTSi mdebareobs.
novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, mTxrobeli ki _ evropis samxreTiT miemgzavreba:
jer marselSi da Semdeg _ italiaSi. novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, moqmedeba
belgiasa da safrangeTSi viTardeba, safrangeTis aRmosavleTiT _
germaniaSi momxdars novelis _ ,,emili’’, mTxrobeli hyveba. mogzaurobis
Tema, romelsac didi adgili ekava romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi, aseve
mniSvnelovania nervalisTvis. mwerali mogzaurobis Temas ubrundeba
Tavis ortomeulSi _ ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’, ,,gaseirnebebsa da
mogonebebSi’’. nervalis SemoqmedebaSi, mogzauroba simbolur datvirTvas
iZens da novalisis sityvebs exmianeba: ,,Cven samyaroSi mogzaurobaze
vocnebobT: magram samyaro Cvens sulSia! Cvens sulSi unda viswavloT
wiaRsvla. swored iq mivyavarT saidumloebiT mocul gzas. maradisoba
swored Cvens sulSi unda veZioT. gare samyaro aCrdilTa saufloa
mxolod . . .’’ (Зарубежная...1991 :72)
mTxrobeli mogzaurobebis gezs dawvrilebiT miuTiTebs (,,oqtavi’’,
,,anJeliki’’) da samaxsovro adgilebis aRweras sakmod bevr dros uTmobs
(,,silvi’’). deskrifciuli pauza, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Txrobis erTiani xazis
Seyovnebas iwvevs da teqstis diegesisSi (ambis dro da sivrce)
mTxrobelis mewyvilis (narateri) dainteresebas emsaxureba (désignation par
encrage) (Jouve 1997 :49). sivrcis aRwera realobis iluziis Seqmnas da
mTxrobelis mier samyaros Sesaxeb Sexedulebis naraterisTvis
gaziarebas emsaxureba. igi esTetikuri datvirTvis matarebelia. aRwera
moTxrobili ambis dramatizirebas ar axdens da arc ambis gagrZelebis
mcdelobas warmoadgens. nervali sivrcis aRweras personaJis guneba-
ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad iyenebs, magram nervalis novelebSi
deskrifcias ambis drosTan mimaTebaSi upiratesoba ar eniWeba
Jerar de nervalis yvela zemoxsenebuli novelebis siuJeturi
qargis ganviTarebad gmiris imedgacrueba SeiZleba miviCnioT. silvica
da oqtavic mTxrobelisTvis miuwvdomel idealTan miaxlovebis
saSualebebia, Tumca arc erTTan naratori sabolood ar rCeba.
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novelebis dasasruls, silvica da oqtavic qorwindebian: pirveli
usiyvarulod Txovdeba da misi erTaderTi nugeSi qmrisa da mTxrobelis
fizikuri msgavsebaa, meore ki _ sarecelTan mijaWvul meuRles uvlis.
qorwils novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia, magram am
ambavsac bednieri dasasruli araa aqvs: emilis meuRle kvdeba, Tavad ki
_ monasterSi monazvnad aRikveceba. Tu krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, miwier qorwinebazea saubari, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, igi
RvTaebriv saxes iZens (mistikuri qorwineba). gamomdinare iqidan, rom
moTxrobis (,,orelia’’), Seqmnas novelebis gamocema uZRvoda win, SeiZleba
davinaxoT, rogor iZens sakralur mniSvnelobas yofiTi movlena
(qorwineba) nervalis Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi. es mwerlis
SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimentis Sedegia, rac amarTlebs moTxrobil
ambavTa msgavsebis aucileblobas da gameorebis princips usvams xazs.
moTxrobis am safexurze (novelebis calkeul epizodebSi), dro
sworxazovania da movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba maT mizez-Sedegobriobas
efuZneba.E novelebis saboloo epizodebSi, kvanZis gaxsna mTxrobelis
reziumirebiT sruldeba. or novelaSi (,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’) saboloo
komentari pirvel narators (mTxrobels) ekuTvnis, novelaSi _ ,,emili’’,
reziumirebas meoreuli, intra-homodiegesuri naratori axdens. amave
novelaSi, anaqronia analefsisiT gamoixateba da Txrobis momenti ambis
dros ukan mosdevs. nervalis novelebSi (,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’, ,,emili’’)
Txrobis dro ramdenjerme wydeba, rac meoreuli mTxrobelis Semoyvanas
ukavSirdeba (naratiuli instanciebis cvla), deskrifciul pauzas an
CarTul struqturul elements (magaliTad _ werili) komunikaciis
doneebis cvlas.
naratologiaSi, Tanamimdevrobis cneba movlenaTa logikur
prezentacias eyrdnoba. nervalis zog novelaSi, Txrobis qronologia
ambis gadmocemis arasworxazovnebiT irRveva (im SemTxevebis garda,
rodesac erTi konkretuli ambavi Tavisi ,,siuJeturi SenakadebiT’’ aris
moTxrobili). naratiuli anaqroniis ori saxeobidan, prolefsisis
raodenoba novelebSi Zalian mcirea (,,oqtavi’’). novelebSi
retrospeqtuli subieqturi anaqroniaa warmodgenili. analefsisi ki
xSiriAmovlenaa.LENAA
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novela _ ,,silvi’’, Txrobis drois araTanmimdevrulobiT
gansxvavdeba novelisgan _ ,,oqtavi’’, romelSiac Txrobis drois
Tanamimdevroba daculia da mxolod erTxel irRveva (werilis epizodi).
naratiuli drois araTanmimdevruloba realurisa da irealuris
asociaciur monacvleobas ukavSirdeba, rac Jerar de nervalis
SemoqmedebisTvis esoden niSandoblivia da romantizmis esTetikisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
drois danawevrebas novelaSi _ ,,emili’’ vxvdebiT, sadac warsulis
gaxseneba yofili samxedro piris _ deroSis, sikvdilis saidumlos
axsnasa da axali mTxrobelis SemoyvanasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Txrobis
dro novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mTlianad danawevrebulia, radgan mravali,
patar-patara ambisgan Sedgeba, Tumca ZiriTadi ambavi (récit premier) _ abat
bukuas Sesaxeb wignis Zieba _ linearulad aris gadmocemuli.
novelis tradiciuli forma nervals saSualebas aZlevs ambavi
ramdenime sityviTa Tu striqoniT gadmosces, amitom ritmi, Txrobis
tempi, daCqarebas efuZneba (accélération). Txrobisa da novelaSi
gadmocemuli ambis droebis Sesatyvisobis oTxi SesaZlebeli
variantidan, anu rodesac Txrobis tempi ambisas emTxveva (dialogi),
masze didia (daCqareba), an kidev _ mcire (pauza), an maqsimalurad
Sekvecili (elifsisi) (ad=Td, Td<ad, Td=n da ad=0, Td=0 da Aad=n),
nervali upiratesobas ambis mimoxilvas aniWebs. mis nawarmoebTa
umetesobaSi siCqare Seesabameba formulas Td<ad, romlis mixedviTac
ambis dro Txrobis droze didia (Td<ad). krebulisgan _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’ _ gansxvavebiT, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, ambis dro ufro
mcirea, vidre _ Txrobis.
ambisa da Txrobis droTa tempis zemoxsenebuli Tanafardoba
(Td<ad), SenarCunebulia werilis, rogorc damoukidebeli naratiuli
erTeulis, epizodSi novelebSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, ,,anJeliki’’. Tavad werili,
iseve rogorc aRwera an aRsareba, novelis struqturuli elementia,
CarTulia da Txrobis erTiani xazis Seyovnebas iwvevs (,,oqtavi’’). am
SemTxvevaSi, Txroba Senelebulia, tempi ki Semdeg formulas Seesabameba:
Td=n, da ad=0, (Td=n da ad=0 / Td=n, ad=0). mwerali novelis erTi
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epizodis (werili) Txrobas ufro met dros andomebs, vidre danarCeni
epizodebis moyolas.
rogorc avRniSneT, novela _ ,,anJeliki’’, sxvebisgan imiTac
gamoirCeva, rom werilebis forma aqvs. werili am nawarmoebSi sul sxva
datvirTvis matarebelia: igi drois Seyovnebas ar emsaxureba, rogorc,
magaliTad novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’. werilebi Txrobas ar anawevreben,
radgan saqme sxvadasxva ambavTan, sxva naraterTan da naratorTan gvaqvs,
amitom Txrobis dro novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, arasworxazovania.
novelaSi _ ,,emili’’, naratiuli drois danawevreba naratoris
SecvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sami mosaubris kamaTis mizezis axsnis
mizniT, meoreuli mTxrobeli warsulis ambebs ixsenebs, romlis
momswrec iyo. novelis dasawyisSi, ambis dro Txrobis Tanadroulia (la
narration simultanée). momdevno epizodSi, Txrobis moments ambis dro
uswrebs win (la narration ultérieure). meoreuli mTxrobelis aRsareba ambavs
wyvets. saqme CarTul drosTan gvaqvs (la narration intercalée). novelaSi _
,,oqtavi’’, ambavi Txrobis moments win uswrebs, TxrobaSi CarTuli
werili Txrobis xazs wyvets da ambisa da Txrobis Tanadroulobis
efeqts qmnis. Sesabamisad, novelaSi e.w. CarTuli dro figurirebs (Jouve
1997 : 43).
novelis _ ,,silvi’’, dasawyisSi, ambis dro Txrobis momentis
Tanadroulia. naratoris ymawvilkacobis mogonebebi Txrobis xazs
wyvets da Txrobis momentamde momxdars gadmogvcems. Txroba isev sawyis
aTvlis wertils ubrundeba. Txrobisa da ambis droTa xangrZlivobis
monacvleoba mTeli novelis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
nervalis novelebSi, elifsisi xSiradaa gamoyenebuli. novelaSi _
,,silvi’’, mTxrobeli bavSvobisdroindeli gatacebis _ emilis bedis
Sesaxeb mravali wlis Semdeg igebs, iseve rogorc _ mTxrobelis wamieri
gatacebis, monazonis sikvdils.
msaxiobi qalisa da adrienis (monazonis) gaigivebas bolos uRebs
memaqmanis (silvi) komentari adrienis adreuli sikvdilis Sesaxeb. mTeli
novelis ganmavlobaSi, naratersa da naratorsac am ori qalis msgavseba
mosvenebas ar aZlevs. elifsisis meoxebiT, romelic novelaSi puantis
funqcias asrulebs, konkretuli avtori xatovnad da ostaturad
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gadmogvcems am epizods, riTac realurisa da irealuris
urTierTCanacvlebas da monacvleobas aRwevs.
III.II. Txrobis momenti Jerar de nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’
Jerar de nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’ _ saboloo varianti Jurnal
,,le muSketerSi’’ (,,Le Musquetaire’’) 1853 wlis 17 dekembers daibeWda. zomiT
igi yvelaze mcirea novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ (1854)
_ Semaval nawarmoebTa Soris. simciris miuxedavad, yuradRebas novelis
kompozicia iqcevs. novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, homodiegesuri mTxrobeli im
gauziarebeli siyvarulis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, romelic mas parizis
mitovebas aiZulebs da gezs samxreT-aRmosavleTisken, kerZod,
italiisken aaRebinebs.
italiis Tavgadasavals mTxrobeli qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT
ki gviyveba, Tumca mas sxvadasxva dros ixsenebs. pol larivai,
,,moTxrobis morfo-logikur analizSi”, siuJetur qargas xuT etapad
anawilebs (Jouve 1997 :47):
I. sawyisi etapi (wonasworobis mdgomareoba)
II. provocireba
III. qmedeba
IV. Sedegi
V. wonasworobis aRdgena
Tu nervalis novelas _ ,,oqtavi”, ganvixilavT rogorc novelas,
romelSic ambavs anaqroniulad gviTxroben da nawarmoebis kompoziciis
Taviseburebad masSi Semaval elements _ werils _ gamovyofT, novelis
yvela struqturuli elementis damoukideblad gaanalizeba gaxdeba
mizanSewonili. maSin, rodesac werili (struqruli elementi), calke
analizis sqemas unda daeqvemdebaros, parizidan gamgzavrebisa da ukan
dabrunebis ambavic erTian konteqstSi saWiroebs ganxilvas (Todorov 1970:
22).
sruqturis TvalsazrisiT, novelaSi moTxrobili ambavi, romelsac,
pirobiTad, ,,neapolis Tavgadasavals’’ vuwodebT, werilis (struqturuli
elementi) saSualebiT orad aris dayofili: werili da mogoneba.
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kompoziciis TvalsazrisiT ki, ambavi Osam nawilad SeiZleba daiyos:
werilamde, werili da werilis Semdeg (mogoneba), Tumca novelaSi
gadmocemuli ambavi protagonistis cxovrebis oTx epizods ukavSirdeba:
oqtavis Sexvedra, oqros ZafebiT mqargvelis gacnoba (Ramis
Tavgadasavali _ werilis epizodi), oqtavisTan daSoreba da masTan
Sexvedra aTi wlis Semdeg. es dayofa pirobiTia, radgan ,,neapolis
Tavgadasavlis” Txrobisas ganmsazRvreli ara novelis arqiteqtonika,
aramed nawarmoebis drois Sreebis mixedviT danawevrebaa, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan Txrobis momentiT gansxvavdeba, im distanciiT, romelic
monayolsa da mTxrobelis mier mis gadmocemas aSorebs. maT, pirobiTad,
laTinuri asoebiT aRvniSnavT da larivais sqemas mivusadagebT:
sqema # 1 @
A (werilamde monaTxrobi}
I. gauziarebeli siyvaruli
II. safrangeTidan gamgzavreba
III. ingliseli qaliSvilis _ oqtavis gacnoba
IV. markiz gargalos dis literaturuli saloni.
V. sastumroSi dabruneba
B werili (werlis pirveli nawili)
I. gauziarebel siyvarulze dardi
II. Ramis neapolSi gaseirneba
III. ucnob qaliSvilTan _ mqargvelTan, stumroba
IV.TviTmkvlelobis uSedego mcdeloba
V. sasowarkveTa
werilis Semdeg ambavi or nawilad iyofa:
C I. gaucnobierebeli dardi
II. vezuvis monaxuleba
III. oqtavisTan Sexvedra
IV. gaziarebuli siyvaruli
V. uecari bednierebis SegrZneba
D I. 10 wlis Semdeg neapolSi dabruneba
II. sastumro ,,romSi’’ dabinaveba
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II. oqtavisTan Sexvedra
IV. gaziarebuli siyvaruli
V. marselSi dabruneba
amave sqemis mixedviT, nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi” _ siuJeturi
qarga ase gamoiyureba: gauziarebeli siyvaruli (I), safrangeTidan
gamgzavreba (II), neapolis Tavgadasavali (III), oqtavis siyvaruli (IV),
safrangeTSi dabruneba (V) (Нерваль 1985:214).
sqema # 2 @
I wonasworobis mdgomareoba gauziarebeli siyvaruli A
II provocireba safrangeTidan gamgzavreba A
III qmedeba neapolis Tavgadasavali B
IV Sedegi oqtavis siyvaruli C
V wonasworobis aRdgena safrangeTSi dabruneba D
sqemidan #2 Cans, rom mTeli novelis mniSvenlovani nawili,
romelic personaJis qmedebas ukavSirdeba, nawarmoebSi werilSi
aRwerili ambis saxiTa warmodgenili (B /III).
nervalis novela mTlianad, xolo misi Semadgeneli nawilebi
damoukidebeli siuJetis mqonea. novelis arqiteqtonikis yvela elementi
siuJetur erTianobas ki qmnis, magram TiToeuls sxvadasxva Txrobis
momenti aqvs da neapolis Tavgadasavals sxvadasxva rakursiT
gvTavazobs. dasawyisSi vigebT, rom 1835 wlis gazafxulze, mTxrobels
italiis naxvis gausaZlisi survili eufleba (Nerval 1994:248). alpuri
wablis surneli da mTis CanCqerebis macocxlebeli Sxefebi, xelovnebis
ukvdavi nimuSebi da saTno, axalgazrda inglisel qaliSvilTan
Sexvedra, ,,sanimuSo mkiTxvels’’ (mkiTxveli modeli _ u. eko (Эко 2002:67))
romantikuli ambis molodinSi amyofebs. aq mwerali Txrobas uecrad
wyvets da im werils gvTavazobs, romelSic homodiegesuri mTxrobeli,
mkiTxvelisTvis neapolis jer kidev ucnobi Tavgadasavlis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs. es werili im qalisTvisaa gankuTvnili, romelic
naratoris parizidan gamgzavrebis mizezi gaxda: ,,im Ramis Sexvedram es
werili damawerina, romelic Semdeg swored im qals gavugzavne, parizis
datoveba rom maiZula’’ (,,La rencontre que je fis cette nuit-là est le sujet de la lettre
suivante, que j’adraissai plus tard à celle dont j’avais cru fuir l’amour fatal en m’éloignant de
97
Paris’’) (Nerval 1994 : 250)) novelis am or monakveTSi (A,B) movlenaTa
qronologia darRveulia. erTi mxriv, ,,im Ramis Sexvedris‘’ Sesaxeb
mkiTxvelma jer araferi icis, mTxrobeli mxolod gvamcnobs, rom igi
Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, werilamde gadmocemul TavgadasavalTan
mimarTebaSi, Sexvedra prolefsisis funqcias asrulebs. meore mxriv,
werili isev im Ramis neapolSi gvabrunebs, rodesac mTxrobeli markiz
gargalos dis literaturuli salonidan gamovida (A,V) (Nerval 1994 :250).
rom ara konkretuli avtoris mier werilis, rogorc arqiteqtonikis
elementis gamoyeneba, masSi aRwerili ,,Ramis Tavgadasavali’’ novelis
siuJetis ganviTebas logikurad Seerwymeboda: werilamde da werilis
dasawyisSi erTsa da imave Ramezea saubari _ neapoli, 1835 wlis
gazafxuli, Tumca werilis SuaSi mTxrobeli gvimxels, rom neapolis
Tavgadasavali sami wlis win gadaxdomia: ,,kidev sad gamomecxada
sikvdilis saxe? oh, amis Sesaxeb ukve movyevi, es neapolSi moxda, sami
wlis win’’ (M,,Mais où donc cette image s’est-elle déjà offerte à moi ? Ah, je vous l’ai dit,
c’était à Naples, il y a trois ans’’) (Nerval 1994 : 251)). naxsenebma samma welma
SeiZleba dagvabnios da gvafiqrebinos, rom erTiani siuJeturi qargis
fonze (1835 wlis gazafxulis neapolis Tavgadasavali), nawarmoebis
Txrobis momenti, romelTan mimarTebaSi mTeli ambavi retrospeqtul
xasiaTs Seicavs da savaraudod, 1838 wels emTxveva, narateris mier
sworad araa aRqmuli. nervali anaqronias ar sjerdeba. Ramis jadosnuri
Tavgadasavlebis, vezuvis midamoebis, oqtavisTan sasiyvarulo paemanis
aRweriT monusxul mkiTxvels aRwerili movlenebisgan aTi wliT
aSorebs. mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobi rCeba ra moxda am aTi wlis manZilze,
ratom daSordnen erTmaneTs oqtavi da mTxrobeli, mas Semdeg, rac
orivem erTad yofnis bedniereba ganicada. am SemTxevaSi, saqme gvaqvs
gamiznulad, mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad gamotovebul ambavTan
paralifsisTan. novelis am monakveTSi ambis dro ganusazRvrelia,
Txrobis dro ki nulis toli. es elifsisis nimuSia.
erT patara novelaSi, romelic sul xuTiode gverds itevs, nervali
Txrobis moments ostaturad samjer cvlis: erTi novelis dasawyisSi,
rodesac afiqsirebs TariRs _ 1835 wlis gazafxuli. meored, ukve
werilSi _ savaraudod, 1838 weli, xolo mesamed _ novelis dasasruls,
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romelic adasturebs, rom manamde moTxrobili ambavi mTxrobels, sul
mcire, aTi wlis win mainc gadaxda _ daaxloebiT 1845 wels.
sami TariRi da sami Txrobis momenti novelis
arqiteqtonikasTanaa dakavSirebuli. neapolis Tavgadasavali werilis,
novelis struqturuli da kompoziciuri elementis saSualebiT, samad
aris dayofili: werilamde, werili da werilis Semdeg, Tumca werilis
Semdeg, movlenebi mkiTxvelisTvis moulodnelad viTardeba. frazamde _
,,ra Sors aris axla es yvelaferi! aTi wlis win aRmosavleTidan rom
vbrundebodi . . . im axalgazrda inglisel qaliSvils isev Sevxvdi’’
(,,Hélas ! que tout est loin de nous ! Il y a dix ans, je repassais à Naples, venant d’Orient. J’allai
descendre à l’hôtel de Rome, et j’y retrouvé la jeune Anglaise’’-(Nerval 1994 : 255)).
mkiTxvels SenarCunebuli aqvs iluzia, rom Txrobis momentsa da
gadmocemul ambavs Soris sami welia gasuli, e. i. homodiegesuri
mTxrobeli am ambavs 1838 wels gviyveba, magram zemoxsenebuli fraza
(,,ra Sors aris axla es yvelaferi! aTi wlis win . . ’’), sruliad cvlis
mkiTxvelis damokidebulebas: oqtavisa da mTxrobelis grZnobebi mas
romantikul Tavgadasavlad aRar eCveneba, aramed mas sabediswero
Sexvedrad aRiqvams, ganSorebas ki – ubedurebad. amas novelis daskvniTi,
bolo winadadebac mowmobs: ,,am bednierebis saidumlo oqtavis gavande,
man ki igi Seinaxa’’ (,, . . .et je me dit que peut-être j’avait laissé là le bonheur. Octavie en
gardé près d’elle le secret’’ (Nerval 1994 : 256)). elifsisis es magaliTi
mkiTxvels umalavs rodis, sad da ra saxiT gaando mTxrobelma
inglisel qaliSvils Tavisi bednierebis Sesaxeb. amaze konkretuli
avtorica da fiqtiuric, orive dums. am TvalsazrisiT, nawarmoebSi ara
romantikuli Tavgadasavali, aramed mTxrobelis mogonebebi da
grZnobebi xdeba yuradsaRebi. asociaciuri azrovneba da erTmaneTisTvis
ucxo, ucnobi da Soreuli sagnebisa Tu adamianebis uxilavi ZafebiT
dakavSireba nervalis mxatvrul-esTetikur da stilistikur
Taviseburebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
Txrobis momentiT manipulireba werilis pirvelsave frazaSi Cans:
,,ver visveneb. ukve oTxi dRea, rac ar minaxixarT, an sxvebTan erTad Tu
gxvdebiT’’. werilis Sesavali mkiTxvels, romelsac novela bolomde
wakiTxuli ara aqvs, isev sagonebelSi agdebs: oTx dRes igi manamde
naxseneb 1835 wlis gazafxuls ukavSirebs (A) da gaocebas ver malavs.
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drois ase mcire SualedSi (oTxi dRe – B,I), im mogzaurobis
ganxorcieleba, romelsac naratori werilamde dawvrilebiT
mogviTxrobs, SeuZleblad miaCnia: parizi, marseli, nica, genua,
florencia, romi, Civitavekia, neapoli . . . mkiTxvels sxva araferi
darCenia, garda imisa, rom es fiqcia realobad miiRos.
am mxriv, saintereso xdeba, erTi da imave ambis Txrobis
sixSirec. mogzauroba marselidan iwyeba da marselSive mTavrdeba,
Tumca es sxvadasxva wels xdeba. erTi da igive ambavi mkiTxvels
sxvadasxva saxiT da drois gansvavebuli SualediT miewodeba: rac
werilSia monaTxrobi (Ramis ucnauri Tavgadasavli da ucnob lamaz
qaliSvilTan saxlSi stumroba _ B,III) werilis miRma darCenil novelis
nawilSi gamotovebulia. werilSi aRwerils mTxrobeli novelis sxva
kompoziciur elementebSi Tavs aridebs, magaliTad: werilis epizodSi
oqtavi saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli. SesaZloa, Txrobis aseTi saxiT
warmarTva, erTi da imave movlenis mniSvnelobisa da damajereblobis
xazgasasmeladaa gamoyenebuli, miT ufro, rom neapolis Tavgadasavals
ara ramdenime, aramed erTi homodiegesuri mTxrobeli hyavs. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, neapolis Tavgadasavlisadmi mTxrobelis esoden did
interess, mkiTxvelic avtoris Canafiqris Tanaziari unda gaexada: rac
nervalisTvis da mTxrobelisTvisaa mniSvnelovani, mkiTxvelisTvis aseve
saintereso unda gamxdariyo.
Tu novelis moculobas gaviTvaliswinebT, Jerar de nervalis
ostatobiT movixiblebiT. erTiani siuJeturi qargis fonze, igi
sworxazovan Txrobas Tavs aridebs da gvTavazobs siuJets Tavisi
,,SenakadebiT’’. aseTi konstruqcia ,,CarCoiani novelebisTvis’’ an intimuri
dRiurebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: rodesac warsulSi momxdari
movlenis Txroba awmyo droSi retrospeqtuli komentariT periodulad
wydeba. nervalis novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi ‘’, xan Txrobis momentis (1835, 1838,
1843 wlebi), xanac erTi mTxrobelis mier neapolis Tavgadasavalis
samjer TxrobiTa da am Tavgadasavlis gansxvavebul momentebze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, droTa sxvadasxva Sre iSleba. nawarmoebis
kompoziciuri elementebi isea gadanawilebuli, rom anaqronuli Txroba,
erTi mxriv, movlenaTa qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas inarCunebs.
calkeuli struqturuli elementi ki gansxvavebul siuJets sTavazobs
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mkiTxvels, romlebic erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi xan analefsisis, xanac
prolefsisis saxiT vlindeba.
III. III. realuri da irealuri moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, rTulia realurisa da irealuris
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. saqme ara marto nawarmoebis Sinaarsis plans,
aramed nawarmoebis arqiteqtonikasac exeba.
imisTvis, rom visaubroT realursa da irealuris iurTierTobebze,
unda ganvmartoT, Tu ras vgulisxmobT am cnebebSi. realurs vuwodebT
logikurad dasaSveb da fizikurad SesaZlebel movlenas, irealurs _
fizikurad SeuZlebels an logikurad dauSvebels.
kvlevis sirTules nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) xdomilobis, movlenebis
Tanamimdevrobis, maT Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris
dadgenac warmoadgens.Mmovlenebi xSirad meordeba: erT TavSi dawyebuli
ambavi, romelic SeiZleba realur an irealur samyaroTa asaxvas
emsaxurebodes, wydeba da Semdeg, nawarmoebis sxva nawilSi grZeldeba.
xSirad mTxrobeli erT movlenas mravalmxriv warmogvidgens,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel samyaros, realursa Tu irealurs,
ganekuTvneba igi. nervali ambis Txrobis gameorebis xerxs iyenebs
(le mode répétitif), romelic xSirad figurirebs epistolaruli tipis
nawarmoebebSi an Tanamedrove romanebSi, sadac Sexeduleba movlenaze,
misgan momavali emocia Tavad movlenaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani
xdeba. movleneTa gameoreba nervalis teqsts zRaparTanac akavSirebs:
mcireodeni cvlilebebiT gameorebuli qmedebebi zRaprisTvis
damaxasiaTebel rekursiul struqturul elementad SeiZleba iyos
aRqmuli.
Cven ukve vimsjeleT nervalis nawarmoebebis ornamentulobis
Sesaxeb, Tumca nawarmoebebSi movlenaTa gameorebas sxva gamarTlebac
SeiZleba moeZebnos: erTi da igive ambis mravaljer aRwera,
damajereblobis efeqts qmnis. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens,
radgan saubaria ambavze, romlis damajereblobac saTuoa.
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Jerer de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, realurisa da
irealuris dapirispireba nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II Tavidan iwyeba.
pirveli nawilis I da II Tavebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi protagonistis
(aqtioris) realuri cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodebis xvedriTi wili
metia, vidre irealuri samyaros aRweris.
Cven SevecadeT realuri da irealuri epizodebi sqemis saxiT
dagvelagebina. es realurisa da irealuri samyaroebis gamijvnis da
xdomilobis gamovlenis survilma ganapiroba (simciris miuxedavad,
natariuli teqsti movleneTa minimalur raodenobaze maincaa agebuli).
pirveli Tavis siuJeti Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
sqema #3
I dRe
A. megobrebTan
ganSoreba
B. gaseirneba
C. xilva
R
IR.
IR
II dRe
A1. megobrebTan
ganSoreba
B1. gaseirneba
C1. xilva
D sizmari
R
IR
IR
sqemaSi laTinuri asobiT (A, B, C, D, A1, B1, C1 ) I TavSi momxdari
movlenebia aRniSnuli. laTinuri asoebiT _ R da IR _ realur (R) da
irealurs (IR) avRniSnavT.
rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebebi, romlis Sesaxebac mTxrobeli
mogviTxrobs, oTx ZiriTad punqtamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT. am
SemTxvevaSi, pirveli da meore dRis movlenebi, romlebic logikurad
arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, D punqtiT _ ,,sizmari’’ _
gansxvavdeba.
nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis II Tavamde, romelic inkipitsa da
ramdenime gverds moicavs, realuri da irealuri samyaro erTmaneTisgan
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jer isev mkveTrad aris gamijnuli. inkipiti sruli saxiT aris
warmodgenili: masSi miTiTebulia protagonisti (topos de l’inconnu),
mosayoli ambis savaraudo dro (topos du nouveau) da sivrcec (topos du
dévoilement (Jouve 1997: 21)). teqstis am monakveTSi, movlenebis
Tanamimdevrobac da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiricaa daculi: satrfos
uaris Semdeg mTxrobeli parizidan miemgzavreba (moTxrobis inkipiti
novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, dasawyisis msgavsia – n.q.). sxva qveyanaSi Casuls
meore qali xiblavs da es-esaa satrfos daviwyebas iwyebs, rom,
moulodnelad, orive qals erT nadimze xvdeba. mTxrobeli sasiyvarulo
problemis gadaWras Tavs aridebs da parizSi brundeba. dardis
gaqarvebas verc megobrebis wreSi axerxebs. mTxrobeli maT Sordeba,
Semdeg saseirnod midis, amas ki _ xilva mohyveba.
pirvel dRes, movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri ikveTeba
da es rogorc realurs, aseve irealur epizodebs exeba. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas meore dReze. ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, erTmaneTis msgavsi
movlenebis gameoreba alogikurad gamoiyureba. iseTi STabeWdileba
rCeba, rom nervali wris Sekvras cdilobs: erTi mxriv, amiT am
movlenebis mimarT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba surs, meore mxriv,
imas usvams xazs, rac pirvel da meore dReebs erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvavebs: am SemTxvevaSi _ sizmars (sqema #3). isic SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom nervali rekursiuli elementebis arsebobiT Tavis
qmnilebas, gamiznulad, zRapars amsgavsebs.
nawarmoebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, moTxrobis meore Tavidan
moyolebuli, rasac mis danarCen nawilSi vkiTxulobT, halucinaciebad,
sizmrebad da zmanebebad unda aRviqvaT. amis Sesaxebac nervali Tavad
saubrobs pirveli nawilis II Tavis dasawyisSi (Nerval 1984:7), Tumca
nawarmoebis II nawilSic aris realobis amsaxveli epizodebi, anu
figurirebs fizikurad SesaZlebeli da logikurad dasaSvebi
movlenebis garkveuli raodenoba: mamasTan, poetTan, megobarTan
vizitebi, eklesiaSi wasvla . . . maTi rekonstruireba aluziebis,
avtoaluziebis, mwerlis biografiis saSualebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.
nervalis azriT, xiluls da uxilav samyaros erTmaneTisgan spilos
Zvlis karebi gamohyofs: ,,TrTolvis gareSe ver SevaRe uxilavi
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samyaros spilos Zvlis karebi’’ (,,Je n’ai pu percer sans frémir ces portes d’ivoire ou
de corne qui nous séparent du monde invisible’’(Nerval 1985 :3)). sqemaSi #3@
miTiTebuli movlenebis, realuridan irealur samyaroSi mTxrobelis
gadasvlis gansakuTrebuli niSnebi ar aris aRniSnuli, Tumca
moTxrobaSi, realuris irealuri samyaroTi Canacvleba, transgresiis
niSaniT aris gamoxatuli, romelic SeiZleba erTi an ramdenime iyos.
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, nervali or paralelur samyaros
Tanaarsebobas asaxvas, romelTa Soris arsebobs zRvari da igi
gadalaxvas saWiroebs. transgresia SesaZlebelsa da SeuZlebels Soris
zRvris gadalaxvas gulisxmobs (m. fuko). am fenomenma gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba postmodernistul filosofiaSi moipova (m. fuko, J.
deliozi, f. gvatari, m. blanSo). transgresia postmodernistuli
mxatvruli azrovnebis aRqmis erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens (Bataille,
Encylophédie philosophique, on-lain dok).
transgresiis koncefciis mixedviT, arsebobs yofierebis ori
SesaZlebeli ganzomileba (dasaSvebi SesaZlebeli da dasaSvebi
SeuZlebeli) da aseve ori Sesabamisi faseulobaTa sistema, romelic
Taviseburad xsnis aqtualuris da SesaZlebelis cnebas. adamianis
garSemo arsebuli empiriuli samyaro pirovnebas dasaSvebi
SesaZleblobis tyveobaSi aqcevs, mis mier axlis Secnobis saSualebas
zRudavs, SeuZlebels xdis, magram transgresiis saSualebiT dasaSvebi
SesaZleblobis sazRvari irRveva.
m. fukos azriT, transgresiis postmodernistuli koncefcia
evoluciis procesis siRrmiseul, magram arasworxazovan meqanizms
warmoadgens (fuko 2004:75).Ftransgresiis fenomenis sawyisebi adreul
Sua saukuneebSi, barokos epoqasa Tu modernizmSi unda veZioT, anu igi
yvela im mxatvrul-esTetikuri sistemisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
romelsac Semoqmedebisadmi romantikuli midgoma axasiaTebs. aseTi
sistemebis konceftualuri modeli efuZneba binarul opozicias _
dasaSvebi SesaZlebeli da dauSvebeli SesaZlebeli. realisturi tipis
mxatvruli sistemebi (antikuri epoqa, ganmanaTlebloba, realizmi)
samyaros da adamianis arsis Sesaxeb koncefciis Camoyalibebisas
104
xelmZRvaneloben antiTeziT: dasaSvebi SesaZlbeli da dasaSvebi
SeuZlebeli, romelic transgresiis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs.
Semoqmedebis romantikuli tipis mxatvruli sistemebis jaWvi
warmoaCens transgresiis fenomens, mis evolucias (misi elementebis
evolucias), Sua saukuneebis epoqis misticizmidan dawyebuli
postmodernizmiT damTavrebuli. am evoluciaSi dominants warmoadgens
romantizmis` da modernizmis epoqebis xelovneba, romelic romantikul
miTologiur tradicias efuZneba da simbolisturi miToSemoqmedebis
warmmarTvelia.
swored dauSvebeli SesaZlebelis gadalaxvas cdilobs nervalis
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ protagonisti. amiT aixsneba nawarmoebis
ornamentuli xasiaTi da mentaluri movlenebis siuxvec. realurisa da
irealuris dapirispirebidan gamomdinare, nawarmoebis nawilebad da
Tavebad dayofac pirobiTia, radgan moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, I da II Tavis
wignis danarCeni nawilisgan gamijvnulia transgresiiT _ akrZaluli
sazRvris gadalaxvis surviliT. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad xorcieldeba
transgresia: is rac literaturuli nawamoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSia
SesaZlebeli, dauSvebelia empiriul samyaroSi, amitomaa nervalis
moTxroba _,,orelia’’, ocnebac da transgresiac.
pirvel dRes, realur samyaros _ gaseirneba _ mkiTxveli
protagonisTan erTad mas Semdeg ,,tovebs’’, rac mTxrobeli, parizis
quCaSi seirnobisas, saxlis nomers SeniSnavs. nomeri mis asaks emTxveva.
saxli naratoris yuradRebas imiTac miiqcevs, rom mis gverdiT
ganaTebuli lampionia. saxlis nomeri, lampioni transgresiis niSanebia.
mesame niSani, SeiZleba vTqvaT, transgresiis (ontologiuri samyaros
garRvevis) utyuari niSani, es Tvalebis daxraa. Tvalebis daxra sxva
samyaroSi gadasvlis mauwyebelia: ,,Tvalebi davxare Tu ara, Cems
Tvalwin qali davinaxe, romelic orelias magonebda. sakuTar Tavs
gamovutydi: es Cemi an misi sikvdili meuwya-meTqi’’ (,,En baissant mes yeux, je
vis devant moi une femme, qui me semblait avoir les traits d’Aurélia. Je me dis: ,,c’est sa mort
ou la mienne qui m’est annoncée ! ’’ (Nerval 1985 :8)). xilvebis meore dRes niSnebi
icvleba. TuU pirvel SemTvevaSi, mauwyeblis rols saxlis nomeri
TamaSobs, meore dRes, parizis gareubnis quCa (pirveli niSani) sami quCis
gasayariT icvleba (,,Arrivé cependant au confluent de troi rues . . .’’-10), lampioni
105
(,,Le numéro d’une maison éclairé par un réverbère’’ (Nerval 1985 : 8)) ki _ varskvlaviT
(,,Je me miis à chercher dans le ciel une étoile’’ (Nerval 1985 : 9)).
mwerali TiTqos mkiTxvelis dabnevas cdilobs, misi msjelobis
logikis Secvlas; surs daafiqros igi da nawarmoebSi SemTxveviTobis,
ucabedobis gancda Semoitanos, Tumca moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, avtori
mkiTxvels bolomde ar ,,swiravs’’. c. todorovis azriT, swored
mkiTxvelis meryeoba _ irwmunos Tu uaryos avtoris mier asaxuli
samyaros realuroba, fantastikuri Janris nawarmoebs danarCeni
Janrebisgan gamoarCevs. fantastikuri Janris ramdenime qveJanrs
gamoyofs, romlis saSualebiTac Janruli mravalferovnebis
klasifikacias cdilobs. misi azriT, arsebobs uCveulo, uCveulo-
fantastikuri, jadosnuri-fantastikuri da jadosnuri (Todorov 1970 :42).
I. uCveulo saxis mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi, moTxrobil
ambavs SeiZleba racionaluri axsna moenaxos, Tumca Sedegi
Sokismomgvrelia (ed. alan pos ,,eSerTa saxlis dacema’’);
II. uCveulo-fantastikuri saxis mxatvrul-literaturuli
teqstisTvis mkiTxvelis moTxrobili movlenebis realurobis
iluziis qveS yofnaa damaxasiaTebelia. saboloo jamSi, ambis
dasasruli racionalur axsnas eqvemdebareba (ian potockis
,,saragosaSi napovni xelnaweri’’);
III. jadosnur-fantastikuri mxatvrul-literaturuli
teqstebisTvis moTxrobili movlenebis racionaluri axsna ar
aris damaxasiaTebeli. aseTi saxis teqstebis analizisas,
mkiTxveli zebunebrivi Zalebis moqmedebaSi rwmundeba
(,,teofil goties ,,Seyvarebuli micvalebuli qali’’);
IV. jadosnuri saxis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqtebi
movlenebisTvis racionaluri axsnis moZebnas aRar saWiroebs:
maT jadosnurobaSi eWvi arc nawarmoebis gmirebs da arc
implicitur mkiTxvels ar eparebaT.
nervalis mcdeloba ki imiskenaa mimarTuli, rom mkiTxveli Tavis
simarTleSi, Tavisi mosazrebis WeSmaritebaSi daarwmunos. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevSi, misi (mwerlis, personaJis, mTxrobelis) piradi gamocdileba
Rirebuli ver iqneba, subieqturi gancdis gaziareba ar moxedxdeba da
ambavic da movlenac mniSvnelobas dakargavs. zmoxsenebuli
106
klasifikaciidan gamomdinare, nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’,
fantastikuri Janris momijnave Janrs _ jadosnur-fantastikurs unda
mivaweroT; magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom nervalis nawarmoebSi
realuri da irealuri samyaroebi erTmaneTTan ar aris dapirispirebuli,
aramed erT mTlianobas qmnis, moTxrobaSi aRwerili movlenebi
logikurad ki ar unda avxsnad da, gancvifrebis miuxedavad, mTxrobelis
kvaldakval, maTi damajereblobac virwmunoT, aramed Tavidanve
vaRiaroT moTxrobili ambis sarwmunoeba.
jadosnuri elementebis, faruli Tu gancxadebuli niSnebis siuxve
gansakuTrebiT amZafrebs movlenaTa msvlelobas da mkiTxvels
daZabulobaSi amyofebs. jadosnuri, siuJetis zebunebrivi movlenebis
mravalferovnebasTan erTad, kiTxvis procesi ufro da ufro rTuldeba:
erTsa da imave elements, realuri iqneba es Tu irealuri, nervali
martividan rTulisken anviTarebs. ferkmTali qalis aCrdilis xilva
(I dRe _ C, sqema # 3), romelic mTxrobels satrfos agonebs, mkiTxvelis
gakvirvebas naklebad iwvevs, vidre, jer Tanmxlebi megobris, Semdeg ki _
Tavad mTxrobelis metamorfoza (II dRe _ C1, sqema # 3). megobrebis
mitoveba da parizis quCebSi marto gaseirneba naklebad metyveli da
mniSvnelovania (I dRe _A), vidre erT-erT maTganTan _ polTan, erTad
gaseirneba (IIdRe _A1). swored polTan yofnis dros, mTxrobels ara
marto xilva ewveva, aramed Tavad ganicdis metamorfozas. mTxrobelis
martoobaSi orelias xilva mkiTxvelisTvis nakleb damajereblad
JRers. megobris _ polis, mTxrobelTan erTad yofna yovelive momxdars
eWvis qveS aRar ayenebs. Sesabamisad, simetriuli konstruqciis pirobebSi
(xilva/gamocxadeba _ C da xilva/metamorfoza _ C1).), meore monaTxrobi
ufro damajereblad gamoiyureba. es faqtic, nervalis mxatvrul-
literaturul teqstSi, erTi da igive movlenis gameorebis
mizanSewonilobas amarTlebs.
moTxrobis or samyaroSi, realursa da irealurSi, personaJis
gadaadgilebaa saintereso: Tu rogor viTardeba siuJeturi qarga
realurs da irealur samyaroebSi movlenebis gadanawilebis fonze. am
or samyaros Soris sazRvrebis garRveva transgresiuli xasiaTisaa.
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, transgresiis niSnebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva da
107
simbolur datvirTvas iZens: erTgan _ oTaxSi Sesvla, sxva samyaroSi
aRmoCena, waqceva. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi (I da II Tavi), erTi niSani sxva
niSniT ise icvleba, rom maTi mimsgavseba, saerTo TvisebiT erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba xdeba SesaZlebeli, Tanac meore dRis niSnebi Tvisobrivad
ufro rTuli da mravlismTqmelia iseve, rogorc Tavad meore movlena.
Tu pirvel dRes, parizis quCa mkiTxvelSi gansakuTrebul grZnobas ar
iwvevs, meore dRes, am niSnis ,,sami quCis gasayariT’’ Secla mTrobels
(da masTan erTad mkiTxvels) arCevanis gancdas uqmnis (Nerval 1985 : 10).
anaznad gvagondeba Zveli, jadosnuri zRaprebi da gzis gasayarTan
mdgari zRapris personaJi.
analogiuria danarCeni niSnebis _ lampionisa da varskvlavis _
urTierTkavSiric: Tu lampioni miwier cxovrebas, yofiTobas,
ontologiur realobas ukavSirdeba, varskvlavi _ yovelive zeciurs,
miuwvdomels da idumals, Tumca orives _ lamparsa da varsvlavsac,
saerTo Tviseba aerTianebs _ Suqi, romelic gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas da datvirTvas iZens nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’.
varskvlavi, mze, mTvare, Suqi, lampioni, sanTeli _ es saganTa is
jaWvia, romlebsac saerTo sema akavSirebs da mwerlis saTqmels
simbolurad gamoxatavs: realuri samyarodan irealurSi gadasvla,
samyaroSi, romlisken mnaTobi, lampioni an Suqi miuTiTebs, ukeTesi
momavlis, bednierebis mopovebis iluzias qmnis. simbolos
hermenevtikuli potenciali teqstis aRqmis, avtoriseuli Canafiqris da
mkiTxvelis adekvaturi an originaluri interpretaciis meqanizms
warmoadgens. igi esTetikis universaluri kategoriaa. rogorc
s. averincevi werda, simbolos arsis wvdoma, misi mniSvnelobis axsna
martooden gonebis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia. simbolo unda gaiTaviso,
Seisisxlxorco (Аверинцев ,,Cимвол’’). simbolos semantikuri struqtura
aRmqmelisgan did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
erTdaderTi niSani, romliTac realurisa da irealuris gamijvna
SeiZleba _ mzea. nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli irwmuneba,
rom sizmarSi mzes veravin xedavs: ,,yvelam icis, rom sizmarSi mze ar
mzeobs’’ (,,Chacun sait que dans les rêves on ne voit jamais le soleil’’ (Nerval 1985 :28)).
kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, mze ganixileboda rogorc RvTaebrivi
arsis mqone ciuri sxeuli. Zvel romSi nebismier sakanonmdeblo aqts
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mzis dros iRebdnen. wertiliani wre mzis simbolikas odiTganve
gamoxatavda. Zveli berZnebis warmodgeniT, mze zevsis Tvali iyo (Tvali-
mnaTobi). Zvel egviptelebs hyavdaT amomavali mzis RmerTi herpi, da
Camavali mzis RmerTi tumi, romelic gvelis saxiT gamoisaxeboda.
neoliTis epoqaSi mze qalur sawyiss ukavSirdeboda. ikveTeba
asociaciaTa jaWvi: mze _> cexli _> qimerebi _ cecxlis qaliSvilebi,
rac nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis mnaTobis miTologemis mniSvnelobas
usvams xazs. evropuli tradiciis mixedviT, mze kvirasTan asocirdeba.
sayuradReboa, rom nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, (meore nawili)
moqmedeba kviras xdeba. imas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nawarmoebSi
kviris sxva romelime dRe saerTod ar figurirebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT
ra did mniSvnelobas iZens kvira da misi simbolika, Sesabamisad _ mzec,
nawarmoebis interpretaciis, teqstis da misi calkeuli epizodebis
rekonstruirebis, misi konkretizacia-aqtualizaciis procesSi.
mwerlis sityebidan gamomdinare, mze, Suqi realuri cxovrebis
atributia. mze uZvelesi astraluri simboloa, romelsac yovelTvis
Tayvans scemdnen, magram nervalis nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’), mze rogorc
sizmarSi aseve xcadSi figurirebs. es kidev erTi utyuari miniSnebaa,
rom realuri da irealuri nervalis teqstSi erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli
ar aris. yvelaferi, rasac mTxrobeli yveba, erTian, warmosaxviT
samyaroSi xdeba: sizmaric, zmanebac, realuri cxovrebis epizodebic.
sizmarSi nebismieri sagani RvTaebrivi SuqiT aris gasxivosnebuli:
,,sagnebi da sxeulebi sakuTari SuqiT iyvnen gasxivosnebulni’’ (,,Les objets
et les corps sont lumineux par eux-mêmes’’( Nerval 1985 : 28)). erT-erT sizmarSi,
rodesac mTxrobels sami mrTveli esizmreba, dRe samjer metad
brwyinavs, vidre Cveulebrivi, bunebrivi dRe (,,Un jour trois fois plus brillant que
le jour naturel’’(Nerval 1985 :27)). es epizodi apokalifsisis erT frazas
exmianeba: ,,naTeli bnelSi naTobs’’ (biblia 1989: 1197/1:5). erT-erTi
zmanebis dros, romelic VIII TavSia aRwerili, planetas naTeli efineba,
rodesac sabolood, uTvalavi gardasaxvis Semdeg, masze harmonia
mkvidrdeba: ,,uecrad, saocarma harmoniam daisadgura . . planetac nel-
nela ganaTda’’ (,,Tout à coup une singulière Harmonie résona dans notre solitude . . .la
planète s’éclairait peu à peu’’(Nerval 1985 : 33)).
109
mzis miTologema moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, ganaxlebis simboloa:
iseve rogorc cecxli, mze ganaxlebis mauwyebelicaa. xilvebSi
mTxrobeli axali mzis sxivebqveS momuSave noes vaJebs xedavs: mas
Semdeg, rac noes kidobani aRTqmuli miwis napirs miadga, warRvnas
gadarCenil samyaros RmerTisgan axali mze eboZa: ,,noes vaJiSvilebi
axali mzis sxivebqveS dauRalavad Sromobdnen’’. (,,Les fils de Noé travaillaient
péniblement aux rayons d’un soleil nouveau’’( Nerval 1985 : 37)). es epizodic nervalis
moTxrobis fiqcionaluri samyaros irealuri movlenebis nawilSi xdeba.
nawarmoebis meore nawilSi (IV Tavi), mTxrobels, parizSi seirnobis
dros, warRvnis suraTi warmoudgeba: mze Savdeba, tuilris baRebs Tavze
sisxlis sfero dahyurebs: ,,tiulris baRebs Tavze dahyurebda Savi mze
da sisxlis sfero’’ (,,Je croyais voir un soleil noir dans le ciel et un globe rouge de sang
au-dessus des Tuileries’’(Nerval 1985 : 70)). protagonists eCveneba, rom yvelaferi
pirvandel qaoss daubrunda. am epizodSi mze saerTod ar Cans: mis
naclad, caze mosalodneli wyvdiadis mauwuebeli sisxlis sferoa
Camokidebuli: ,,usasrulo Rame dadgeba. igi sazareli iqneba. netav ra
moxdeba, adamianebi mzis gaqrobas rom SeamCneven ?’’ (,,La nuit éternelle
commence, et elle va être terrible. Que va-t-il arriver quand les hommes s’aperecevront qu’il
n’y a plus de soleil ?’’ (Nerval 1985 :70)).
nawarmoebSi mze, mzis Suqi, mzis amosvla ganaxlebis, sicocxlis
simboloa, mzis Casvla ki _ dacemisa da sikvdils mauwyebeli. moTxrobis
_ ,,orelia’’, IX TavSi, mTxrobeli bavSvobis wlebs igonebs da mkiTxvels
im mxaris (luazi) monaxulebis Sesaxeb mouTxrobs. mzis Casvlis fonze,
Tvalwarmtaci bunebis cqerisas, mTxrobeli waborZikdeba da daecema.
katabasisis amsaxvel am epizodSi, mzis Casvla dacemis, sikvdilis
simboloa. protagonisti iqve dasZens, rom daisis Jams sikvdilze didi
bedniereba mainc araferia: ,,bednierebis SegrZneba dameufla, rodesac
vifiqre, rom aseT Jams movkvdebodi’’ (,,Je me sentais heureux de mourir ainssi, à
cette heure . . ‘’( Nerval 1985 : 39)).
Camavali mze aseve figurirebs nawarmoebis meore nawilis II TavSi. am
SemTxvevaSi, Camavali mzis mSveniereba bavSvobis udardel cxovrebasTan
asocirdeba: ,,patara qalaqSi, Cemi naTesavebis saxlSi, sadac Cemi
axalgazrdobis ramdenime bednieri dRe gavatare . . . xSirad davdiodi
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Camavali mzis sacqerlad’’ (,,Dans une petite ville où j’avais passé quelques jours
heureux de ma jeunesse, chez les vieux parents . . . J’avais aimé souvent à y venir voir coucher
le soleil’’ (Nerval 1985 : 57)). mze saavadmyofos gisosebian sarkmelSic aRwevs:
,,Camavali mzis sxivebis aTinaTi moxatul kedels anaTebda’’ (,,Sur le mur,
situé au couchant étaient tracées des figures . ..’’ – (Nerval 1985 : 77)). mze moxatul
kedels anaTebs, rac mkurnalobiTa da Tavisi sneulebiT gaTangul
protagonists imeds usaxavs.
mzis amosvla esTetikuri siamovnebis momgvrelicaa. mTxrobeli
klinikaSi gatarebuli dReebis, ori Tvis mkurnalobis arasasiamovno
procesis daviwyebas cdilobs da parizSi gaseirnebebs mihyofs xels:
,,parizis garSemo momlocvelobas mivhyavi xeli’’ (,,Je repris mes pélégrinage
autour de Paris’’ (Nerval 1985 :71)). protagonisti monmartrze xSirad dadis,
rom aisis cqeriT datkbes. mzis amosvlasTan erTad, igi axali
cxovrebis dawyebas imedovnebs: ,,RamiT monmartris maRlobze saseirnod
da amomavali mzis sacqerlad mivdiodi’’ (,,J’allais me promener toute la nuit sur la
colline de Montmartre et y voir le lever du soleil’’(Nerval 1985 :72)). Sesabamisad,
nervalis nawarmoebSi, mze imedis simbolocaa. kidev erTi epizodi igives
dasamtkiceblad gamodgeba. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis V
TavSi, botanikuri baRisa da osteologiuri galereis monaxulebis
dros, mTxrobels mosalodneli warRvnis SegrZneba daeufleba.
sasowarkveTili, igi uamravi qalisa da bavSvis daRupvis SesaZleblobam
SeaZrwuna da SiSma Seipyro. sakuTari ususurobiT mTxrobeli kidev
ufro metad itanjeba, radgan safrTxis Sesaxeb maT gafrTxilebas ver
aswrebs, magram uecrad naTdeba da mTxrobels imedi isev Caesaxeba:
,,rogorc ki Weqa-quxili Sewyda, mzis sxivma naTeba daiwyo da Cems suls
imedi daubrunda’’ (,,Vers le même orage s’apaisa, et un rayon du soleil commença à
briller. L’espoir rentra dans mon âme’’ (Nerval 1985 :73)).
ciuri sxeulis saxiT mze nawarmoebis meore nawilis VI TavSia
warmodgenili. tusaRebi, (mTxrobeli ase moixseniebs klinikis mkvidrT)
baRSi seirnoben. maT ciuri sxeulebze magiuri zegavlena aqvT. baRSi
wriuli moZraobiT isini varskvlavebis traeqtorias imeoreben da mzis
moZraobas awesrigeben: ,,am baRSi Tavmoyrili adamianebi ciuri
sxeulebis moZraobas ganagebdnen . . . is ki, vinc wreSi uwyvetad
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trialebda, Tavad mzis moZraobas awesrigebda’’ (,,Les personnes réunies dans ce
jardin avaient quelque influence sur des astres . . . celui qui tournait sans cesse dans le même
cercle y réglait la marche du soleil’’( Nerval 1985 :77)).
zogjer, mwerali mzes yvavils adarebs da xazs usmavs mis formas,
magaliTad: samyaros gardaqmnisa da metamorfozis aRweris dros,
nervali evoluciis erT moments ukavSirebs mzes, romelic mcenares
hgavs. am epizodSi mze sicocxlis wyaroa: ,,yvavilis msgavsi mze . . .
dedamiwaze mcenareebisa da cxovelebis nayofier Canasaxs yrida’’ (Le
soleil pareil à la plante . . .de sa tête inclinée suit la révolution de sa marche céleste, semait sur
la terre les germes féconds des plantes et des animaux’’ (Nerval 1985 :53)). SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom romantikosebis simbolo _ cisferi yvavili, nervalis
nawarmoebSi mnaTobad transformirdeba. ,,RmerTi mzea’’ –bavSvobaSi
gamzrdelma biZam ase upasuxa patara bavSvis gulubryvilo SekiTxvas _
,,ra aris RmerTi’’M (,,Dieu, c’est le soleil’’). am frazaSi qristianobamdeli
epoqis mimarT nervalis didi interesi igrZnoba, rac exmianeba samyaros
usasrulobis uZveles ideas, romlis simbolur gamoxatulebas mzis
diskos wriuli forma warmoadgens.
Cveulebriv, saxecvala, metamorfoza fantastikuri nawarmoebis
Semadgeneli elementia. nervalis personaJi mogvad gardaisaxeba (C1
_ sqema # 3),@ rac amZafrebs asociaciur jaWvs _ varskvlavi <__> mogvi.
es ki mkiTxvelSi bibliur reminiscenciebs iwvevs, rac nervalis
nawarmoebis interpretaciis kidev erT saSualebas iZleva. Tavad
mTxrobeli qristesTan asocirdeba, rac kibidan Camovardnis (katabasisis
miTologema, jojoxeTSi STasvlis metafora) epizodiTac mtkicdeba
(Nerval 1985:65).
rogorc vxedavT, Jerer de nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, rogorc
Tavisi SinaarsiT, aseve formiTacaa saintereso. nawarmoebSi realuri da
irealuri samyaroebia asaxuli. fiqcionaluri samyaro homogenuria, rac
realurisa da irealuris dapirispirebiT ki ara, aramed _
urTierTCanaclebiTa da monacvleobiT dasturdeba da irealur da
realur epizidebSi asaxuli movlenebis msgavsebaSi vlindeba (sqema # 3).
realuri samyarodan irealurSi gadasvlas (transgresia) Tavisi niSnebi
axlavs, romelic simbolur datvirTvas iZenen. rogorc sqemidan Cans,
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pirveli da meore dRis movlenebi -_ realurica da irealuric, erT
funqcias asrulebs da saerTo mizans emsaxureba: mkiTxvelis yuradReba
sizmarze gaamaxvilos da imazec, rac sizmarSia moTxrobili.
sqemaSi # 3 miTiTebuli movlenebi ori dRis moqmedebas asaxavs.
orive dRes moqmedeba dRis miwuruls xdeba: ,,erT saRamos, SuaRamisken...’’
(C) (,,Un soir vers minuit...’’(Nerval 1985 :7)), da (C1) ,,saRamos, rodesac
sabediswero Jami dgeboda... ’’ (,,Le soir, lorsque l’heure fatale semblait s’approcher...’’
Nerval 1985 :9)). orive movlena irealur epizods gvixatavs, Tumca nervali,
rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, topografiul qronotops gvizustebs:
moqmedeba saRamos da, orive SemTxvevaSi, parizSi xdeba. dazustebuli
topografiuli qronotopi gansakuTrebul datviTvas ar iZens: sizmars,
romelic I dRis xilvis Semdeg naxa mTxrobelma, Zilis bunebriv
movlenasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Sesabamisad, Rames ukavSirdeba da
Tavis mniSvnelobas, rogorc zebunebrivi movlena, hkargavs. igi
mauwyebelad, dasaSvebi SeuZlebelis zRurblis gadalaxvad ar aRiqmeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nervali, adamianuri cxovrebis Cveul ritmTan
SesabamisobaSi, movlenebis ganviTarebis logikis SenarCunebas cdilobs.
es kidev erTxel amtkicebs im faqts, rom nervalis moTxroba (,,orelia’’)
jadosnuris magaliTia (c. todorovi).
nawarmoebis I nawilis I da II Tavi SeiZleba ganvixilod, rogorc
realuri Tavgadasavali (satrfos uari, mogzauroba da sxva qaliT
gataceba, ori qalis Sexvedra, parizSi dabruneba, megobrebTan Sexvedra,
parizis quCaSi xetiali, cudad gaxdoma da mTxrobelis saavadmofoSi
moTavseba). rac amis Semdeg xdeba, scildeba realuri droisa da
sivrcis CarCoebs, radgan nebismieri, Tundac momxdari realuri faqti
(Tavad mwerlis cxovrebaSi momxdari da nawarmoebSi gadmotanili),
irealuris statuss iZens. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ambavs ara
Tavisufali, janmrTeli adamiani gviambobs, aramed saavadmyofos oTx
kedelSi gamomwyvdeuli, fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacienti. amas Tavad
mTxrobeli aRiarebs: ,,Sevecdebi, im xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb
Cemi SegrZnebebi gadmovce, romelic Cems sulSi iyo miCqmaluli’’ (,,Je
vais essayer de transcrire les impressions d’une longue maladie qui s’est passée tout entière
dans les mystères de mon esprit’’ (Nerval 1985 :4)). igi Tavis avadmyofobas ki
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aRiarebs, magram imasac dasZens, rom ase kargad Tavi arasdros ugrZnia
(,,Je ne me suis senti mieux portant’’(Nerval 1985 :4)). swored am gaorebaSi unda
veZioT nervalis nawarmoebebis hierofania (Eliade 1974 : 5).
sqemaSi (# 3) warmodgenili yvela etapi simbolur xasiaTs atarebs.
pirvel dRes, qalis ferkmTali aCrdilis gamoCena mTxrobels
afiqrebinebs, rom misi an misi satrfos sikvdili gamoecxada (,,C’est sa
mort ou la mienne qui m’est annoncé (Nerval 1985 :8)). meore dRes, jer mTxrobelis
megobris mogvad gardasaxva da Tavad mTxrobelis metamorfoza
satrfosTan dakavSirebis niSnad aRiqmeba: ,,neba momeci maT SevuerTde,
(serafimebs-n.q.), radgan is vinc miyvarda, axla maT Soris aris’’ (,,Laisse-
moi les rejoindre, car celle que j’aime leur appartient, et c’est là que nous devons nous
retrouver!’’Nerval1985 :10)). miuxedavad imisa, rom II Tavidan moyolebuli,
saavadmyofoSi moxvedridan dawyebuli, realuri da irealuri,
nawarmoebis danarCen nawilSi warmodgenili movlenebisgan Tvisobrivad
gansxvavdeba (frTosani angelozis xilvis Semdeg, mkiTxveli movlenaTa
damajereblobaSi unda daeWvdes), orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc I da II
nawilSi, figurirebs realuri, sizmari, ocneba, xilva, zmaneba da
halucinacia; oRond, pirvel SemTxvevaSi, realuri mogonebaa, meoreSi _
warmosaxvis nawili. mogoneba warsulis atributia, magram realur
movlenebs asaxavs (realurs fiqcionalur samyaroSi), sizmaris, ocnebis,
xilvis, zmanebis da halucinaciebis dros, yoveli movlena awmyo droSi
xdeba (Txrobis momentis da movlenis Tanxvedris pirobebSi, rac scenis
magaliTia da Sinagani monologiTaa gamoxatuli (monologue rapporté) (Jouve
1997 : 32/36)).
III TavSi, rodesac mTxrobeli sakaceze wevs, aRmosavleTis cis
msgavsi ca ixsneba (,,les mystiques splandeurs du ciel d’Asie’’ (Nerval 1985 :13)) da
uamravi wre Cans (,,D’immenses cercles se traçaient dans l’infinie’’ (Nerval 1985 :13)).
nervali maT wyalSi Cavardnili sxeulis garSemo gaCenil wreebs
adarebs (,,comme les orbes que forme l’eau troublée par la chute d’un
corps’’Nerval1985 :13)). e.i. cas igi wyals adarebs. ca da wyali
simetriulad asaxavs imas, rac xmeleTze xdeba, anu sarkis funqcias
asrulebs. miwieris da zecieris dapirispireba movlenebis simetriuli
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ganlagebasa da moqmedebis simetriaSic aisaxeba. es kargad Cens qvemod
moyvanil sqemaSi:
sqema # 4
I tanisamosis gaxda /
II. xelebis gaSla (frena) /
III. mistikuli himni /
I. kaSnis yelze moxveva
II. loginze wola
III. yvirili
teqstis am nawilSi protagonsti Zvel germanul tradicias
ixsenebs, romlis mixedviT sikvdilis win adamians oreuli ecxadeba:
,,germaniaSi, tradiciis mixedviT, Tvlian rom yvela adamians oreuli
hyavs . . rodesac mas dainaxav, sikvdilic maleve gewveva’’. (,,une tradition bien
connue en Allemagne, qui dit que chaque homme a un double . . lorsqu’il le voit, la mort est
proche’’ ( Nerval 1985 :13)). nervali germaneli romantikosebis nawarmoebebze
mianiSnebs. protagonisti gaorebulia, movlenebi ormag saxes iRebs,
nebismieri moqmedeba ki asaxvas sapirispiro qmedebaSi hpovebs. swored
aseT gaorebas ukavSirebs c. todorovi nervalis moTxrobis (,,orelia’’)
fantastikuri diskursis orazrovnebas (Todorov 1970 : 32).
avadmyofi megobris monaxulebac mxatvruli alegoriaa (VI Tavi).
mTxrobeli avadmyofSi sakuTar Tavs xedavs; avadmyofi misi anareklia
sarkeSi. sarke samyaros, WeSmaritebis Secnobis simboloa. kosmogoniasa
da kosmologiaSi igi RvTaebriv, qalur sawyiss, wyals, mTvares
ukavSirdeba sarkeSi mxolod saganTa zedapiri aisaxeba da ara sagnis
arsi. sarke mTvares waagavs, romelic mzis Suqs aireklavs da sakuTari
ar gaaCnia. sarke, amavdroulad, universumis Secnobis simbolocaa. bevri
eris warmodgeniT, sarke adamianis suls aireklavs da imqveyniuri
samyaros karibWes warmoadgens. zogierTi tradiciis mixedviT, sarkis
anarekls da mis obieqts Soris magiuri kavSiri arsebobs, amitom igi
sulebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad gamoiyeneba. iudevelebTan,
egviptesa da iaponur-budistur tradiciebSi sarkes gardacvlilis
TavTan dgamdnen (metalisgan damzadebul sarkesac), ojaxi rom boroti
Zalebisgan daecvaT, radgan sarkeSi enegiis koncentrireba da
transformireba xdeba. indielebis tradiciis mixedviT, sarke
WeSmaritebis simbolaa. Zvel CineTSi sarkes ukavSirdeba cifri _
8, RvTaebrivi srulqmnilebis simbolo. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
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sarke iyo fufunebis sagani da SemecnebisE simboloc. sarke RmerTis
sityvis gamoxatulebaa. ikonografiaSi igi mariam RvTismSobelTan
gamoisaxeba, rogorc siwmindis, qristes RvTaebrivi Suqis simbolo.
mTvarisken mimarTuli sarkiT winaswarmetyvelebda Sua saukunis
alqimikosi _ albert didi. igi yvelas Cveulebrivi sarkis yidvas da
masze magiuri sityvebis daweras sTavazobda: ,,S.Solam S.Tattler
S.Echogordner’’. amiT, yoveli Tavs ubedurebisgan daixsnida (Encyclopédie des
symbles 1996).
movlenebis ormag axsnas, moTxrobis pirveli nawilis IV TavSic
vxdebiT, sadac irealuri zmanebis saxiT aris warmodgenili. erTi mxriv,
es aris realur mogonebebze dafuZnebuli bavSvobis mogonebebi,
romelic Semdeg samyaros warmoqmnis suraTad gardaiqmneba. III TavSi,
mkiTxvelma protagonisti klinikaSi, sawolze mwoliare datova. sawoli
akavSirebs mTxrobels mis bavSvobasTan, im saxlTan sadac igi gaizarda.
mas warmoudgenia, rom parizTan axlos, luazis mxareSi, montefontenSi
biZis saxlSia da msaxuri _ margereti sawols ulagebs. nervalis
nawarmoebSi saavadmyofos sawolidan biZis saxlis sawolamde _ erTi
nabijia: protagonistis warmosaxviT samyaroSi dro da sivrcec
mniSvnelobas hkargavs. lamaz, mxiarul saxls (,,la maison riante’’), mwvane
darabebze ayolil usurvazs Camavali mzis sxivi anaTebs. satrfoze
mogonebebi mTxrobels aqac ar asvenebs. marTalia, orelia mas ar
ecxadeba, magram mTxrobeli mis portrets xedavs. droSi mogzaurobis
saSualebiT, mogoneba materializirdeba: mTxrobeli, saavadmyofoSi
(rogorc sakanSi), igonebs bavSvobas (bednier dros), warsulSi ki
momavals igonebs (orelias da portretze gamosaxuli qalis msgavseba).
Tu nervalis nawarmoebi kvlevas warmoadgens, avtoris Ziebas,
mkiTxvelic, mTxrobelis kvaldakval, nel-nela samyaros aRqmis
urTules fsiqikur procesebs uRrmavdeba. teqstis aRqma SeuZlebeli
xdeba misi konkretuli, eqsplicituri avtoris _ Jerar de nervalis,
biografiis codnis gareSe. metic, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ teqsti
nervalis sxva nawarmoebebTan ideur-Tematurad aris dakavSirebuli,
amitom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mwerlis sxva nawarmoebi misi ukanaskneli
qmnilebis gasaRebad gamoiyeneba. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, uxvadaa
avtoaluzia, rac nawarmoebis swori interpretaciis sawindaria. es
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ukanasknelic, Tavis mxriv, mwerlis sxva nawarmoebis swori
interpretaciis saSualebaa.
realuri da irealuri samyaroebis warmosaCenad, saWirod migvaCnia
ganvixilod moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, iseTi epizodebi, romelSic naTlad
gamoCndeba gansxvaveba realur da irealur samyaroebs Soris, da iseTic,
rodesac maTi gansxvaveba da erTmaneTisgan gamijvna rTulia.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, nervalis nawarmoebSi, realuri da
irealuri samyaroebi ara imdenad movlenebiT, aramed erTi samyarodan
meoreSi gadasvlis, transgresiis niSnebiT arian mniSvnelovanni, magram
es niSnebi vizualuri da smeniTicaa. moTxrobis erT-erT epizodSi,
gons mosvlis, gaRviZebis, transidan gamosvlis win, mTxrobels yvirili
afxizlebs. sizmarSi a. diureris cnobil graviuraze _ ,,melanqolia’’,
gamosaxuli angelozis msgavsi dacemuli serafimis xilvis Semdeg,
mTxrobeli sizmarSi yviris da mexdacemuliviT iRviZebs: ,,sazareli
yvirili Camesma da umal gamomeRviZa’’ (,,Je ne pus m’empêcher des cris d’effroi, qui
me réveillèrent en sursaut’’(Nerval 1985 :9)).
saxelosnos monaxulebis dros (X Tavi), protagonists qalis
gamWoli kivili Caesmis da afxizlebs: ,,qalma sazarlad Sehkivla da
wamovxti’’ (,,Le cri d’une femme, distinct et vibrant, empreint d’une douleur déchirante, me
réveilla en sursaut !’’ (Nerval 1985 :47)). halucinaciebis dasrulebas, mTxrobelis
erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlasac, smeniTi halucinaciebi
axlavs. pirveli nawilis VII TavSi, iluzoruli samyaros usasrulo
cvalebadobas primitiuli arsebebis yvirili, Rmuili da wioki ayovnebs
(Nerval 1985 :33). protagonists orelias portrets molaparake Citi
apovninebs. mTxrobels igive xmiT miwadmoqmedi esaubreba: ,,igi
(miwadmoqmedi-n.q.) igive xmiT melaparakeboda, riTac _ Citi’’ (,,Je le reconnus
pour le même qui m’avait parlé par la voix de l’oiseau’’(Nerval 1985 :17)). zmanebasa da
halucinaciebSi, orivegan figurirebs Citi. erTxel adamianis xmiT
molaparake saaTis gugulis saxiT (,,Sur cette horloge rustique un oiseau qui me mit
à parler comme une personne’’(Nerval 1985 :16)), meorejer, igive xmiT
miwadmoqmedi saubrobs. mTxrobeli askvnis, rom gardacvlili adamianebi
cxovelebis da frinvelebis sxeulSi agrZeleben sicocxles (Nerval
1985 :17). amitom xdeba mniSvnelovani, mTxrobelis mier sizmarSi dedis
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portretis xilva: TiTqos, naxatis saSualebiT igi cocxldeba. nervalis
Semoqmedeba miTosuri xasiaTisaa, amitom sakraluri azri SeiZleba
nebismier, ,,profanul’’ saganSi iyos amokiTxuli, rasac mirCe eliade
hierofanias uwodebs (Eliade 1972 : 43).
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, realuris da irealuris Canacvlebis
fonze, sizmars (D) didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da mis Semdeg
daniSnulebaze metyvelebs:
1) sruqturis TvalsazrisiT igi gamyofis rols asrulebs;
2) avtori epizodebs imeorebs;
3) mniSvnelovani irealuri movlena – sizmari xdeba;
4) sizmris damajereblobas da momxdaris zebunebrivobas abaTilebs
Zilis bunebrivi procesi.
Sesabamisad, movlenaTa simciris da maTi ciklurobis fonze,
moTxrobili ambavi SeiZleba realurad momxdari movleniT daiwyos
(realuri fiqcionalur samyaroSi) da irealuriT gagrZeldes
(halucinaciebSi, sizmrebSi . . ). es kidev erTxel mianiSnebs, rom
nervalis nawarmoebSi asaxulia erTiani homogenuri warmosaxviTi
samyaro, romelSic realuri da irealuri erTmaneTs ki ar emijneba,
aramed – enacvleba. aseTi saxis homogenur warmosaxviT samyaroSi,
nebismieri movlena mwerlis saTqmels simbolurad gamoxatavs.
III. IV. qronotopis sakiTxisTvis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi moqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba: mas
gaaCnia qronotopi. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi xmarebuli es termini
(ainStainis ,,fardobiTobis Teoria’’), mxatvrul literaturasTan da
mxatvrul nawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi pirvelad m. baxtinma gamoiyena. misi
azriT, qronotopi nawarmoebis Janrul kuTvnilebas gansazRvravs,
radgan sxvadasxva JanrisTvis gansxvavebuli qronotopia
damaxasiaTebeli (М.Бахтин, 234-407). saTavgadasavlo romanebze
msjelobisas el. meletinski igive azrs anviTarebs (Мелетинский 1986:302).
r. enuqiZe warmoadgens qronotops rogorc subieqtis, droisa da sivrcis
samganzomilebian sistemas (subieqti + dro + sivrce). l. karanceva am
118
sistemas kidev erT komponents umatebs _ ,,moqmedebis algoriTms’’
(Леонтьева.on-lain dok.).
tartus semiotikuri skolis warmomadgeneli _ p. toropi, epikur
nawarmoebSi, kerZod romanSi, sami tipis qronotops ganasxvavebs:
topografiuls, fsiqologiurs da metafizikurs (Баршт/Тороп.1983 :133).
topografiuli qronotopi dakavSirebulia nawarmoebSi konkretul
drosa da sivrcesTan, romelic istoriul droisa da sivrces emTxveva.
topografiuli qronotopi siuJetis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba. xSirad
erT nawarmoebSi ramdenime topografiuli qronotopia. meore tipis
qronotopi – fsiqologiuria, igi personaJebis mier droisa da sivrcis
aRqmis subieqturobis gamomxatvelia. mesame tipis qronotopia _
metafizikuri. igi asaxuli movlenebis avtoriseul xedvas warmoaCens,
nawarmoebis metaenas. Sesabamisad, moTxrobil samyaros topografiuli
qronotopi Seesabameba, asaxul samyaros _ fsiqologiuri, avtorisas _
metafizikuri.
f. dostoevskis xelnawerebze muSaobisas k. barSti da p. toropi
askvnian, rom teqstis aRqma misi Seqmnis procesis codnas (masalis
kodirebis procesi) da mis wakiTxvas, an interpretacias (masalis
dekodirebis procesi) gulisxmobs (Баршт/Тороп.1983 :135). Sesabamisad,
teqstis swori aRqma da misi gageba samive tipis qronotopis Seswavlas
saWiroebs.
Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, xdeba mwerlis
pirovnuli gamocdilebis mxatvruli metamorfoza. topografiuli
qronotopis gansazRvra mwerlis biografiaze dayrdnobiT an
avtoaluziebis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. fsiqologiuri
qronotopis Seswavlis dros, erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos
implicituri da eqsplicituri avtori (teqstis avtobiografiulobidan
gamomdenare) da gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos protagonistis gaoreba,
gansakuTrebiT, realuri samyaros amsaxvel epizodebSi.
Jerar de nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, warmosaxviTi samyaros
asaxvaa. qronotopi rogorc realur, aseve irealur samyaroebs
axasiaTebT (fiqcionalur samyaroSi). topografiuli qronotopi,
romelic realur samyaros Tundac halucinaciebisa da xilvebisgan
unda ganasxvavebdes, sakmaod mwired aris warmodgenili. moTxrobaSi
119
ramdenjerme aris dasaxelebuli dRis monakveTi (dRe, Rame, mzis Casvla,
mzis amosvla). miTiTebulia weliwadis dro _ gazafxuli da Semodgoma.
zogjer aRniSnulia konkretuli saaTi (,,oTx saaTze’’, ,,ori saaTis
Semdeg’’, ,,erT TveSi’’, ,,ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi’’). dasaxelebulia
ramdenime qalaqi: parizi, reimsi, parizis gareubani. konkretul
epizodebSi, ganurCevlad imisa realur samyaros exeba es Tu
warmosaxviTs, miTiTebulia adgili: saavadmyofo, saxli, mamis saxli,
kazino, saxelosno, megobris saxli, saxli, romelSic bavSvobis wlebi
gaatara, sofeli, kafe, botanikuri baRi . . . zogjer, adgili, sadac
moqmedeba viTardeba saxes icvlis, erTi adgili meores enacvleba.
nawarmoebSi iseTi samyaroc aris daxatuli, romelic mxolod
warmosaxvaSi arsebobs, Tumca isic transformirdeba, magaliTad Zveli
samyaro, romelSic sruli harmonia sufevda, Zveli rasebis
adgilsamyofeli (Nerval 1985 : 56).
zemoxsenebuli meoreDdRis epizodis Semdeg (sqema #3), nawarmoebSi
asaxuli movlenebis interpretaciisas, maTi winaswarmetyveluri
daniSnulebac mxedvelobaSi unda miviRod. 1855 wlis 26 ianvars, Satles
maxloblad, parizis erT-erTi quCis CixSi, nervali lampionze
CamoxrCobili ipoves. es sazareli TviTmkvleloba ganTiadze, dRis
umSvenieres Jams moxda. ganTiadi asociaciurad nervalis ukanasknel
nawarmoebis saxelTan gvakavSirebs, romelsac orelia ewodeba,
etimologiurad momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan _ OR, da iTargmneba
rogorc oqro. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ nervalma Tavisi aRsasruli
iwinaswarmetyvela. man parizis quCis boloSi, eulad mdgari
lampionisken mimavali gza aRwera, Tavisi bolo miwieri gaseirneba:
,,gareubans mivaSure (avedi-n.q.), sadac Cemi sacxovrisi meguleboda.
avixede da, anaznad, lampioniT ganaTebuli saxlis nomeri SevamCnie’’
(,,Je remontais un faubourg où se trouvait ma demeure, lorsques, levant les yeux par hasard, je
remarquai le numéro d’une maison éclairé par un réverbère’’(Nerval 1985 :8)). es epizodi
imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom SeiZleba igi winaswarmetyvelebad CavTvloT,
nervalis mier pirovnuli miTis konstruirebis mcdelobad, romelic
Slis zRvars realurs (empiriuli, faqtualuri samyaro) da irealurs
(nawarmoebis ficionaluri samyaro) Soris. nawarmoebis am epizodSi,
mwerlis mier xmarebuli gramatikuli dro _ dausrulebeli warsuli
120
(l’imparfait), moqmedebis gameorebis STabeWdilebas tovebs da mkiTxvels
sagonebelSi agdebs. igi xazs usvams nawarmoebis siubieqtur,
avtobiografiul da piradul xasiaTs: nervalma Tavi CamoixrCo Zveli
lampionis quCaze, im quCasTan axlos, sadac daibada. (La rue de la Vielle
Lantèrne). quCis saxelwodebac (lantèrne - lampioni) mwerlis teqstTan
gvakavSirebs.
saavadmyofoSi moxvedrili mTxrobelis monayoli (II Tavis bolo)
mkiTxvelisTvis ukve iZens irealur xasiaTs, amitom realurica da
irealuric sakuTriv realurisgan (dasaSvebi SesaZlebelisgan
fiqcionalur samyaroSi) imijneba principiT realuri / mogoneba,
zmaneba da iZens dasaSvebi SeuZlebelis statuss, romelSic rogorc
realuri aseve irealuris elementebia gaerTianebuli (Todorov 1970 : 64).
nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’), realurisa da irealuris dapirispireba
vlindeba Txrobis subieqturobaSi, konkretuli avtoris biografiuli
epizodebis mxatvrul-literaturul teqstSi gadatanaSi, rac
metafizikuri da fsiqologiuri qronotopebis Tanxvedras iwvevs.
realuris da irealuri cxovrebis diqotomiis magaliTad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos xilvebisa da maTi mauwyebeli niSnebis urTierTkavSiri,
magaliTad: FferkmTali qalis aCrdili, mTxrobels orelias rom
agonebs, ukavSirdeba konkretuli avtoris realur cxovrebas,
realurad arsebul faqts: msaxiob Jeni kolonisadmi nervalis
siyvaruls, romelic nawarmoebSi mTxrobelis oreliasadmi siyvarulSi
aisaxa. mTxrobelis gauziarebeli siyvaruli sarwmuno xasiaTs iZens da
masSi daeWvebis mizezi mkiTxvels aRar aqvs. am epizodSi xdeba
metafizikuri (avtoris qronotopi) da fsiqologiuri (personJis)
qronotopebis Tanxvedra da, mwerlis biografiaze dayrdnobiT,
topografiuli qronotopis aRdgena.
msgavsi meqanizmi moTxobis _ ,,orelia’’, sxva nawilSic moqmedebs.
nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis III TavSi, mTxrobeli gviyveba jariskacebis
mier misi dapatimrebis komikur ambavs: ,,iyo raRac komikuri imaSi Tu
rogor zrunavdnen Cemze jariskacebi’’ (,,Il y avait quelque chose de comique dans
le soin que je prenais de ménager les forces et la vie des soldats qui m’avaient recueilli’’(Nerval
1985 :12)). SesaZloa, es cnobili movlenebis gamoZaxilia, romelsac
121
adgili hqonda ernanis premieris Semdeg. 1829 wlis 30 seqtembers notr-
dam de-Sampis cnobil salonSi, romelsac ,,oqros SroSanis oTaxs’’
uwodebdnen, 27 wlis viqtor hiugom Tavisi axali piesa _ ,,ernani’’
waikiTxa. es saloni Zalian popularuli iyo da mas xSirad
stumrobdnen: o. de balzaki, e. delakrua, a. de vinii, a. de miuse . . . 1830
wlis 25 Tebervals, piesis premiera komedi-fransezSi Sedga. viqtor
hiugos drama _ ,,ernani’’, madam de stalis xmamaRali gancxadebebis
Semdeg, klasicizmisTvis kidev erTi seriozuli silis gawvna iyo.
premieras axalgazrda frangi mwerlebic eswrebodnen, e.w. ,,axalgazrda
safrangeTi’’ (Jeunes-France) (Bénichou 1996 : 398), maT Soris, teofil gotie da
Jerar de nervali. isini klasicizmis dromoWmul esTetikas xmamaRla
aprotestebdnen (Bénichou 1996 :398). am movlenebis dros, nervali
megobrebTan erTad ramdenjerme daakaves. politikuri sarCeliT nervali
1831 wels iqna dapatimrebuli (zogierTi monacemebiT, 1832 wlis
TebervalSi). mwerali pruveres quCze mdebare wminda palagias cixeSi
Casves (Jean1989 :25)
Tavisi patimrobis Sesaxeb nervali ,,parizelis mogonebebSi’’
mogviTxrobs, Tanac dasZens, rom es mogonebebi mas silvio pelikod ver
aqcevs (mogonebebi . .1999 :10). pelikom (1789-1854ww) cxra weli cixeSi
gaatara, sadac wigni _ ,,Cemi patimrobis ambavi’’ _ dawera (Pelico).
nervali yveba, rom Tavadac ,,bevri jaWvi aCxriala’’ da ixila ,,rogor
iWreboda gisosebSi dRis sinaTle’’ (,,mogonebani’’ 1999 :11). nervali
aWarbebs: igi dapatimrebuli ki iyo, magram sul mcire xniT; Tu mis
saavadmyofoSi yofnas (sazRvargareT mogzaurobebis miuxedavad)
patimrobad miviCnevT, maSin mwerlis es fraza azrs moklebuli
namdvilad ar iqneba.
sapatimros Temam mwerali ise gaitaca, rom 1839 wels JurnalSi, ,,La
Presse’’, 17-18 seqtembris nomerSi, saTavgadasavlo moTxroba gamoaqveyna
saxelwodebiT _ ,,raul spifamis, senior de granJis gasaocari
biografia’’. nawarmoebi, romelSic mefis oreulis ambavia moTxrobili,
mkiTxvelma daafasa da igi, 1845 wels, xelaxla gamoica saTauriT –
,,safrangeTis saukeTeso mefe’’. es nawarmoebi Cvens yuradRebas
sapatimros scenis aRweriT ipyrobs, romelic asociaciur jaWvs qmnis
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moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ (dapatimrebis da saavadmyofos
urTierTCanacvlebis epizodebi), leqsTan _ ,,wminda palagia’’, da kidev
erT saTavgadasavlo nawarmoebTan _ ,,abat bukuas Bambavi’’. am vrceli
moTxrobis beWvda Jurnal ,,Le National’’-Si 1850 wlis 22 oqtombers daiwyo
da imave wlis 22 dekembers dasrulda. Tavdapirvelad, erTi ambis saxiT,
igi moTxrobis _ ,,mariliT ukanono movaWreebi’’, Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
Semdeg nervalma nawarmoebi Secvala: nawili calke moTxrobad gamosca,
nawili ki novelebis krebulis SemadgenlobaSi Seitana (,,anJeliki’’).
novelaSi _ ,,abat bukuas ambavi’’, mwerali dapatimrebis epizods aseve
imeorebs. cixeSi abatis yofna isevea asaxuli, rogorc Cemi patimrobis
mogonebebSi, ubralod pirvel nawarmoebSi mTxrobeli homodiegesuria,
meoreSi _ heterodiegesuri. nawarmoebebSi wminda pelagias cixeSi
patimrebis diskriminacia (privilegirebul da naklebad privilegirebul
patimrebad dayofa), saknebisa da tusaRTa cxovrebis aRwera meordeba:
,,abat bukuas ambavi’’, ,,raul spifami’’ da ,,parizelis mogonebebi’’, rac
Tavis gamoZaxils hpovebs leqsSi _ ,,wminda pelagia’’ da moTxrobis _
,,orelia’’, mesame TavSi. nervali wminda palageas cixeSi wers: ,,cixeSi
moxvedras aravis vusurveb’’ (mogonenebi . . 1999 :13). ivlisis movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT (1832 weli) igi isev daapatimres, rac mweralma asaxa
kidec Tavis leqsSi (,,politika’’ – 1832). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
moTxrobaSi (,,orelia’’) aRwerili mTxrobelis dapatimrebis epizodi
nervalis or dapatimrebas ukavSirdeba da Tvalyuri mivadevnoT, rogor
iqceva mwerlis biografiis epizodi Semoqmedis pirovnul miTad, rogor
iZens igi nawarmoebSi mxatvrul Rirebulebas. amave dros, Znelia imaze
saubari, ramdenad eqstravertuli Tu intravertuli xasiaTisaa
moTxrobaSi amosacnobi avtoaluziebi.
avadmyofobis pirveli krizi, romlis gamoc mwerali klinikaSi
moaTavses, mwerals 1841 wels daemarTa, e.i. ivlisis revoluciidan aTi
wlis Semdeg. rogorc Jeni kolonis SemTxvevaSi (I Tavi), aTi wliT
daSorebuli ambebi nawarmoebSi erTmaneTze aris daleqili. orive
movlenas nervalis cxovrebaSi erTnairi adgili ukavia. a. diuma ixsenebs
nervalis sityvebs: ,,Tu Jeni mokvdeba, me gavgiJdebi’’ – ,,da danapirebic
Seasrula’’ _ dasZens diuma (Dumas 1990 : 159). III TavSi dapatimrebis
epizods saavadmyofoSi ganTavsebis epizodi mohyveba. SeiZleba
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vivaraudoT, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis II da III TavSi
asaxuli realoba da halucinaciebi, (rogorc nawilis I TavSi)
erTmaneTTan aTi wliTaa daSorebuli da cnobierebaSi erTmaneTze
daleqil, sxvadasxva, magram msgavs, sxvadasxva dros momxdar
movlenebze mouTiTebs (Le mode itératif). am SemTxvevaSi, nawarmoebis
topografiuli qronotopi fsiqologiuri qronotopiT ivseba.
nawarmoebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, implicituri da
eqsplicituri avtoris igiveobis iluziis fonze, metafizikuri
qronotopis doneze, es epizodi (II, III Tavi) erTianad aRiqmeba. igi
nawarmoebis mxolod sam gverds ikavebs, e.i. realuri cxovrebis
amsaxveli epizodebis (I, II Tavi) da irealuris (II, III Tavi)
topografiuli qronotopi (mwerlis biografiidan gamomdinare) aTi
wliT ganisazRvreba. es movlena teqstSi (,,orelia’’) reziumirebis
saxiTaa warmodgenili, topografiuli qronotopi dazustebuli ar aris,
moTxroba atarebs avtobiografiul xasiaTs, rac mwerlis mxatvrul
mizans emsaxureba: iseTi movlenis iluziis Seqmnas, romelSic
gaerTianebuli iqneba realurica da irealuric. nervali axerxebs
kidec amas, radgan sxvadasxava dros momxdars (ivlisis revoluciis
Semdgomi periodi, 1831 weli), sxvadasxva ambavs erTad gviambobs:
nervalis gonebaSi, mis qvecnobierSi dapatimreba da saavadmyofoSi misi
dawvena (orive SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflebis aRkveTa) erTmaneTzea
daleqili, amitom moTxrobaSi topografiuli qronotopis dadgena
mxolod avtoaluziebis saSualebiT, mwerlis biografiuli monacemebiT
gaxda SesaZlebeli.
mwerlis biografiis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs nawarmoebSi
amovicnoT da avxsnaT, erTi SexedviT gaugebari, sacnauri ambebi.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis III TavSi, megobarTan
ganSorebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli Tavisi halucinaciis Sesaxeb gviyveba:
misi metamorfoza tanisamosisgan ganTavisuflebiT iwyeba, radgan samosi,
misi rwmeniT, sulisa da sxeulis gancalkevebas uSlis xels: ,,Cemi
miwieri samosi moviSore da mivagde. im wuTs velodi, rodesac suli
sxeuls gamoeyofoda.’’ (,, . . j’ai quitté mes habits terrestres et je les dispersais,
attendant le mement où l’âme allait se séparere le corps . . .’’(Nerval1985 :12)).
124
aleqsandre diumas mogonebebma erTi saintereso ambavi Semogvinaxa.
rogorc ,,gvirgvinosani mwerali’’ (klod Sopis SefasebiT) igonebs, rom
erTxel, Ramis or saaTze, saxlSi mas Jandarma nervalis werili
miutana. nervali megobars sapatimroSi misvlas da qurTukis mitanas
sTxovda. Jandarmebma franguli mwerlobis patriarqs SewuxebisTvis
patieba sTxoves da auxsnes, rom dakavebuli, ianvris susxian Rames,
parizis quCebSi dediSobila daiareboda da igi sazogadoebrivi
wesrigis darRvevisTvis daakaves. diumam Jandarmebs nervalis fsiqikuri
avadmyofobis Sesaxeb uambo (rac samarTaldamcavTaTvis isedac naTeli
iqneboda), megobars mitanili palto miafara da saxlSi waiyvana (Dumas
1990 :64). gzad, nervalma Tavisi saqcielis mizezad is varskvlavi
daasaxela, romelic mas esoden izidavda, da sadac misi satrfo
imyofeboda (im droisTvis nervalis satrfo ukve gardacvlili iyo-n.q.)
nervals bunebrivad miaCnda, rom tanisamosiT, romelic mas amZimebda,
varskvlavze gafrenas ver moaxerxebda. uSedego mcdelobis miuxedavad,
amas sxva Rames Seecdeboda da warmatebaSic darwmunebuli iyo.
nervalis cxovrebis es epizodi, romelic mwerlis SeSlilobaze
metyvelebs, aseve aris asaxuli nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’: mTxrobeli
tanisamoss ixdis, rom Tavisi sxeulis uwonadobas Seeguos (Nerval 1984 :
12).
Cven SevecadeT gagveanalizebina nawarmoebSi _ ,,orelia’’, movlenebi,
romelic xilvebSi (halucinaciebSi) aris asaxuli. aRwerili movlenebi
(realurica da irealuric) ramdenime etapad davyaviT, rom aRweris
meqanizmis Tavisebureba gveCvenebina, romelic realurs irealurisgan
ganasxvavebs. TiToeuli etapi ramdenime nawilisgan Sedgeba. II Tavis
bolosa da III TavSi realobas halucinaciebi cvlis. nawarmoebis am
nawilSi, siuJeturi qarga arasworxazovani xdeba. imisaTvis rom
gavarkvioT Tu razea saubari da risi gadmocema surs avtors, movlenebi
Tanmimdevrulad ar unda wavikiTxod. Cven isini sqemis saxiT
warmovadgineT:
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sqema # 5
I reloba _ megobrebTan vaxSami, polTan erTad quCaSi xetiali, varskvlavis
mimarTulebiT svla;
xilva _ polis (megobris) metamorfoza, mTxrobelis metamorfoza;
II realoba _ megobarTan ganSoreba (le soir, lorsque l’heure fatale semblait s’approcher- 9),
varskvlavis mimarTulebiT svla, mistikuri himnis Sesruleba;
halucinacia – varskvlavis gadideba, cieba, varskvlavis miziduloba,
mTxrobelis metamorfoza (gadideba), yvelafris daeleqtroveba;
III realoba _ jariskacebis mier dapatimreba (quelque chose de comique -12);
halucinacia – sakace, cis gaxsna;
IV realoba – sakaceze mwoliare mTxrobeli, jariskacebis dakavebulTan
saubari, ori megobris mosvla;
halucinacia _ or megobars gahyavs sxva (oreuli) ;
V realoba _ yviris. daparimreba;
VI realoba _ ori megobari akiTxavs, sadili, mTxrobeli arTmevs megobars
beWeds, kaSnes kisris garSemo ikeTebs, xeli stkiva;
VII realoba _ gonebis dakargva, awvenen loginze, ramdenime dReSi
saavadmyofoSi modis gons;
erTi SexedviT, realur epizodebs topografiuli qronotopi aqvs
da moqmedeba saRamos, quCaSi xdeba. epizods, romelic realur movlenas
asaxavs, konkretul drosa da sivrceSi viTardeba, magram, rogorc
nawarmoebis pirvelsa da meore TavSi, mis danarCen nawilSic
mniSvnelovani realuris da irealuris (am SemTxvevaSi _ halucineciebi)
urTierTkavSiria, is momentia, rodesac erTidan meoreSi gadasvla
xorcieldeba. am SemTxvevaSi, realuri epizodebis qronotopi irRveva:
irealuri ambis Txrobidan gadaxvevaa. aseTi daskvna im SemTxvevaSi
iqneboda marTebuli, realurobis amsaxveli epizodebi warmmarTveli,
upiratesobis mqone rom yofiliyo, magram nervalis moTxrobaSi
realuri iseve mniSvnelovania rogorc _ irealuri. arc erTi da arc
meore ,,gadaxvevas’’ ar warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, orive (realurica da
irealuric) movlenaTa erTobliobaa, romelic erTian drosa da
sivrceSi xdeba. v. tiupas mixedviT xom qronotopuloba movlenis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia (Smidi 2003 :295). erTi SexedviT
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ekleqtikuri, realurisa da irealuris dapirispirebuli cnebebi erT
mTlianobas qmnian, rac xdomilobis, moqmedebis erTianobas efuZneba.
dapatimreba da saavadmyofoSi dawvenac nawarmoebSi orjer
meordeba: megobrebTan sadili (vaxSami, sadili), wola (sakaceze,
loginSi), varskvlavis mimarTulebiT svla, jariskacebis mier dakaveba
(erTxel mTxrobelis, meored _ misi oreulis). zemoxsenebuli
movlenebi, ganurCevlad imisa, realur Tu warmosaxviT samyaroSi xdeba,
erTmaneTisgan damatebiTi detalebiTaa gansxvavebuli, magram teqstSi
yvela erT daniSnulebas asrulebs: sakaceze wola cis qveS (,,étendu sur le
lit du camp’’ (Nerval 1985 :12)) da klinikaSi sawolze dawvena (,,On me mit
sur un lit (Nerval 1985 :15)) orive sxvadasxva moqmedebaa, magram
nawarmoebisTvis, mwerlis CanafiqriT, saerTo mniSvneloba aqvs _
uZlureba.
nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, fsiqobiografiis nimuSia (Jouve
1997 : 90). fsiqoanalizisgan gansxvavebiT, Sarl moronis fsiqokritika
mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstis literaturul Rirebulebebs
prioritetulad miiCnevs. moronis Tanaxmad, literaturuli nawarmoebi
mecnieruli kvlevis sailustraciod ki ar gamoiyeneba, aramed masSi
literaturuli nawarmoebis konstruirebis meqanizmebi ikveTeba. moroni
am procesis oTx ZiriTad etaps gamohyofs:
1) saerTo niSnebis amocnoba, rac erTi avtoris ramdenime
teqstSi movlenebis erTmaneTze daleqviT, maTi
ciklurobiT gamoixateba (superposition);
2) mniSvnelovani movlenebis gamoyofa da fsiqikis
siRrmeebSi wvdomis mcdeloba (situation dramatique);
3) pirovnuli miTis konstruireba (mythe personnel);
4) mwerlis biografiiT sakvlevi masalis damowmeba
(vérification par l’étude biographique) (Jouve 1997 :90).
marTalia, morons nawarmoebisa da misi avtoris gaigiveba dasdes
bralad, rac sauniversiteto tradiciebis gagrZelebad miiCnies, magram
neralis SemTxvevSi, vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia avtoris fenomenis uaryofa
(Mitterand1988 :403). Tu manamde, Cven visaubreT nervalis nawarmoebis
ornamentulobis Sesaxeb, rac movlenaTa gameorebas, miTosur azrovnebas
127
efuZneba, moronis mosazreba pirovnuli miTis konstruirebis da saerTo
saxe-xatebis simravlis Sesaxeb, aseve emsaxureba nervalis teqstebis
kvlevis procesis ukeT warmarTvas.
Tu vivaraudebT, rom nervali mis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTze
daleqil sxvadasxva movlenebs erT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenaSi
aerTianebs (saavadmyofoSi moTavseba, dapatimreba), III Tavis siuJeturi
qargis mixedviT, erT movlenaze erTxel aris saubari (Le mode singulatif),
magram Tu CavTvliT, rom erTi movlena (Ria cis qveS wola)
saavadmyofoSi logins mijaWvuli avadmyofis retrospeqtuli
warmosaxvaa, saqme erTi movlenis metaforul asaxvasTan gveqneba. am
SemTxevavaSi, saqme erTi ambis ramdenjerme TxrobasTan gvaqvs (Le mode
répétitif). e.i. moTxrobis avtobiografiuli safuZvlidan gamomdinare,
sxvadasxva realur movlenazea saubari, romelsac realur samyaroSi
hqonda adgili. teqstis irealur samyaroSi ki, yvela msgavsi moqmedeba
erT movlenamde daiyvaneba, riTac, nawarmoebis fiqcionalur samyaroSi,
pirovnuli miTi konstruirdeba.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi,
mTxrobeli Tavis gauziarebeli siyvarulis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, ramac
igi Tavgadasavlebis maZieblad aqcia. sabediswero Secdomis daviwyebis
survilma, romlis patiebis imedi amoewura, protagonists sxva qalaqSi
da sxva qalis siyvarulSi apovnina Sveba, magram, sakmarisi iyo
warCinebul qalbatons (,,une femme d’une grande renomée’’ (Nerval 1985 :5)) da
iuRblo siyvaruliT tanjul mamakacs Soris mimowera wamowyebuliyo,
rom sxva qalaqSi, mTxrobelis Zveli da axali satrfo erTmaneTs
Sexvedroda (,,Un hasard les fit connaître l’une à l’autre’’- (Nereval 1985 :7)). erTi
SexedviT, ori qalis Sexvedra mTxrobels uxerxulobas uqmnis, igi
saswrafo saqmes moimizezebs da orives miatovebs. es Sexvedra
mkiTxvels sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis ambis Txrobas ar uqadis. igi ufro
metad, warsulis da awmyos Tanxvedris gamoxatulebaa da alegoriulad
gadmoscems nervalis survils Seqmnas ori drois, ori paraleluri
samyaros Tanaarsebobis precendenti. mkiTxvelis sasiyvarulo intrigebs
da avantiurebis molodini maleve gaqarwyldeba, radgan nervalis
mizans, arc don Juanis Tavgadasvlebis da arc tragikuli siyvarulis
128
ambis Txroba ar warmoadgens. parizSi saxelmwifoebrivi davalebis
Sesasrulebad gamgzavrebuli protagonisti nawarmoebis danarCen
nawilSi arc ki axsenebs Tavis ,,mwvalebels’’ Tu ,,mSvelels’’, amitom,
,,orelias’’ pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi, yovelive momxdars avtori
Zalian mokled gvixatavs. moTxrobils reziumirebis saxe aqvs: CvenTvis
ucnobia, rodis an sad moxda es ambavi. mwerali qalaqis (,,Il arriva dans la
ville’’ (Nerval 1985 :5)) da sxva qalaqis (,,dans une autre ville’’ Nerval 1985 :7))
xsenebiT Semoifargleba. moxda yovelive es protagonistis
axalgazrdobaSi, Tu Txrobis momentidan sul cota xnis win –
mkiTxvelisTvis ucnobia.
bevri mkvlevari (Jani, piSua, briqsi) TavianT kvlevebSi miiCnevs, rom
orelias STagonebis wyaro msaxiobi qali Jeni koloni (Jenny Collon -1808-
1941) iyo. nervalma igi 1834 wels gaicno da qalis uaris da ori
qorwinebis miuxedavad, masze platonurad iyo Seyvarebuli (H.-P.Blottier
1992 :6). yovel SemTxvevaSi, cnobebi maTi ufro axlo urTierTobis
Sesaxeb ar moipoveba, magram mwerlis grZnoba imdenad didi iyo, rom
nervalma saSualo donis msaxiobis popularizaciisTvis Jurnalic ki
daarsa. misma gamocemam _ ,,Le Monde Dramatique’’ (1834),L biZis anderZiT
datovebuli memkvidreoba Seiwira, magram nervalsa da msaxiobis
urTierTobas, iseve rogorc mwerlis karieras, ver uSvela. nervalis
nawarmoebis meore personaJi qalis saxe mari pleidens unda
ukavSirdebodes (Jean 1989 :38).
J. nervalis axlo megobars _ teofil goties, Jeni koloni Jimnazis,
varieteebisa da opera-komikis usaxur momRelad eCveneboda da didi
STabeWdileba arc mis garegnobaze hqonda (Jean1964 :28). vfiqrobT,
nervalis gataceba misi personaluri miTis warmatebuli konstruirebis
kidev erTi magaliTia: cota xniT adre (1853 wels) nervalma xom baroni
foSeris meuRle novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebSi’’
ukvdavyo.
iqidan gamomdinare, rom moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, avtobiografiul
xasiaTs atarebs, pirveli nawilis I da II TavSi asaxuli Tavgadasavali
1834 wels unda mivakuTvnoT. Tavisi Jurnalis warumateblobis, mwerlis
gakotrebis Semdeg, nervali italiaSi miemgzavreba. nawarmoebis
129
dasawyisSi, mTxrobelic daaxloebiT igive ambavs gviyveba. nawarmoebis am
epizodSi nervals mis cxovrebaSi momxdari realuri faqti gadaaqvs.
moTxrobis pirveli nawili 1855 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda. meore nawili
mwerlis gardacvalebis Semdeg _ 1855 wlis TebervalSi. e.i. nawarmoebis
Seqmnasa da im movlenebs Soris, romelmac mwerals misi dawera ubiZga,
ocdaerTi weli aSorebs. moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilSi
mTxrobeli gvauwyebs, rom pirveli da meore nawilis Seqmnas Soris aTi
welia gasuli. Tu orelia 1855 wliT TariRdeba, pirveli nawili 1841
wels unda daweriliyo. es faqti moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’
avtobiografiuli sizustiT Seqmnas gamoricxavs.
nawarmoebs da mwerlis cxovrebas Soris mWidro urTierTkavSirze
nervalis avadmyofobis pirveli krizi (1841) da msaxiobi qalis
gardacvalebis TariRi metyvelebs (1842). Jeni koloni 1842 wels
gardaicvala. Tu vivaraudebT, rom Jeni koloni orelias poeturi saxe-
xatis safuZvelia, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirvel nawilSi, kerZod, I da
II TavSi protagonistis realuri cxovrebis amsaxveli epizodi mwerlis
biografiis erT etaps unda asaxavdes _ 1834 – 1842 wlebs.
nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli, angelozis xilvas sakuTari an
satrfos sikvdilis mauwyebel niSnad miiRebs. xilva simbolurad
gamoxatavs da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs or movlenas nervalis
cxovrebidan: Jeni kolonis sikvdils da avadmyofobis pirvel krizss.
realuri cxovrebis epizodebis nawarmoebSi gadatana axali cxovrebis
dawyebis surviliTaa nakarnaxevi, rac axali nawarmoebis SeqmniT
gamovlinda. es kidev erTxel metyvelebs imaze, rom nervalis cxovreba
da Semoqmedeba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia.
saWirod migvaCnia, diumas mogonebebiT vixelZRvaneloT, rom
aRmovaCinoT nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) is epizodebi, rac mwerlis
cxovrebidan aris nasesxebi da topografiul uzustobebs naTels
mohfens. erTxel diumam da nervalis megobarma _ antoni deSamma (dante
aligieris RvTaebrivi komediis galeqsili versiis avtori), nervali
klinikaSi moinaxules. ciebisgan anTebulTvalebiani nervali gisosebs
miRma idga da megobrebs dauyvira: ,,evrika, SeTqmuleba gavxseni da axla
solomonis beWedi me mekuTvnis. aTasi da erTi Ramis ganZic Cvenia!’’
rodesac diuma nervalis oTaxSi Sevida, magidaze uamravi furclis
130
nagleji dainaxa. nervalis swored aseT furclebze werda da mere maT
jibeSi inaxavda (Dumas 1990 : 179). rac diumam nervalisgan moismina,
nebismier adamians sagonebelSi Caagdebda da megobris SeuracxadobaSi
daarwmunebda: nervali amtkicebda, rom ramos diswuli iyo. nervalma
diumas Tavis gasaocari da yvelaze popularuli leqsi waukiTxa. es
leqsi usaTauroa, magram diumasTan saubrisas, nervalma mas ,,sxva
cxovrebis mogonebebi’’ uwoda. leqsi ki musikazea. nervalis avadmyofuri
goneba gasaocari siswrafiT muSaobda. asociaciurma jaWvma Jan-filip
ramos, klasikuri harmoniis pirveli Teoretikosis ZmiswulTan,
orRanist _ Jan-fransua ramosTan daakavSira, Semdeg musikasTan da
amitom, gasagebi xdeba nervalis sulis ukvdavebis da xelaxali
dabadebis Sesaxeb mosazrebis am mxriv warmarTva (Dumas 1990 :177). am
epizodSive nervali mianiSnebs mefe solomonis beWedze, romelic
daviTis varskvlavis saxeliTac aris cnobili. Jervem nervalis
portreti daxata. graviuris kuTxeSi nervalma waawera: ,,me meore var !’’
da iqve daviTis varskvlavic miaxata (Nerval. image, on-lain dok.).
legendis Tanaxmad, mefe solomonis beWdis mflobels Zlevamosil
jinebze mbrZanebloba SeeZlo, sxvadasxva rjulis cxovelebTan Tu
frinvelebTan saubari (moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ mTxrobels Citi
elaparakeba (Dumas 1990 : 182)). nervalis moTxrobaSi _,,orelia’’,
mTxrobeli beWeds dakargavs, romelzedac arabuli sityvebia
amotvifruli. eklesiaSi meores iyidis, rac codvebis monaniebis
simbolur datvirTvas iZens (Nerval 1984 :73). SesaZlebelia, beWdis epizodi
ukavSirdebodes arsen uses da stefani burJuas qorwinebas, romelic
wminda Toma akvinelis saxelobis eklesiaSi, 1842 wlis 5 aprils Sedga:
nefem beWedi dakarga da nervals axlis SeZena sTxova. nervali madam
usesTan megobrobda da misi gardacvalebac mtkivneulad ganicada.
mwerlis mier didi xnis movlenebis aRwera I da II Tavebis aRweris
reziumirebis xasiaTs naTels hfens: mTxrobelis da realurad arsebuli
qalis (Jei koloni, mari pleideni, sofi burJua) platonur urTierToba
nawarmoebSi motivis funqcias asxulebs, romelic mwerlis pirovnuli
miTis konstruirebas emsaxureba da emociur zegavlenas aZlierebs. amave
dros, realobis amsaxvel epizodSi dauzustebeli topografiuli
131
qronotopis arseboba, zogadad, mTels nawarmoebSi realobis
mniSvnelobaze, ufro ukeT, mis umniSvnelo rolze, metyvelebs: realuri
epizodebis raodenoba (sakuTriv realuris) minimumamdea dayvanili.
mTxrobels (avtorsac) Tavisi cxovrebis realuri faqtebi ki ar
ainteresebs, aramed warmosaxviTi, iluzoruli samyaro, romelic
nebismieri realuri, cxovrebiseuli movleniT, faqtiT SeiZleba
yofiliyo inspirirebuli, amitom aRiarebs nervalis personaJi
nawarmoebis pirvelsave TavSi, rom misTvis im qalTan, romelsac
orelias arqmevs, urTierTobis detalebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs, radgan
yoveli adamianis cxovrebaSi moiZebneba STambeWdavi mogoneba, romelmac
cxovrebaze moaxdina gavlena da Secvala kidec igi: ,,yvelas cxovrebaSi
moiZebneba gulisgangmiravi ambavi, romelmac adamianis sulze
gamanadgureblad imoqmeda’’ (,,Chacun peut chercher dans ses souvenirs l’émotion la
plus navrante, le coup le plus terrible frappé sur l’âme par le destin’’(Nerval _1984 :4)) .
nervalis cxovrebis epizodebi, xSirad cvlilebebis gareSe, misi
nawarmoebis nawili xdeba. realobis amsaxveli epizodebis Semdeg (I,II
Tavi), mkiTxveli mwerlis Canafiqrs xvdeba: nervals Tavisi xilvebis
aRwera surs. amas Tavis mwerlur movaleobadac ki miiCnevs: ,,mxolod
mwerlis daniSnulebaze vfiqrobdi da vcdilobdi gulrwfelad
ameRwera cxovrebis is mniSvnelovabi movlenebi, rac gadamxda. ase rom
ar mefiqra, daveWvdeboda da aRac ki Sevecdebodi momeyola is, rac,
SesaZloa, mxolod Cemi avadmyofuri warmosaxvis Sedegia’’. (,,Je ne pensais
que la misssion d’un écrivain et d’analyser sincèrement ce qu’il éprouve dans les graves
circonstences de la vie . . je m’arrêterais ici et je n’essayerais pas de décrire ce que j’éprouvai
ensuite dans une série de visions insensées peut-être, ou vulgairement maladives . . ‘’ (Nerval
1985 12)). nervali aRweras did dros uTmobs, amitom moTxrobaSi -
,,orelia’’, Txrobis dro ambis droze naklebia (Td<ad). isic ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebi ramdenime faqsts
aerTianebs, rac moTxrobili ambis xanmokleobis iluzias qmnis.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nervalis
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, topografiuli qronotopi srulyofilad ar
aris warmodgenili da nawarmoebis aRqmisTvis ganmsazRvreli
fsiqologiuri da metafizikuri qronotopi xdeba. topografiuli
132
qronotopi konkretuli avtoris biografiis, avtoaluziebis xarjze
rekonstruirdeba.
III.V. intermedialobis sakiTxisTvis Jerar de nervalis
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, ganvixiloT Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebi
(,,orelia’’) intermedialuri da interteqstualuri TvalsazrisiT.
intermedialuri urTierTobebze saubrisas, nervalis Semoqmedebaze
aRorZinebis epoqis germaneli mxatvris _ albrext diureris
Semoqmedebis gavlenas vgulisxmobT. imisTvis, rom ukeT warmovaCinoT
literaturuli nawarmoebisa da saxviTi xelovnebis urTierTkavSiri,
SevecdebiT, gamovikvlioT moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ erTi epizodi.
intermedialoba xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Soris
urTierTkavSirs gulisxmobs. gansxvavebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis da erTiani esTetikuri principebis arsebobis fonze,
intermedialoba saerTo Temebis, saxe-xatebis, simboloebis Sedareba-
Sepirispirebisa Tu Janruli modifikaciis saxiT vlindeba.
intermedialuri analizi kvlevis saerTo donisa da kriteriumis
arsebobas eyrdnoba (Карасаева on-lain dok.).
intermedialoba rogorc termini, literaturaTmcodneobaSi gasuli
saukunis bolo aTwleulSi damkvidrda interteqtualobis kvaldakval,
Tumca, rogorc SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis wiaRSi
aRmocenebuli Teoria da meTodi, igi XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebidan
aris cnobili. intermedialoba xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Soris
urTierTkavSirs gulisxmobs. rasakvirvelia, es kavSiri SeiZleba
mravalmxrivi iyos da mravalSriani literaturuli teqstis kvlevis
saSualebad iqces.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis
gansxvavebuli saSualebebi gaaCnia, Tumca maT saerTo esTetikuri
principebi aerTianebT. literatura, SesaZloa, saxviT xelovnebas an
musikas mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs daesesxos. amiT teqsti
133
gamdidrdeba da mkiTxvelze teqstis emociuri zemoqmedebac moimatebs.
xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis urTierTkavSiris STambeWdav magaliTs
franguli simbolizmi warmoadgens, romelic warmatebiT iyenebda
saxviTi xelovnebisa Tu muskisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs.
saxviTi xelovnebisa da literaturuli nawarmoebis
intermedialuri urTierToba SeiZleba gamovlindes: 1) citirebiT,
literaturul nawarmoebSi msgavsi Temebis, siuJetebis, saxe-xatebis
gamoyenebiT; 2) mxatvruli literaturisa da saxviTi xelovnebis
meTodebisa da saSualebebis Sedareba-SepirispirebiT; 3) ferTa
simbolikis, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis vizualizaciis saxiT; 5)
Janruli modifikaciis xarjze; 6) ilustraciebis SeqmniT.
rogoric ar unda iyos kavSiri literaturul nawarmoebsa da
mxatvrul tilos Soris, intermedialuri analizi moicavs:
1) analizis saerTo kategoriis an kriteriumis arCevas (saerTo
mxatvruli saxe, sivrce da dro, mxatvruli stili da forma)
2) analizis saerTo donis kvlevas, mTliani kompoziciis an
detalis doneze (Чуканцова on-lain dok.).
frang mweralsa da Jurnalists, Jerar de nervals, albrext
diureri Tavisi moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ pirvel nawilSi hyavs
moxseniebuli. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli Tavis sizmars
aRwers. sizmarSi mas veeba RvTaebrivi arseba gamoecxadeba. uecrad,
angelozi bnel alags miwaze enarcxeba da caxaxs iwyebs. masTan
miaxloebuli mTxrobeli uTvalavi ferebiT gasxivosnebuli
angeloziTaa mojadoebuli. serafimi mTxrobels Tavisi antikuri
samosiT xiblavs, rac protagonists diureris graviuras _
,,melanqolias’’, agonebs (Nerval 1984:9).
qartexilebiT aRsavse epoqaSi, albrext diureri, xelovanis Cveuli
SemarTebiTa da guladobiT, Tavis personaJebs aRorZinebis xanis
tanisamosiT mosavda. amiT, mis graviurebze gamosaxuli figurebi
wmindanobis Saravandeds hkargaven. diureris SemoqmedebaSi religiurma
Tematikam socialur-kulturuli elferi SeiZina da politikur
pamfletTan gaigivda. diureris graviurebze legenda realobad
134
iqceoda, miTi ki aRorZinebis epoqis problemebs asaxavda. diureris am
novatorulma nabijma germaniaSi didi gamoxmaureba hpova da saxviTi
xelovnebis istoriac Secvala.
rodesac nervali Tavis teqstSi angelozis samosze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas, qveSecneulad sam epoqas akavSirebs: antikurs, renesanssa da
XIX saukunes. igi mkiTxvels sayovelTao WeSmaritebebsa da
Rirebulebebze miuTiTebs, romlebsac veras aklebs dro.
didi humanisti, erazm roterdameli, diureris ,,melanqoliaze’’
werda: ,,diurerma feradi saRebavebis gareSe, mxolod Savi feriT, imis
gamosaxva moaxerxa, risi daxatvac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, man adamianis
suli aametyvela’’ (Несельштраус 1961: 186).
nervalis teqstis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom
avtori saxviTi xelovnebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan atributs _ fers _
ugulebelyofs da diureris Canafiqrs ar iziarebs: mis nawarmoebSi
angelozi feradia, diureris graviuraze ki _ Sav-TeTri. diurerma
melanqolia Sav-TerT graviuaze gamosaxa, rac graviuris Sinaars
exmianeba: melanqolia xom Savs gulisxmobs. melanqolikebis mfarveli
planetac _ saturni _ Sav planetad iwodeba. nervalis
gadawyvetilebas, teqstSi feradi angelozi dagvixatos, Tavisi
gamarTleba moeZebneba. feradi sizmris aRweriT nervali irealur
samyaros ufro xelSesaxebad da cxadad warmogvidgens. sizmris
feradovneba empiriuli samyaros erTferovnebas upirispirdeba da
irealuris mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
jer kidev antikur epoqaSi arsebobda moZRvreba oTxi temperamentis
Sesaxeb. Sua saukuneebSi, sqolastikis zewoliT, yvelaze met augs
melanqoliur temperamentze ambobdnen. gamxdar, ugergilo, mowyenilsa
da ugunebo, uunaro adamians melanqoliks uwodebdnen. mas sizarmacesa
da siZunwesac swamebdnen. renesansis epoqaSi, platonis akademiis
winamZRvarma, florencielma marselio fiCinom, melanqoliuri
temperamentis mqone adamianis Sesaxeb warmodgena Secvala. misi
moZRvrebis meoxebiT, melanqoliki filosofiuri azrovnebis unariTa
da SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebul adamianad iqca. Semdgom
epoqebSi, melanqoliki geniosis sinonimad aRiqmeboda da misTvis Cveul
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martosulobas bevri mimbaZvelic gamouCnda. romantikosebma diureris
,,melanqoliaSi’’ Semoqmedis bedukuRmarToba amoicnes. rogoric unda
iyos melanqolikis mimarT damokidebuleba, yvela epoqaSi,
melanqolikTa Soris suliT avadmyofTa ricxvi Warbobs. melanqolikebs
idumalebiT moculi mnaTobi _ saturni mfarvelobs, romelic maT
avadmyofobasa da naadrev sikvdils uqadis. zogierTi mkvlevaris
azriT, diureris graviuraze, angelozis ferxTiT gawolili ZaRli
swored SeSlilis simboluri gamoxatuleba unda iyos.
nervalis mier diureris ,,melanqoliis’’ moxseniebam mkiTxvels unda
Seaxsenos, rom orelias avtori fsiqikuri daavadebiT itanjeboda.
SemoqmedebiT krizisSi gadazrdilma fizikurma Tu fsiqikurma
uunarobam mwerali TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvana (Bonnet 1996:93).
nervalis nawarmoebis germaneli mxatvris cnobil graviurasTan
kavSiri amiT ar amoiwureba. graviuraze daxatuli ramdenime detali
literaturul teqstSi aris mimobneuli (kibe, varskvlavi _ (Nerval 1984:8),
romelTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT diureris tilo rekonstruirdeba.
teqstSi arsebuli miniSnebebis garda, iseTic arsebobs, romelsac
gamocanasaviT gvTavazobs avtori.
germaneli mxatvris ,,melanqoliam’’ ,,msoflio gaaogna’’ (Несельшраус
1961: 152) da bevri Tavsatexic gauCina maT, vinc graviuriT monusxva ar
ikmara da urTulesi simboloebiT gajerebuli xelovnebis am nimuSis
axsna ganizraxa. saubaria diureris magiur kvadratze. CrdiloeTis
renesansis udidesma warmomadgenelma evropaSi pirvelma Seqmna magiuri
kvadrati, romlis mniSvneloba dResac kamaTs iwvevs.
diureris graviuraze gamosaxuli magiuri kvadratis bolo xazze
ganlagebul cifrebSi diureris graviuris Seqmnis TariRi amoikiTxeba
_ 1514 weli. am sayovelTaod cnobili faqtis msgavsad, nervalic
mkiTxvlisgan calkeul detalebze dafiqrebas moiTxovs.
RvTaebrivi frTosani arsebis xilvis Semdeg, sizmris Semzaravi
sicxade mTxrobels afxizlebs. imave saRamos igi megobrebTan ferebisa
da cifrebis magiur mniSvnelovaze msjelobs (Nerval 1984:9). cifris
magiuri Zalis Sesaxeb nervalis teqstSi cota adrec vkiTxulobT.
zemoxsenebuli sizmris xilvamde, gzaabneuli mTxrobeli lampioniT
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ganaTebul saxls miadgeba. saxlis nomeri mTxrobelis asakis identuria
(Nerval1984:8). saxlis nomrisa da mTxrobelis asakis Tanxvedra, diureris
magiur kvadratSi graviuris Seqmnis ganzrax miTiTebul TariRs
SeiZleba davukavSiroT.
diureris graviuraze gamosaxuli magiuri kvadrati 16 ujredisgan
Sedgeba. kvadratis horizontalur da vertikalur xazebze ganlagebul
rixvTa jami 34-is tolia. ras SeiZleba niSnavdes nervalisTvis es
ricxvi, an niSnavs ki igi, saerTod, rames?
miTi orfevsis Sesaxeb laitmotivad gasdevs nervalis Semoqmedebas.
miTi frangi mwerlis ideur-Tematurad dakavSirebuli ramdenime
nawarmoebis siuJetur invariants warmoadgens. orfevsisa da evridikes
Sesaxeb ambis mimarT mwerlis esoden didi interesi Tavad nervalis
gauziarebel siyvarulsa da sayvareli arsebis dakargvas ukavSirdeba.
nawarmoebSi es angelozis gamocxadebis epizodSi aisaxeba, romelsac
mTxrobeli Tavisi an satrfos sikvdilis mauwyeblad moiazrebs (Nerval
1984 :10).
nervalis Semoqmedebis bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom msaxiobi Jeni
koloni nervalis muzad iqca da orelias prototipic gaxda
(Nerval1985:24). meorexarisxovani, arafriT gamorCeuli msaxiobi qalis
kariera 1842 wels, misi moulodneli gardaicvalebiT Sewyda. 1842 wels
nervali 34 wlisa iyo. vfiqrobT, es ubralo danTxveva ar aris. nervali,
TanamedroveTa Soris ezoTeruli ZiebebiT, kabalas codniTa da
naturfilosofiuri mosazrebebiT iyo cnobili (Nerval1985:12). gasakviri
ar unda iyos, rom mwerals yoveli Rone exmara da miusafari, yvelasgan
miviwyebuli sakuTari xvedri, romelic nebismieri literaturuli
nawarmoebis siuJetad SeiZleba qceuliyo, Tundac Tavsatexis saxiT
miewodebina mkiTxvelisTvis.
diureri ara marto mxatvari da saxviTi xelovnebis Sesaxeb
Teoriuli kvlevebis avtoria, aramed morwmune, renesansuli epoqis
pirmSo, romelmac qristianuli religiis sakuTari koncefiis Seqma
scada. 1480-1510 wlebSi, cnobili graviuris _ ,,melanqolia’’ _ Seqmnamde,
diureri graviuraTa serias xatavs, romelTa siuJetebi kanonikur Tu
apokriful teqstebs efuZneba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es graviurebi am
137
teqstebis ilustraciebs wamoadgenen. 1498 wels germaneli mxatvari qmnis
15 graviuras apokalifsis Temaze.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilSi, dakarguli satrfos
Ziebis Temas uZRebi Svilis dabrunebis, codvebis monaniebisa da
WeSmariti morwmuneobis Temebic emateba. teqstSi mravladaa bibliuri
reminiscencia swored ,,ioane naTlimscemlis gamocxadebidan’’.
amave periodSi diureri asuraTebs Sua saukuneebSi, bibliis Semdeg
yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebis, dominekaneli beris _ iakob voraginelis
(Jacobo da Vorazze) ,,oqros legendis’’ ramdenime epizods. magaliTad,
,,wminda qristefore Cvil qritesTan erTad’’ , ,,wminda ekaterine da
jalaTi’’, ,,wminda giorgi’’, ,,wminda estate’’.
oqros legendisa da orelias Soris kavSiri imdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom Cveni azriT, nervalis ukanaskneli nawarmoebis
saTauric _ ,,orelia’’ , romelic, amavdroulad, sityvas ,,or’’, anu
,,oqros’’ ukavSirdeba, iakob voraginelis teqsts exmianeba, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT wminda qristefores, qminda ekaterinesa Tu wminda
giorgize, romlebic aluziebis saxiT figurireben nervalis teqstSi
(Nerval 1984: 98).
amgvarad, Jerar de nervalis moTxrobasa da diureris graviurebs
Soris intermedialuri kavSiri vlindeba detalebis doneze, saerTo
mxatvruli saxis modelirebis, msgavsi siuJetisa da Temis xarjze.
mwerlis mier ostaturadaa gamoyenebuli saxviTi xelovnebis
umniSvnelovanesi atributi _ feri, romelic literaturul nawarmoebSi
am ukanasknelis kanonebiT moqmedebs, amitom vizualizacia srulebiTac
ar xdeba saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSis saSualebiT. diureris
,,melanqolia’’, iseve rogorc mxatvris sxva graviurebi, nervalis
filosofiuri koncefciis warmoCenas emsaxureba.
intermedialuri urTierTkavSiris dadgena (zogadisa Tu
fragmentulis) saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSsa da literaturul
nawarmoebs Soris saerTo wyaroebis dadgeniT xdeba SesaZlebeli.
nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, erTgvar hiperteqsts warmoadgens iakob
voraginelis nawarmoebTan _ ,,oqros legenda‘’ _ mimarTebaSi. am or
teqsts Soris intereqstualuri urTierTkavSiri arsebobs. amave dros,
138
dominikaneli beris zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebi albrext diureris
graviurebis literaturuli wyarocaa. orive Semoqmedis nawarmoebSi
uxvadaa bibliuri reminiscencia, kerZod ki _ Temebi ioane
naTlismcemlis gamocxadebidan.
Jerar de nervali iyenebs diureris graviuras _ ,,melanqolia’’ _
imisTvis, rom xazi gausvas Tavis Canafiqrs: mis nawarmoebSi sizmris
samyaro feradia da igi diureris Sav-TeTr graviurasTanaa
dapirispirebuli. es ki irealuri samyaros mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
frangi mwerlis teqstSi germaneli mxatvris tilos moxseniebiT sami
epoqa ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. graviuris simboluri datvirTva
nervalis Semoqmedebasa da biografiaze migvaniSnebs.
III.VI. interteqstualuri urTierTobebis roli nervalis
SemoqmedebaSi
Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens interteqstualuri urTierTobebi.
interteqstualobis da interteqstualuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi alaparakdnen. es termini
poststruqturalizmis Teoretikosis, Julia kristevas saxels
ukavSirdeba (Словарь литературных терминовon-lain dok).
J. kristevas mosazreba m. baxtinis koncefcias exmianeba, romlis
mixedviT, nebismieri teqti sxva teqstebTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSia.
Tavisi arsiT, interteqstualuri urTierTobebi teqstebs Soris
arsebul aluziebs da reminiscenciebsac gulisxmobs, rac esoden
mniSvnelovania teqstis ukeT gagebisTvis, radgan ,,yvelaze mZafr
aqtualizacias iwvevs ara dasrulebuli, yovlismomcveli suraTi an
aRwera, aramed _ swored fragmentebi an sxvaTaSoris, ucabedad
naTqvami’’ (Tanamedrove . . .2002:213) Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebi am
mxrivadac sainteresoa: avtoaluziebi da aluziebi nervalis nebismeiri
teqstis ukeT wakiTxvas uwyobs xels. maTi wyalobiT rekonstruirdeba
mwerlis mxatvrul-literaturuli teqstebis fiqcionaluri samyaro.
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mxatvrul teqstSi transteqstualoba (J. Jeneti) Semdegi saxiT
SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili:
1) parateqstualoba _ ramdenime teqstis saTaurs da
qvesaTaurs Soris kavSiri da msgavseba;
2) metateqstualoba _ teqstebs Soris iseTi saxis
interteqstualuri urTierToba, rodesac erTi teqsSi
meores komentaris saxiT moixsenieben;
3) arqiteqstualobis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba nawarmoebebis
arqiteqtonikis, maTi agebulebisa da struqturebs Soris
msgavsebas efuZneba;
4) hiperteqstualoba gulisxmobs erTi teqstis nebismier
SesamCnev kavSirs sxva teqstTan. am SemTxvevaSi, teqsti-wyaro
hipoteqstad iwodeba, interteqstualuri kavSiris Sedegi ki
_ hiperteqstad;
5) interteqstualoba _ teqstebis erTmaneTTan siaxlovea,
romelic aluziebis da reminiscenciebis saxiT vlindeba
(Jouve1997: 81).
nervalis moTxrobaSi (,,orelia’’) arqiteqstualoba ar SeimCneva:
moTxroba struturis msgavsebas romelime sxva mxatvrul teqstTan ar
avlens: arc sxva mwerlis da arc Tavad nervalis, maTi ideur_Tematuri
siaxlovis miuxedavad. interteqstualoba nervalis moTxrobaSi
minimumandea dayvanili: Cven, SeiZleba, arazusti citirebebi moviZioT
(magaliTad, ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebidan), magram es kavSiri
ufro Soreuli gamoZaxili iqneba. Cveni azriT, parateqstualurad
nervalis moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, ukavSirdeba iakob voraginelis
oqros legendas. am msgavsebaSive vlindeba nervalis nawarmoebis
hiperteqstualuri kavSiri igive oqros legendasTan. hiperteqstualuri
kavSiri aRiniSneba nervalis moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) da publicistur
narkvevebs _ ,,gaseirnebani da mogonebani’’, ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’,
novelebs (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) Soris, rac avtoaluziebis saxiT
vlindeba. metateqstualobis magaliTic SeiZleba moviyvanoT
(avtokomentari), rodesac novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’, mwerali mkiTxvels
amave Temaze Seqmnil mis sxva nawarmoebis wakiTxvas sTavazobs.
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rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, Jerar de nervalis teqsti movlenebis
mcire raodenobiT xasiaTdeba. mwired warmodgenili xdomiloba ar
gamoricxavs ambis arsebobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi, arc mxatvrul-
literaturul an naratiul teqstze iqneboda saubari. nawarmoebSi
movlenaTa Txrobis simetriuloba SeimCneva. erTi da igive movlenebis
gameoreba nervalis nawarmoebis kompoziciur Taviseburebas warmoadgens,
gamohyofs imas, rac mniSvnelovani da yuradRebis Rirsia da am
ukanasknelis simbolur datvirTvas usvams xazs.
naratologia struqturalizmsa da recefciuli esTetikas Soris
mdgari meTodologiaa, amitom analizi rogorc erTis, iseve meoris
Semfaseblur damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. sityvis xelovneba yvelaze
abstraqtulia xelovnebebs Soris da warmosaxvas efuZneba
(literaturis . . 2008: 185). nebismier teqstSi arsebobs e. w. ganusazvreli
adgilebi (literaturis . . 2008: 185), romelTa konktretizacia da
rekonstruireba mravalmxrivia da mkiTxvelis aRqmazea damokidebuli.
teqstis aRqma, kiTxvis procesSi mkiTxvelisa da avtoris Sexvedra,
nawarmoebis Tavisufal interpretacias ar gulisxmobs. Tu J. deridas
davevsesxebiT, samyaro _ teqstia. samyaro usasrulo interprtetaciis
saSualebas iZleva, magram aRqmis procesi ,,Ria teqstis’’ koncefcias
unda daeqvemdebaros (Эко.У). Sesabamisad, teqstSi mxolod im
ganusazRvreli adgilebis Sevseba SeiZleba, riskenac Tavad teqsti
gvibiZgebs, ris saSualebasac igi iZleva. Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgina
is aluziebi, reminiscenciebi, avtoaluziebi, romelic nawarmoebis
aRqmas, kompoziciis Taviseburebas warmoCenas da ambis rekonstruirebas
uwyobs xels.
nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilis IV da V TavSi, mwerali
protagonistis parizSi da mis gareubanSi gaseirnebebis ambavs
mogviTxrobs. mTxrobeli germanel poetTan wasvlas apirebs, Semdeg
gadaifiqrebs, ziarebisTvis eklesiaSi Sedis da iqidan gamosuls
eCveneba, rom tuilris baRebTan qveynis dasasruli dgeba.
esqatologiuri SiSiT Sepyrobili protagonisti brundeba, germanel
poetTan misuli, cudad xdeba da igi TavSesafarSi gadahyavT.
nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV Tavi erTmaneTis mimarT simetriuli
movlenebisgan aris konstruirebuli. isini Cven sqemis saxiT SeiZleba
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gamovxatoT ise, rom IV da V Tavebis siuJeturi erTianoba ar dairRves,
radgan sqemaSi aRniSnuli movlenebis garda, sxvac xdeba, magaliTad:
mamasTan viziti, megobrebTan stumroba, megobar JorJTan erTad
gaseirneba, mRvdelTan Sexvedra, halucinaciebi, orelias gamocxadeba.
sqema # 6
A SimSili F eklesia
B monmartris sasaflao G namcxvaris dagemovneba
C germanel poetTan viziti H germanel poetTan viziti
D eklesia J TavSesafari
E apokalifsisi
nervalis xSirad imeorebs movlenebs, rogorc sxvadasxva
nawarmoebis, aseve erTis farglebSi.YsqemaSi # 6 miTiTebuli movlenebi
samyaros dasasrulis suraTis aRweriT aris erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli
(E). orive mwkrivSi warmodgenili movlenebi erTmaneTs Seesabameba da
avsebs, Tumca, zemoT moyvanili sqemisgan gansxvavebiT (ix. sqema # 3),
movlenebi simetriulobasa da wriulobas hkargaven. nervali, am
SemTxvevaSic, igive principiT qmedebs: mniSvnelobas im movlenas aniWebs,
romelic ar meordeba: apokalifsisis, mamasTan vizits, megobar
JorJTan gaseirnebas (ix. wina sqemebSi _n.q.) movlenebis gameoreba,
nervalis nawarmoebs natariuli teqstebis ornamentul prozis
saxeobasTan aigivebs. movlenaTa gameorebebis da mniSvnelovanis
gamoyofis xarjze xdeba calkeuli movlenebis simboluri datvirTvis
gaZliereba, es ki nawarmoebSi aluziebis da reminiscenciebis Ziebas
moiTxovs.
rogorc vxedavT, eklesia sqemis orive mwkrivSi figurirebs.
mTxrobeli IV TavSi aRsarebis survilis Sesaxeb saubrobs: ,,aRsareba
mindoda’’ (,,Je voulais me confesser’’ (Nerval 1985:68)). aRsarebis win, qristianma
patieba unda sTxovos yvelas, vis winaSe igi Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs
(maTe 6:14-15) da masac, visac boroti ganzraxviT ar awyenina (luka 19:8).
sasurvelia, rom aRsarebis win qristianma imarxulos da efiTemiis
SesrulebisTvis iyos mzad (Zilze unda Tqvas uari). sqemaSi #6 swored
amitomaa warmodgenili protagonistis uWmeloba (A). sakvebis miReba
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marxvis metaforuli gamoxatuleba xdeba da yofiTi situacia (nervalis
usaxsroba) nawarmoebSi sakralur xasiaTs iZens. mTxrobeli megobarTan
sadilze da sasiamovno drois gatarebaze ambobs uars: ,,quCaSi megobars
Sevxvdi. sadilad mimipatiJa. gasarTobad Cemi TavisTan wayvana surda.
uari vuTxari da uWmeli, monmartris gzas Sevudeqi’’ (,,Je rencontrer dans les
rues un ami qui voulait m’emmener diner chez lui pour me distraire un peu. Je refusai, et sans
rien manger, le me dirigeai vers Montmartre’’ (Nerval 1985 :67)). am SemTxvevaSic,
profanulis sakralizacia (hierofania) xdeba. logikuria, rom samyaros
dasasrulis saSiSroeba mTxrobelis eklesiaSi misvlis Semdeg
gadaivlis (Nerval 1985 :73), ris Semdegac, germanel poetTan meore
vizitamde, gulrwfeli aRsarebis da codvebis mitevebis niSnad,
mTxrobeli namcxvars daigemovnebs: ,,germanel poetTan wasasvlelad
Zala rom momcemoda, namcxviris patara naWriT SiSili davioke’’
(,,J’apaisai ma faim avec un petit gâteau pour me donner la force d’aller jusqu’à la maison du
poète allemend’’(Nerval 1985 :71)).
monmartrze mTxrobeli sasaflaoze midis, romelic daketili
daxvdeba. monmartri, sadac ganlagebuli iyo espri blanSis klinika,
romleSic nervali mkurnalobda, mowameTa mTasTan asocirdeba.
sasaflaoze misvlas igi manamdec, nawarmoebis meore nawilis II TavSi
mogviTxrobs. sasaflaoze misi naTesavebi ganisveneben: ,,am sasafloze
Cemi sami naTesavi iyo dakrZaluli’’ (,,Trois parents de ma famille maternelle y
avaient été ensevelis’’(Nerval 1985 :56)). iqve misi satrfo ganisvenebda, romlis
saflavis monaxulebis religiuri ufleba mTxrobels ar hqonda da es
uufleboba mas awuxebda: ,,mcvelebs misi saxeli ver gavumxile, radgan
masze araviTari ufleba ar mqonda’’ (,,Je n’osai pas dire aux gardiens le nom d’une
morte sur laquelle je n’avais religieusement aucun droit . . ‘’ (Nerval 1985 :56)).
sainteresoa, rom nawarmoebis dasawyisSi, mTxrobeli satrfoze rogorc
cocxalze ise saubrobs da arc Semdeg aqvs naxsenebi, rodis
gardaicvala igi. es epizodi kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom nervalis
nawarmoebi ornamentuli prozis nimuSia: movlena masSi arc ki aris
gadmocemuli. mwerlisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra funqciis
matarebelia, ra simboluri datvirTvaa aqvs ama Tu im movlenasa Tu
personaJs. naratologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es epizodi elifsisis
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klasikuri magaliTia. niSandoblivia, rom nawarmoebSi, romelic
satrfos Ziebas asaxavs, satrfos gardacvaleba arc ki aris
moTxrobili, anu realuri da mniSvnelovani faqti moxseniebulia
mxolod.
sasaflaoze orive wasvla uSedego aRmoCndeba: erTxel, mTxrobels
satrfos saflavis adgilmdebareoba ar axsovs, meorejer _ sasaflao
daketili daxvdeba (Nerval 1985 :56). aseve uSedegoa germanel poetTan
vizitic: erTxel mTxrobeli gadaifiqrebs da germanel poetTan misvlas
monmartrze wasvlas amjobinebs (Nerval 1985 :680), meorejer _ Tavs cudad
igrZnobs da TavSesafarSi waiyvanen (Nerval 1985 :71).
sqemaze #-6, IV da V Tavis paralelurad ganlagebul movlenebs
aerTianebs apokalifsisis epizodi. IV TavSi mas avtori erTxel
moixseniebs: ,,gavifiqre, samyaros dasasruli dadga-meTqi da ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi nawinaswarmetyvelevis mowmeni viyaviT’’
(,,Je crus que les temps étaient accomplis, et que nous touchions à la fin du monde annoncée
dans Apocalypse de Saint- Jean’’(Nerval1985 :70)). nawarmoebis swored am nawilSi
Cans inter/para/metateqstualoba. momdevno TavSi am epizods tuilris
baRebTan mzis dabnelebisa da warRvnis aRwera mosdevs. mze Suqis
metaforaa, Suqi ki _ RvTaebrivs gamoxatavs. mzis metafora oqrocaa.
nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ meore nawilSi, rodesac mTxrobeli
apokalifsiss tuilris baRebTan xedavs, igi kafes daxlze oqrosa da
vercxlis monetebs agdebs. es epizodi oiane RvTismetyvelis
gamocxadebis gamoZaxilia: ,,girCev iyido Cemgan oqro, vercxliT
gawmendili’’ (,,apokalifsisi’’, III.18).
ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis sxva reminiscenciebi
zemoxsenebul TavebSia mimobneuli. mTxrobeli eklesiaSi locvis dros
xelidan vercxlis beWeds moiZrobs, romelzedac arabuli sityvebia
amotvifruli: ,,Allah ! Mohamed ! Ali !’’. es moZraoba mTxrobelis mier
codvebis monaniebas gamoxatavs: igi sxva mrwams uaryofs da amiT codvis
monaniebisTvis mzadyofnas aRiarebs. eklesiidan gamosuli, igi sxva
beWeds yidulobs, rac RmerTis mier codvebis mitevebis maniSnebelia:
,,eklesiidan gamosulma, vercxlis beWedi viyide’’ (,,En sortant de l’église, j’ai
achetai un anneau d’argent’’(Nerval 1985 :73)). amave beWeds, ukve V TavSi, warRvnis
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Tavidan asacileblad gadaagdebs: ,,megona warRvna gviaxlovdeboda da
wminda estates eklesiaSi nayidi beWedi Zalian Sors movisrole’’ (,,Je
croyais l’inondation universelle, je jetai à l’endroit le plus profond l’anneau que j’avais acheté à
Saint-Eustache’’ (Nerval 1985:73)). ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis VI TavSi
(1-17) kravis mier Svidi beWdis axsnis Sesaxebaa saubari (,,da vixile, rom
kravma axsna erTi Svidi beWedTagani . . . (ap. 6:1). nervalis teqstSi cifri
Svidi beWdebTan mimarTebaSi ar figurirebs. apokalifsisSi am cifrs
beWdebis, varskvlavTa raodenoba ukavSirdeba. nervals igi locvasTan
dakavSirebiT aqvs naxsenebi: notr-dam de loretis eklesiaSi
mTxrobelis aRsarebisas mRvdeli locvas Svidjer wyvets: ,,mRvdelma
locva Sewyvita da Svidjer wamoiwyo. me ki misi sityvebis gageba
miWirda’’ (,,Le prêtre s’interromprit au milieu de l’oraison et recommença sept fois sans que
je puisse retrouver dans ma mémoire les paroles suivantes’’(Nerval 1985 :59)). moTxrobis
_ ,,orelia’’, amave TavebSi eklesiebia naxsenebi. maTi raodenoba aseve
Svidia: monmartris (68), notr-damis (68), notr-dam de loretis (69), notr-
dam de viqtuaris (70), reimsis kaTedrali (71) da eklesia sent-onores
quCaze (72). ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi weria: ,,Svidi
varskvlavi Svidi eklesiis angelosni arian, xolo Svidi sasanTle
eklesiaa Svidi’’ (1:20). nervalis fraza, romelic nawarmoebSi samyaros
dasasrulis suraTs win uZRvis, exmianeba frazas apokalifsisidan: ,,cis
kamaraze varskvlavebi anaTebdnen. uecrad, momeCvena, rom Caqrnen rogorc
is sanTlebi, eklesiaSi rom vnaxe’’ (,,Les étoiles brillaient dans le firmament. Tout à
coup il me sembla qu’elles venaient de s’éteindre à la fois comme les bougies que j’avais vues à
l’église’’ (Nerval 1985 :69)). es ukanaskneli, moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
ineterteqstualobis (citireba, arasruli citireba), hiperteqstualobis
(hopo/hiperteqsti) madasturebelia. L
meore nawilis IX TavSi mTxrobeli Tavis bavSvobis mxareSi
mogzaurobs. igi bavSvobis megobars saxlSi estumra, kibidan Camosvlis
dros waborZikda, Zveli avejis kuTxes daenarcxa da dagorda. didi
Zalisxmevis Semdeg adga da baRSi gavida. es epizodi ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas asociaciurad ukavSirdeba: ,,gaixsene
saidan daeci, da Seinanie’’ (2 :5). mTxrobeli Tavis urwmonoebas bavSvobis
wlebis Tavisufal aRzrdas abralebs: ,,Cemi Tavisufali aRzrda-
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ganaTleba’’ (,,mon éducation . . trop libre’’(Nerval 1985 : 63)). misi ,,dacemac’’ da
anabasisic, rac mTxrobelis baRSi gasvliT gamoixateba, mSobliur
kuTxeSi xdeba. Tu waborZikeba da waqceva, metaforulad, codvebis
aRiarebas gamoxatavs, baRSi gasvla samoTxisken mimavali gzis simboloa.
nervalis nawarmoebisa da diureris namuSevrebis intermedialur
urTierTobebze saubrisas avRniSneT, rom diurers bibliuri epizodebi
aqvs dasuraTebuli. erT-erT graviuraze kibis safexurebTan
muxlmodrekili qristea asaxuli. albaT, aseTad esaxeboda nervals
mTxrobelis katabasisi: Zveleburi saxlis kibis safexurTan
waborZikebuli protagonisti (Дюрер, A-Сошествие во ад). es epizdi exmianeba
nervalis cnobil sonets _ ,,qriste zeTisxilis baRSi’’ (Nerval 1994 :323).
IV da V TavSi mTxrobels Caesmis galoba. igi amas patiebis niSnad
aRiqvams da or eklesiaSi midis, radgan apokalifsisSi naTqvamia: ,,visac
yuri aqvs, isminos, ras eubneba suli eklesiebs’’ (ap. 2 :7).
nawarmoebis X TavSi, rodesac mTxrobeli saxelosnos stumrobs, iq
gavarvarebul rkals xedavs: ,,erT-erT xelosans xelT epyra rkinis
grZeli naWeri, romlis boloSi cecxlisgan gavarvarebuli sfero
iyo’’(,,Un des ouvriers de l’atelier . . tenant une longue barre dont l’extrémité se composait
d’une boule rougie au feu’’ (Nerval 1985 :47). es frazac ioane RvTismetyvelis
gamocxadebas inerteqstualurad SeiZleba davukavSirod: ,,cecxlSi
gavarvarebuli elvare rkali’’ (ap. 2 :1).
am epizodSi aluziebi martooden ioane RvTismetyvelis
gamocxadebiT ar Semoifargleba. saxelosnoSi mTxrobeli ucnaur,
Tixisgan gamoZerwil arsebas dainaxavs: ,,vixile rogor Zerwavdnen
Tixisgan xelosnebi uzarmazar frTosan lamas’’ (,,Je vis des ouvriers qui
modelaient en glase un aminal enorme de la forme d’un lama, mais qui paraissait devoir être
muni de grandes ailes’’(Nerval1985 :45)). Cveni azriT, es praReli kabalistis
mier Tixisgan gamoZerwil xelovnur adamianze _ golemzea miniSneba,
romelic yovel ocdacamet weliwadSi erTxel cocxldeba (Golem-on-
lain dok.). marTalia, Jerar de neralis teqstSi frTosan arsebazea
saubari, magram mwerlis mizans adamianis RvTiuri warmomavlobis, misi
SemoqmedTan gatolebis xazgasma warmoadgens.
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mistikuri qorwineba tradiciuli Temaa xmelTaSuazRvispireTisa da
antaliis esqatologiuri tradiciuli miTologiisTvis. es tradicia
wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis saxels ukavSirdeba, romelic
sizmarSi iesoze saRvTo kavSiriT dainiSna (Voragine 1967 :44).
gaRviZebisTanave ekaterinem marjvena xelze beWedi dainaxa. am beWeds
mxolod TviTon xedavda. ekaterine Cv.w.aR.de IV saukuneSi sikvdiliT
dasajes, radgan man imperator maqsimilianes warmarTobaSi dasdo
brali. ekaterinem rwmenas ar uRalata, amiT imperatorsac da
aristokratiasac daupirispida. igi sawamebel borbalze gaakres.
mxolod VI saukuneSi, imperator iustinianes marTvelobis dros, misi
Zvlebi ipoves (wminda ekaterine beWdiT icnes) da sinas mTis ZirSi
agebul monasterSi daasvenes. monasterSi momlocvelebs vercxlis
beWeds dResac Cuqnian, romelzedac gulia gamosaxuli da sityvebic _
aria aikatepina (Святая Екатерина Александрийская on-lain.dok). zogadad, beWedi
erTianobis simboloa. CineTSi kurtizani qali imperatorTan yofnamde
vercxlis beWeds marcxena xelze ikeTebda, masTan daSorebis Semdeg,
radgan, CinelTa warmodgeniT, igi RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis pirs Seexo
da naxa, beWeds ukve marjvena xelze atarebda. CineTSive, nebismieri
qalisTvis, fexZimobis mecxre Tves, savaldebulo iyo beWdis tareba.
beWedi, mrgvali formis samkauli, yelsabami, samajuri mzis diskos
Zveli simboloa. mas faraonebi, umaRlesi qurumebi, mefeebi da
imperatorebi atarebdnen. bibliuri gadmocemis mixedviT, faraonma
ndobis niSnad iosebs beWedi gadasca, romelic Tavisi xelidan moiZro.
,,meTevzis beWeds’’ romis papi atarebs (Enciclopédie des symboles 2002). wminda
ekaterines beWedi saRvTo kavSiris garda, wamebluri aRsrulebis
simbolocaa.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia,’’ pirveli nawilis VII TavSi, mTxrobeli
Zvelebur beWeds axsenebs, romelsac gulis formis opali amSvenebs. Tu
gavixsenebT, rom wminda ekaterines beWedze gulia gamosaxuli, es
nervalis teqstSi mistikuri qonwinebis miniSnebad unda CavTvaloT.
Cvens mosazrebas isic amyarebs, rom, cota xanSi, mTxrobels sisxli
waskdeba: ,,momeCvena rom sisxli mdioda’’ (,,Il me sembla couler le sang . . .’’
(Nerval 1985 :30)). wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis Semdeg, ekaterine
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sienels, romelic aseve wmindanad aris aRiarebuli, qristesTan
mistikuri qorwinebis Semdeg, stigmatebi gauCnda (Sainte Catherine on-lain
dok). XIV saukuneSi ekaterine sienelma (q. siena italiaSi) ganacxada,
rom igi qristem daniSna da, amis aRsaniSnad, mas oTxi margalitiT
gawyobili almasis beWedi gadasca (Святая Екатерина Cиенская). miuxedavad
imisa, rom nervals teqstSi ,,mistikuri qorwinebis’’ (Nerval 1985 :58), gulis
formis opalisTvliani beWdis (Nerval 1985 :30), garda araferi aqvs
naxsenebi, asociaciurad, wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielisa da ekaterine
sienelze aqvs miniSneba. Cveni mosazreba imave TavSi naxsenebi freskebis
moxseniebiT kidev ufro myardeba. saavadmyofoSi gamoketil mTxrobels
kedlebze xatvis dauokebeli survili gauCnda. igi aguris nafSvnetis da
naxSiris saSualebiT xatavda: ,,kedlebi maleve freskebiT movxate’’ (,,Je
couvris bientôt les murs d’une série de fresques’’ (Nerval 1985 :31)). erTi gamosaxuleba
yovel jerze meordeboda: es orelias saxe iyo: ,,erTi saxe yvelasgan
gamoirCeoda. igi orelias ekuTvnoda. mas RvTiuri Saravandedi mosavda.
iseTi iyo, rogorc Cems sizmarSi’’ (,,Une figure dominait toujours les autres: c’était
celle d’Aurélia, peinte sous les traits d’une divinité, telle qu’elle m’était aparue dans mon rêve’’
(Nerval 1985 :31)). freskebze orelias ferxTiT mTxrobeli borbals
xatavs, rac kidev erTxel gvakavSirebs wminda ekaterine aleqsandrielis
saxesTan, radgan, rogorc wmindanis cxovrebis istoriidan viciT, wminda
ekaterine aleqsandrieli borbalze iqna gakruli da ise aResrula.
iakob voraginelis teqstSi, romelic wminda ekaterines wamebas aRwers,
vkiTxulobT: ,,ori borbali erTi mimarTulebiT unda amoZravebuliyo,
ori sxva ki _ sapirispiro, raTa sxeuli gaexliCaT’’ (,,On disposa deux roux
qui devaient tourner dans un sens, en même temps que daux autres roux seraient mises en
mouvement dans un sens contraire, de manière que celles . . .devaient déchirer les chairs’’
(Voragine1967 :391). nervalis moTxrobaSi es epizodi voraginelis frazis
gamoZaxilia: ,,mis ferxTiT bobrali trialebda da RmerTebi mas
axldnen’’ (,,Sous ses pieds tournait une roue, et les dieux lui faisaient cortège’’ (Nerval
1985 :31)). nervali ori wmindanis saerTo, gaerTianebul saxe-xats
gvixatavs, erT miTologemas qmnis. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom nervalis
personaJi- qali krebiT xasiaTs atarebs. nawarmoebSi nervals saxeli _
,,ekaterine’’ arsad ara aqvs naxsenebi. moTxrobis epiteqstSi igi ruseTis
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ori imperatoris meuRleze, or ekaterinaze gviyveba. moTxrobis _
,,orelia’’, xelnawerebSi, romelic nacionaluri biblioTekis
xelnawerTa ganyofilebaSi inaxeba da mxolod 1962 wlis 18 ianvars
,,literaturul siaxleebSi’’ (,,Les Nouvelles Littéraires’’) gamoqveynda, mwerali
or ekaterines axsenebs: ,,RmerTis msgavs arsebebs Soris ori ekaterine
gamoirCeoda’’ (,,De figures radieuses et divines, parmi lesquelles on distinguait les deux
Catherine’’(Nerval 1985 :95)). nawarmoebis ZiriTad nawilSi ekaterine
saerTod ar aris moxseniebuli (mxolod mistikuri qorwineba), magram
wmindanebi, mwerlis warmosaxvaSi, ruseTis saimperatoro karis or did
mmarTvelad gardaisaxebian. Sesabamisad, mTxrobelis sizmari istoriul
konteqstSic moiazreba. protagonisti mSvidobis molodiniT iRviZebs:
,,sizmris bolos, simSvidis tkbili SegrZneba dameufla’’ (,,Mon rêve se
termina par le doux espoir que la paix nous serait enfin donnée’’ (Nerval 1985 :95)).
xelnaweris es nawyveti, nawilobriv xsnis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, im
epizods, rodesac napoleonTan gaigivebis Semdeg (Nerval 1985 :75),
mTxrobeli Tavis Secdomebze saubrobs: nervali Tavis bavSvobas igonebs
da mSoblebis araswor gadawyvetilebaze miuTiTebs, radgan swored
ruseTis kompaniis dros daiRupa dedamisi, xolo mama _ tyved Cavarda
(Jean 1989 :19).
teqstSi erTi asosiaciuri kavSiri meores ebmis. wminda ekaterines
da mistikuri qorwinebis epizods, sisifes Sesaxeb miTTan
kavSiriEmohyveeba. saavadmyofos oTx kedelSi gamomwydeuli mTxrobeli
kedlebis moxatviT inugeSebs Tavs, magram mTxrobelis bednierebis
moSurne giJebi freskebs yovel dilas Slian: ,,yovel diliT, saqme
Tavidan mqonda gasakeTebeli, radgan Cemi bednierebis moSurne giJebi,
naxatebis waSliT irTobdnen Tavs’’ (,,Tous les matins, mon travail était à refaire
car les fous, jaloux de mon bonheur, se plaisaient à en reduire l’image’’ (Nerval 1985 : -32)).
SeSlilni mTxrobelis freskebs afuWeben da mas yovel dRe axlis
Seqmna uwevs. es epizodi sisifes miTTan kavSirze metyvelebs
(Мифологический словарь 1989 :454). korinTes aRmSenebelisa da
damaarseblis, sisifes saxiT esqile, sofokle da evripide
interesdebodnen. miTis mixedviT, sisife tanatos, Zilis RmerTis _
gipnosis tyupiscal Zmas moatyuebs da, sikvdilis Semdeg, qvesknelSi ar
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darCeba. qvesknelis RmerTi da persefona mas zesknelSi im pirobiT
daabruneben, rom cols dakrZalvis tradiciis ugulebelyofisTvis
dasjis da qvesknels daubrundeba. sisife RmerTebs amjeradac atyuebs,
ris Semdeg mas hermesi mas olimpos gadawyvetilebas auwyebs: sisifes
mudmivi, fuWi Sroma miesaja: igi mTis wverze mZine tvirTis sazidadaa
ganwiruli. RvTaebrivi Zalis meSveobiT, atanili lodi isev pirvandel
adgils ubrundeba. nervali miTs sisifes Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,
qvesknelSi Casuli da ukan dabrunebuli mokvdavis saxis warmosaCenad
iyenebs da RmerTebisgan tanjvisTvis ganwiruli adamianis simbolod;
meore mxriv, sisifes mier qvesknelis, Zilis RmerTis motyueba
asociaciurad Tavad mwerlis avadmyofobas ukavSirdeba: bolo periodSi
nervalisTvis Zilica da RviZilic gaigivebuli iyo.
is, rom nervalis nawarmoebi oqros legendis hiperteqsts
warmoadgens, amas kidev erTi epizodi amtkicebs: quCaSi gamarTuli
Cxubis Semdeg, mTxrobeli tanovan kacs dainaxavs, romelsac xelSi
giacintis feris samosiani Cvili hyavs atatebuli. baSvis kabis feri
asociaciurad ukavSirdeba mSvidobas, radgan giacinti simbolurad
mSvidobas da Zlierebas gamoxatavs (Hiacinte on-lan dok). feris
simboluri datvirTva gasagebia, radgan mTxrobeli SeWidebis SeCerebas
axerxebs. mxarbeWgaSlil muSas mTxrobeli wminda qristefores
amsgavsebs: ,,moCxubarTa gaSvelebas Sevecade. am dros, iqve zorba muSam
Caiara. marcxena mxarze giacintisferkabiani bavSvi ejda. warmovidgine,
rom es wminda qristefore iyo, romelic qristes atarebda mxrebiT’’
(J’essayai de séparer les combattants . . en ce moment, un ouvrier de grande taille passa sur la
place même où le combat venait d’avoir lieu, portant sur l’épaule gauche un enfant vêtu d’un
robe d’hyacinthe. Je m’imaginait que c’était saint Cristophe portant le Christ’’ (Nerval
1985 :68)). oqros legendaSi moTxrobilia ambavi, Tu rogor gadaiyvana
qristeforem Cvili ieso mdinaris meore napiras (Voragine 1967 :9).
cnobilia albrext diureris graviura, romelzedac wminda
qristefores Cvili qriste mxrebze uzis. es ukanaskneli odnav marcniv
aris gadaxrili. vfiqrobT, es nervalis teqstis da diureris graviuras
Soris arsebul kavSirs kidev erTxel avlens (Durer/Saint- Christophe).
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oqros legendaSi aRwerilia wminda qristefores, wminda egides,
wminda dionises, wminda ekaterines, wminda pavles, wminda giorgis
cxovreba. yvela es wmindani nervalis moTxrobaSia warmodgenili.
nawarmoebis meore nawilSi, avtori im sakiTxebis gansazRvras, im
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs, romlebic nawarmoebis pirvel
nawilSi aris dasmuli. am TvalsazrisiT, aluziebis arsebobaa
saintereso. erTi mxriv, es aris sxvadasxva mxatvrul-literaturul
nawarmobebTan (dante, apuleusi, hofmani, novalisi) aluziebi, bibliuri
reminiscenciebi; rogorc wina TavebSi, aseve _ meoTxeSic, mTxrobels
Tavisi megzuri hyavs. mTxrobelis megzuri jer megobaria, Semdeg – ori
megobari, bolos megzurobas, jer biZamisis msaxuri _ margareti uwevs
(mis saxels mTxrobeli zustad verc ki ixsenebs, magram isic
voraginelis nawarmoebSi moxseniebul wmindans ukavSirdeb), Semdeg ki –
miwadmoqmedi. nervalis nawarmoebSi megzuris arseboba, avtoris mier
virgiliusis, dante alegieris xseneba (Nerval 1985 :9), moTxrobaze _
,,orelia’’, ,,RvTaebrivi komediis’’ gavlenaze metyvelebs. meore mxriv,
nervali avtoaluziebsac aqtiurad iyenebs, romelTa arseboba mis
ukanasknel qmnilebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens (Jean 1989 :90).
gasaTvaliswineblia avtoaluziebic nervalis sxva nawarmoebebTan
(,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ,,silvi’’, ,,qimerebi’’, ,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’).
am nawarmoebSi erTi da igive Temebi, msgavsi movlenebi erTi siuJeturi
invariantis irgvliv meordeba, TiTqos mwerali mniSvnelovani sakiTxis,
problemis gadawyvetis ramdenime saSualebas eZiebs da maT Tavis
personaJebsa da mkiTxvels sTavazebs.
teqstis IV TavSi, mTxrobeli seirnobs parizis quCebSi, monmartrze,
kliSize, gamarjvebis quCaze, SeTanxmebis moedanze, senis sanapiroze da
eliseis mindvrebze. igive marSruts imeorebs oqtombris Rameebis
mTxrobelic; metic, Tu moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, iseTi kompoziciuri
elementebi rogoricaa personaJi _ megzuri, parizis ubnebisa da quCebis
dasaxeleba, sizmari, kopernaumi, jujebi, sizmari _ nawarmoebis
sxvavdasxva epizodSi iCens Tavs, narkvevSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, maT
calke Tavi eZRvneba. es ki imaze miuTiTebs, Tu ra did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs nervali TiToeul maTgans (nervali 2002 :26).
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moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, homodiegesuri mTxrobeli, imis fonze, rom
nawarmoebSi Zalzed Znelia dadgena Tu ra aris realurad momxdari da
ra _ warmosaxvis nayofi, xazgasmiT asaxelebs parizis quCis
saxelwodebebs, mis gareubnebs da sxva qalaqebsac: monmartri, kliSi,
strasburgi . . . monmartri, kliSi _ swored am mimarTulebiT moZraobs
naratori. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mis yuradRebas ipyrobs sasaflao
monmartrTan, eseebSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi”’ _ gauqmebuli qvis
samtexlo.
eseebSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, mTxrobeli policiisa da monmartris
teritoriaze gauqmebuli qvis samtexloebis muSebis dapirispirebaze
mogviTxrobs. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ ki, igive kliSis midamoebSi,
mTxrobeli Tavad xdeba Sexla-Semoxlis mowmec da gamSvelebelic.
Cxubis monawile erT-erTi mxare _ muSebia, meoreze _ araferia Tqmuli,
Tumca Tu gavixsenebT epizods narkvevidan _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’,
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom istoriulad arsebuli qvis samtexlos
muSebisa da mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa UuTanxmoebis Tavisebur
interpretaciasTan gvaqvs saqme. am epizodsac religiuri qveteqsti aqvs:
galo-romaul periodSi, monmartrze arsebuli qvis samtexloebi
pirveli qristianTa TavSesafrad iqca (Нерваль 1985 :85).
nervalis nawarmoebSi erTi simbolo meores ukavSirdeba da
dausrulebeli interpretaciis da varaudis saSulebas iZleva,
magaliTad mTis miTologema. mTis simbolika Zalzed mniSvnelovania
nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’. nawarmoebis sqemaSi (#6) monmartris
(B) paralelurad TavSesafaria (L’hospice de la Charité (Nerval 1985 :75)) _ (J)
ganlagebuli, radgan TavSesafari Tavisuflebis xelyofasTan, muSaobis
SezRudvasTan, mTxrobelis ocnebebis dasamarebasTan asocirdeba, amitom
sasaflao da TavSesafari IV da V Tavis simetriul sqemaSi erTmaneTs
enacvleba da msgavs datvirTvas iZens. meore nawilis IV Tavis
dasawyisSi, parizis quCebSi seirnobis dros, moxseniebulia marsi (,,un
certain Mars . . .’’ (Nerval 1985 : 63)). es mTxrobelis monmartrze gaseirnebis
dros xdeba. erTi versiiT, monmartris saxelwodeba berZnul RmerTs _
mars ukavSirdeba (Mons Martis on-lain dok). meore versiiT, parizis
CrdiloeTiT mdebare 130 metris simaRlis mTas wmnida mowame dionise
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parizelis sapativcemulod uwodes _ ,,monmartri’’, rac ,,mowamis mTas’’
niSnavs (Mons Martyrium) (Montmartre on-lain dok). dionise parizeli (III Cv.w.)
parizis pirveli episkoposi iyo. igi qristianobas dasavlaT evropaSi,
safrangeTsa da germaniaSi qadagebda. wminda dionise da misi ori
mxlebeli, rustiki da elevferiemi, galebma Seipyres da Tavebi
mohkveTes. gadmocemis mixedviT, dionisem mokveTili Tavi xelSi aiRo,
ganbana igi, eqvsi kilometri gaiara daEmxolod maSin ganuteva suli,
rodesac mTis wverze avida. mas Semdeg, daaxloebiT 272 wlidan
moyolebuli, im adgils sen-deni (Saint-Denis on-lain dok), wminda dionise
Searqves. es teritoria momlocvelebis wminda adgilad iqca, im gzis,
romelsac wminda iakobis gza ewodeba (Sant-Jacques-de-Compostel). iakob
voraginelis oqros legendaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,Aussitôt le corps de sait Denys se
leva, et sous la conduite d’un ange, et précédé par une lumière céleste, il porta sa tête entre les
bras, l’espace de deux milles, depuis l’endrois qu’on appelle le Mont des Martyres’’
(Voragine 1967 277)) (,,uecrad, wminda dionises sxeuli wamodga da
angeloziT da zeciuri SuqiT marTulma, TavmokveTilma ori aTasi mili
gaiara da wminda mowameTa mTamde mivida’’. am epizodSi mTis simbolika
nervalis nawarmoebis da oqros legendis interteqstualuri kavSiris
gasaRebi xdeba. nervalisTvis monmartris gza es misi personaluri
wminda iakobis gzaa da im gzis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, romelic
yovelma WeSmaritma qristianma unda gaiaros. mogzauroba, gaseirneba
nervalis nawarmoebebSi sakralur datvirTvas iZens. nawarmoebis
protagonisti xSirad seirnobs monmartrze, amitom migvaCnia, rom
nawarmoebis meore nawilis qristianul-simboluri gaazreba nervalis
Canafiqris amocnobisTvisaa aucilebeli da ganmsazRvreli: Tavisi
ezoTeruli ZiebebiT cnobili, naturfilosofiiT gatacebuli da
iluminizmiT STagonebuli frangi mwerali samyaros saidumloebis
qristianul gaazrebas Tavis saboloo daniSnulebad, misiad miiCnevs.
kidev erTi saintereso faqti, romelsac SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos
nervalis orelias. XII saukuneSi, wmnida benediqtes ordenma sen-denis
mTaze monasteri daarsa. igi lui VII-is braZanebiT iqna agebuli yofili
marsis taZris (V saukune) adgilas. monastris kurTxeva 1147 wels,
aRdgomis wminda dResaswauls, anu kviras moxda. es dRe didi zar-
zeimiT aRiniSna. nervali istoriuli sinamdvilisa da qristianuli
153
gadmocemebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs, rasac teqstis am
monakveTis topografiul qronotopTan pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs:
nawarmoebis meore nawilis V da VI TavSi moqmedeba kviras xdeba.
XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi, gauqmebuli qvis samtexloebis adgilas
gaSenebuli monmartris sasaflao literaturul nekropolis saxeliTaa
cnobili. (aleqsandre diuma-Svili da misi STagonebis wyaro, cnobili
kurtizaneli qali _ alfonsina diuplesi, stendali, zola (panTeonSi
maT gadasvenebamde), dega . . teofil gotie). iqvea dasaflavebuli didi
germaneli romantikosi poeti hainrix haine. nawarmoebSi, (,,orelia’’)
sasaflaoze wasvla or epizods ukavSirdeba. orive wasvla uSedego
aRmoCndeba: erTxel mTxrobels satrfos saflavis adgilmdebareoba ar
axsovs (Nerval 1985 :56), meorejer, mas sasaflao daketili daxvdeba (Nerval
1985 :58). nawarmoebis amave nawilSi, mTxrobeli germanel poetTan
sturobis Sesaxeb gviambobs, romelic aseve uSedegoa: erTxel poetTan
misvlas monmartrze misvlas amjobinebs (Nerval 1985 :68), meorejer – Tavs
cudad igrZnobs da TavSesafarSi waiyvanen (Nerval 1985 :71).
1830 wels, nervalma da teofil gotiem, imxanad emigraciaSi myofi
hainrix haines SesaniSnavi poeziis Sesaxeb erToblivi statia daweres.
haine germanel poetebs Soris ,,yvelze ufro frang poetad’’ iTvleboda,
nervali ki frang mwerlebidan ,,yvelaze metad germaneli’’ iyo, TiTqos
haine nervalis sarkiseburi anarekli yofiliyos. 1848 wels, rodesac
haine Zalian avad gaxda, nervali kidev ufro dauaxlovda mas da mis
cols, romelsac SesaniSnavi leqsi miuZRvna kidec (Нерваль1985 :399).
nervalma am periodSi frangulad Targmna haines cnobili leqsebi:
,,lirikuli intermeco’’ da ,,CrdiloeTis zRva’’.
is, rom nervali icnobda haines da mis cols, moTxrobaSi ,,orelia’’,
dafarulad aris miniSnebuli: swored h. haine gaxlavT is germaneli
poeti, romelmac, moTxrobis mTxrobelis sityvebiT, mas Targmani
SeukveTa da Tanxis nawilic winaswar gadauxada (Nerval 1985 :68-71). hainem,
nervalis TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg, kidev erTi weli icocxla, magram
poeziis es ,,mefistofeli”, rogorc mas nervali uwodebda, sicocxlis
bolo 10 weli sawols iyo mijaWvuli da mis gardacvalebas poetis
axloblebi yovelwuTs elodnen (avadmyof megobarTan stumrobis
154
epizodi-nq). maSasadame, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli swored
hainesTan miemarTebida, sanam monmartrs, kliSis da monmartris
sasaflaos moinaxulebda.
h. haine Tavis politikuri mosazrebebiTa da xmamaRali
gancxadebebiT iyo cnobili. gasakviri araa, rom nervalisTvis
(Sesabamisad, mTxrobelisTvis) germanel poetTan Sexvedra, politikur
Sexedulebeze saubrebis biZgad qceuliyo. nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV
Tavi sainteresoa nervalis gulaxdili msjelobebiT safrangeTis
istoriis, revoluciebis (1789 da 1830 wlis ivlisis revoluciebi) da
maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Tavad mTxrobeli ambobs, parizSi
mcxovreb germanel poets misTvis saTargmni leqsebi da Tanxis nawilic
miucia. mTxrobeli masTan SexvedrasBCqarobs, uaris Tqma surs, radgan
samuSaos Sesruleba ar SeuZlia (miniSneba konkretuli avtoris
uunarobaze-n.q.). sainteresoa, rom amis mizezad, pirvel rigSi,
politikur movlenebs asaxelebs. am TavSi orjer aris gameorebuli
safrangeTis revolucia da is Sedeebi, ramac, avtoris TqmiT, mis
Taobaze moaxdina gavlena (Nerval 1985 :57). safrangeTis politikur Tu
istoriul koliziebis mniSvnelobas da adamianTa xvedrze maT gavlenas,
avtori napoleonis cxedris Camosvenebis moxseniebiT amyarebs (Nerval
1985 :60). Tu mTxrobelis uZlureba qveynis bedukuRmarTobas ukavSirdeba,
mwerlis imedegacrueba, misi TviTmkvlelobis mizezi nervalis
jangatexiloba gaxda. nawarmoebis es epizodi teqstis subieqtur
xasiaTs usvams xazs.
amave TavSi, moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli abat diubuas
daeZebs. am epizodSi ufro farul aluziasTan gvaqvs saqme: abati
diubua, Jan-antuan diubua (1766-1848) frangi misioneri gaxldaT, romelic
safrangeTis revoluciis dros inglisSi gadasaxlda. misi wigni _
,,Letters on the State of Christianity in India’’, 1823 wels, londonSi gamoqveynda da
uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba hpova inglisel mkiTxvelTa Soris. 1825 wels,
abat diubua ukve safrangeTSi aqveynebs Tavis naSroms saxelwodebiT _
,,Moeurs, instituitions et cérémonies des peuples de L’Inde’’, (,,indoelebis
zne_Cveulebani’’) (Dubois on-lain dok), romelic indoeTis, indoeli
xalxis zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb im periodis saukeTeso naSromad
155
iTvleboda. cnobilia romantikosebis, kerZod nervalis, didi interesi
Soreuli aRmosavleTis mimarT (,,mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi’’). abat
diubuas wigni imdenad popularuli iyo, rom nervalis teqstSi igi
Taviseburad amotivtivda jer abat diubuas saxelis xsenebiT, Semdeg ki
_ indoelis samosiani mamakaciT, romelic mTxrobels ecxadeba erT-erT
zmanebaSi (VI Tavi).
wminda dionises sulis mosaxseniebeli dRe 3, axali stiliT _ 16
oqtomberia. es kidev ufro metad amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom nervali ganzrax imeorebs monmartrs, qvissatexs, Cxubis epizods,
rogorc moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, aseve Jurnalistur CanaxatSi _
,,oqtombris Rameebi’’. pirvel nawarmoebSi igi azustebs topografiul
qronotops _ moqmedeba savaraudod oqtomberSi xdeba; meore SemTxvevaSi,
anu narkvevSi _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, romelic ufro realistur
stilSia dawerili (sakmarisia gavixsenoT am nawarmoebis pirveli Tavis
dasaxeleba _ ,,realizmi’’ (nervali 2000 :23)), nervali cdilobs
monmartrze ubralo gaseirnebas sakraluri mniSvneloba mianiWos, riTac
Jurnalisturi Canaxati literaturuli nawarmoebis fiqcionalur
samyarod gardaiqmneba da mas jadosnuri elferi Seemateba. monmartris
epizodi SesaniSnavi magaliTia, Tu rogor xdeba erTi teqsti meoris
gasaRebi avtoaluziis wyalobiT da rogor transformirdeba erTi da
igive movlena profanulidan sakraluramde.
movlenebis gameorebiT avtori romelime epizodis, faqtis
mniSvnelobis gasaZliereblad iyenebs, Tundac eklesiaSi locvis
epizodi. jer mTxrobeli notr-dam de loretis eklesiaSi Sedis, Semdeg
_ notr-dam de viqtuarSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, eklesiaSi misvlas erTi
saerTo mizani aerTianebs: locva da aRsarebis Tqma. oreves win uZRvis
saeklesio galoba. pirvel ESemTxvevaSi _ biWebis gundi Ave Maria – s
mReris (Nerval 1985 :69), meoreSi _ mTxrobels Caesmis ,,Christ, Christ’’ (Nerval
1985 :71). mTxrobeli aRsarebisTvis jer abat dubuas kiTxulobs (aluzia
diubuaze-n.q.)). rogorc vxedavT, erTi da imave epizodi, eklesiaSi
wasvla, sxvadasxva saxiT aris aRwerili. am SemTxvevaSi nervali
imeorebs igive mxatvrul xerxs, rac nawarmoebis pirvel nawilSi _
movlenaTa Txrobis gameorebis xerxs (Le mode répétitif).
156
IV TavSi, xilvebis Semdeg mTxrobeli Tavs dakargulad miiCnevs. mas
aRsareba surs; surs codvebi moinanios, radgan, manamde, sarwmunobis
dogmatur sakiTxs Tavisebur filosofiur interpretacias aZlevda
(Nerval 1985 :63). rogorc Tavad aRiarebs, am daskvnamde igi safrangeTis
revoluciis Sedegebma miiyvana. nawarmoebis IV TavSi, nervals
biografiuli cnobebi Semohyavs: igi udedod gaizarda da mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze mamas Tavis erTgulebas umtkicebda. niSandoblivia,
rom avadmyof mamasTan vizitis epizodi IV TavSia aRwerili. mTxrobelis
bavSvobis wlebi germanias ukavSirdeba _ legendebisa da zRaprebis
qveyanas. mwerlisTvis germaniiis Soreuli saxe yovelive jadosnurisa
da magiuris simbolo iyo (Nerval 1985 :63). udedmamod darCenil bavSvs
biZamisma antikuri xanis xelovneba da literatura, kelturi miTologia
gaacno da Seayvara. ymawvili nervalis cnobierebaSi erTmaneTTan iyo
SeduRabebuli qristianuli, aRmosavluri (zoroastrizmi), antikuri
xanis, galTa religiebi da mrwamsi. axla ki, safrangeTis 1789 wlis
burJuaziuli da ivlisis revoluciebis Semdeg, gzaabneuli da
WeSmarit gzas acdenili (,, . . éloigné longtemps de la vraie route’’ (Nerval 1985 :65))
igi megobrebTanac veRar poulobda saerTos, Tumca WeSmarit gzas mas
siyvaruli, oreliasadmi grnoba unaTebda (Nerval 1985 :68). parizis erT-
erT gareubanSi, megobrebTan erTad garTobis dros, duqanSi, mTxrobeli
momReral qals daakvirdeba da am ukanasknelis mis gardacvlil
satrfosTan – oreliasTan, msgavseba gaaocebs. mTxrobeli sakuTar Tavs
kiTxvas usvams: ,,iqneb swored masSia misi (oreliaSi-n.q.) suli
gansxeulebuli?’’ (,,Qui sait, si son esprit n’est pas dans cette femme ?’’ (Nerval 1985 :
66)). swored es siyvaruli da imis rwmena, rom sayvareli arseba
sabolood ar aris misTvis dakarguli protagonistis cnobierebaSi
gardatexas axdens, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas azrovneba uWirs: ,,Cemi
sulieri mdgomareobis gamo, saqmes guls ver vudebdi’’ (,,La situation de mon
esprit me rendait impossible l’exécution de travaux convenus’’ (Nerval 1985 :67)).
mTxrobeli uecari sikvdilis SiSiTaa Sepyrobili, magram WeSmariti
gzis Ziebas mainc ganagrZobs. teqstis am nawilSi, erTi miTologema
(satrfos Zieba) meoreTi _ WeSmaritebis Zieba _ icvleba. nervalis
SemoqmedebaSi mogzaurobasa da gaseirnebas ara marto ucnobi qveynebis
157
da adgilebis naxvis wyurvili, egzotikasTan ziarebis survili udevs
safuZvlad, aramed WeSmariti gzis Ziebisa da povnis, rac rwmenis
metaforuli gamoxatulebaa.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV TavSi topografiuli
qronotopi aris miTiTebuli _ kvira (Nerval 1985 :67). kvira yvela
religiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis dRea. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imas, rom nervali, Tavs aridebs topografiul qronotops da mis
nawarmoebSi ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba fsiqologiuri da matafizikuri
qronotopebi (ix. zemoT-nq.), kviris moxsenieba ufro alegoriul,
simbolur datviTvas iZens. kvira – qristianul reliagiaSi aris locvis
dRe. ebraul taradiciiT, kvira dRe ukavSirdeba paseks, rac ebraulidan
niSnavs ,,man gaiara’’, ebraelebis egviptedan gamosvlis aRsaniSnavad.
qristianul tradiciaSi kvira qristes wamebidan mesame dRes, mis
mkvdreTiT aRdgomas aRniSnavs (Encyclopédie des symboles 1996 :34).
cifrebidan nervali mxolod samsa da Svids imeorebs. es faqti
SemTxveviTi Tanxvedra rodia. sami da Svidi sakraluri cifrebia,
nervali ki dasZens, rom cifrebisa da ferebis saSualebiT samyaros
saidumloebaTa wvdomas cdilobs. IV TavSi, bibliuri reminiscenciebi
amiT ar Semoifargleba. biZamisis aCrdilis sityvebiT, mTxrobelis
ojaxis wevrTa ricxvi Svidia. Svidi noes ojaxis wevrTa ricxvia,
romlebic sayovelTao warRvnas gadaurCnen (Nerval 1985 :52). nervalis
teqstSi, ricxvi sami saaTis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyneba: sami saaTis
ganmavlobaSi mTxrobeli seirnobs parizis quCebSi, nawarmoebis
dasawyisSi mTxrobeli sami quCis gasayarze dgas, sami qali mTxrobelis
beds wyvets. amave dros, orealias saxe-xatis interpretacia
RvTismSobels, mwerlis gardacvlil dedas da satrfos ukavSirdeba.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV Tavi mTlianad bibliur
reminiscenciebs efuZneba, Tumca nervali Tavisi mxatvruli
stilis erTguli rCeba: erTsa da imave movlenas igi ramdenjernme
imeores da mis danaxvas sxvadasxva kuTxiT cdilobs. TiTqos es
movlenebi erTis sarkiseburi anareklia. aluziebi, romlebic
wmindanebsa da wminda adgilebTan asociaciurad gvakavSirebs, erTis ki
ara _ ramdenime SesaZlebel axsnas moiTxovs: magaliTad, abat dubuas
saxeli, monmartris saxelwodebis ori SesaZlo axsna, wminda ekaterine...
158
parizSi mTxrobelis gaseirnebac ciklur xasiaTs atarebs. erT
TavSi or gaseirnebazea saubari: erTi _ monmartri, sasaflao, kliSi,
notr dam de loreti, da meore _ pale ruaiali, Tanxmobis moedani,
notr dam de viqtuari. orive gaseirnebis saboloo mizani erTia –
germaneli poetis monaxuleba, romelTan mTxrobeli Targmnaze uaris
saTmelad midis. nawarmoebis am monakveTSi mTxrobelis pirovnuli
tragedia ikveTeba: satrfosTan ganSoreba mTxrobelis SemoqmedebiTi
krizisis, misi ,,varskvlavis Casvenebis’’ simboluri gamoxatulebaa.
naSromis wina TavSi, Cven qronotopis problemis Sesaxeb visaubreT:
nervalis nawarmoebSi arasrulad warmodgenil topografiul
qronotopze da metafizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri qronotopebis
mniSvnelobaze. axla gvsurs gamovyoT, Tu rogor rekonstruirdeba
topografiuli qronotopi avtoaluziebis saxiT. qronotopis
rekontruireba nawarmoebis mwerlis biografiasTan dakavSirebiT
vcadeT. moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’, Tavad saWiroebs ganusazRvreli
adgilebis aqtualizacias, amitom aqtualizaciac da rekonsruirebac
erTdroulad unda ganvaxorcieloT.
V Tavi realisturad iwyeba: ori Tvis xangrZlivi avadmyofobis
Semdeg, mTxrobeli gamojanmrTelda da isev daiwyo Tavisi
momlocveloba parizis midamoebSi (Nerval 1985 :71). Tavdapirvelad igi
reims ewveva. reimsSi mogzauroba misi SemoqmedebisTvis sakmaod
nayofieri gamodga, radgan, rogorc Tavad gvimxels, swored iq Seqmna
Tavisi saukeTeso nawarmoebi. furclebis nalejebze, fanqriT igi
STabeWdilebebsa da xilvebs aRbeWdavs: saubaria Jerar de nervalis
cnobil novelaze _ ,,silvi’’, romelic mis saukeTeso qmnilebad
iTvleba da romlis analizss ramdenime samecniero kvleva miuZRvna
umberto ekom (Эко 2006:72). am epizodis saSualebiT, moTxrobis _
,,orelia’’, V Tavis qronotopi ikveTeba. Tu movlenebis TanmimdevrobiT
dalagebas SevecdebiT vnaxavT, rom mTxrobeli moinaxulebs reimsis
taZars, mecxramete saukunis monmartrs da xedavs XV saukunis
istoriul movlenebs. nervali kidev erTxel iyenebs Tavis mravalnacad
xerxs: erTi movlena ramdenime sxva movlenis gaxsenebis sawindari xdeba,
ganurCevlad imisa, pirveladi realuri movlena, zmaneba Tu sizmaria.
yovelive zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebis topografiuli qronotopis
159
amosacnobad, miniSnebad, gasaRebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. IV TavSi
aluziebi, maT Soris avtoaluziebic, teqstis irealur nawilSi
realuri movlenebis gasaRebi xdeba. nervalis cnobili nawarmoebi _
,,oqtombris Rameebi’’, ramdenime wlis manZilze ibeWdeboda
literaturul Jurnal ,,iluminasion’’-Si (L’Illumination). teqsti am Jurnali
9, 23 da 30 oqtombris nomrebSi gamoqveynda. masSi 1852 wlis oqtombris
Tvis gaseirneba da Tavgadasavlebia aRwerili. nawarmoebi ramdenime
Tavisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, siuJetTan
ideur-Tematurad yvelaze axloa Semdegi Tavebi: ,,relizmi’’, ,,Cemi
megobari’’, ,,Rame monmartrze’’, ,,kapernaumi’’, ,,jujebis gundi’’, ,,me
viRviZeb’’, ,,azrebi’’, ,,mogzaurobis mizani’’. am nawarmoebis yvela es
motivi da Tema avsebs moTxrobis siuJets, teqstis rekonstruirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs da ufro gasagebs xdis nervalis ukanasknel da
urTules qmnilebas. Tu orive nawarmoebSi erTsa da imave movlenebzea
saubari da narkvevis (,,oqtombris Rameebi’’) moqmedeba, rogorc
saTauridan Cans oqtomberSi xdeba, maSasadame ,,orelias’’ II nawilis IV
TavSi aRwerili movlenebic Semodgomaze, kerZod ki _ oqtomberSi unda
xdebodes. Cveni varaudi, TiTqos, nawarmoebis IV TavSi, moqmedeba
oqtomberSi xdeba, amjerad dasturdeba avtoaluziebiT, romlebic
arsebobs moTxrobas (,,orelia’’) da narkvevs _ ,,oqtombris Rameebi’’,
Soris.
samuSaos dasrulebidan ramdenime dReSi (saukeTeso moTxrobis
Seqmnis Semdeg-n.q.), mTxrobels isev xilva ewveva. nawarmobSi pirvelad
Cndeba istoriuli xasiTis xilva. mTxrobels Tavidan hgonia, rom
monmartrzea da muSebsa da glexebs esaubreba. Semdeg, igi Zvel bazars
stumrobs (Les Halles). sent-estaSis (wminda estates) samreklos zars
,,realuri’’ samyarodan, anu XIX saukunis parizidan igi Zvel droSi
gadahyavs. mTxrobeli armaniakebisa da burginionebis brZolis mowme
xdeba, sakuTar Tavs ki vercxlisabjrian Jan de burbonTan aigivebs.
armaniakebisa da burginionebis dapirispireba safrangeTis istoriis
umniSvnelovanesi furcelia. armaniakebi Zveli safrangeTis, misi
agraluri ganviTarebis momxreni iyvnen, burginionebi ki _ franguli
burJuaziis, inglisis samefosa da romis papis, urban VI mxardaWeriT
sargeblobdnen. Qqveynis SigniT dapirispireba aswlian omSi gadaizarda,
160
romelsac 1407 wlis 23 noembers, parizis erT-erT quCaSi, viei du
tamplze (La rue du Vieille Temlpe) lui orleanelis mkvleloba uZRoda win.
lui orleaneli Tavisi biwierebis gamo daisaja: misi sasiyvaruli
Tavgadasavlebi imdenad cnobili iyo, rom eJen delakruam igi tiloze
asaxa (,,Louis D’Orlean dévoile la maîtresse’’). tamplis quCa dResac arsebobs la
mares (La Marais) ubanSi, parizis III da IV ubnebis gasayarze mdebarebs.
igi emijneba Zveli bazrobis (Le Halles) baRs (История Франции1972:137).
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’,’ meore nawilis V TavSi mTxrobeli
avadmyofobas axsenebs, ambobs rom avad gaxda da gamosajansaReblad
daaxloebiT ori Tve dasWirda. imave TavSi naxsenebia istoriuli
faqtic _ burginionebisa da armaniakebis brZola, romelic
asociaciurad jer aswlian oms, Semdeg ki am omis sababTan, lui
burbonis mkvlelobasTan gvakavSirebs. lui burboni
axladmomSobiarebuli sayvarlis saxlTan 23 noembers mohkles. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom nervali miniSnebas
gvaZlevs rodis ewvia mas es xilva (nagulisxmevia armaniakebisa da
burginionebis Cxubi). nervalis faruli miniSnebis Sesaxeb varauds isic
amyarebs, rom nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV TavSi moqmedeba, Cveni
mosazrebiT da avtoaluziebze dayrdnobiT, oqtomberSi xdeboda. e.i.
nervali, burusiTmoculi da qaragmebiT aRsavse nawarmoebis miuxedavad,
Tavis mkiTxvels movlenebs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT mouTxrobs. amis
garda, abjriani lui de burboni, wminda giorgis saxesTan (Saint Georges)
asocirdeba, romelic nawarmoebSi mTxrobelis megobrisa da megzuris _
JorJis, saxels ukavSirdeba. saeklesio kalendriT wminda giorgis
mosaxseniebeli dRe _ 3 noemberia. esec amyarebs Cvens mosazrebas
nawarmoebSi asaxuli movlenebis noemberSi ganviTarebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
mkiTxvelis yuradRebas mTxrobelis daniSnulebis kidev erTi punqti
iwvevs _ viei de tamplis quCa (La rue du Vieille Temlpe) da sent-estaSi, wminda
estates saxelobis eklesia. am eklesiis mSenebloba 1532 wels daiwyo da
1624 dasrulda. es Zegli Tavisi arqiteqturiT araerTgvarovania: masSi
rogorc gviandeli goTikuri, adreuli renesansis da klasicisturi
stilia Serwymuli. wminda estate imperatori traianes dros asisTavi
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iyo. igi da misi coli Teofiste da maTi ori vaJi wamebluri sikvdiliT
aResrulnen. is faqti, rom estate samxedro iyo, asociaciurad
ukavSirdeba armaniakebisa da burginionebis brZolas da Jan de
burginionis, simamaciT cnobili frangi warCinebuli gvaris _
burginionebis warmomadgenlis vercxlis abjars. asisTavi da samxedro
kidev erT asociaciur kavSirs iwvevs: nervalis mama samxedro eqimi iyo.
armaniakebisa da burginionebis Cxubi nawarmoebis meore nawilsac
ukavSirdeba, sadac mTxrobeli mamas orjer moinaxulebs.
zemoxsenebuli epizodebi asociaciebis jaWvze dafuZnebul moqmedebebis
erTian, mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs qmnian.
nervali xSirad aRwers sazogadoebis Seyris Tu parizis Zalian
cnobil da xalxmraval adgilebs:L botanikuri da zoologiuri baRi.
zogjer es adgilebi misi personaJisTvis miuRweveli xdeba, rogorc
tuilris baRi V TavSi, an sasaflao _ nawarmoebis II nawilis IV TavSi
da I nawilis II TavSi. Semdeg, mTxrobeli gaseirnebas agrZelebs. igi
jer senis sanapiros miuyveba, luqsemburgis baRs stumrobs, megobarTan
sauzmobs da wminda estates eklesiis midamoebs ubrubdeba. mTxrobeli
ganuwyvetliv dedaze fiqrobs. eklesiidan gamosuli vercxlis beWeds
yidulobs, yvavilebis TaiguliT xeldamSvenebuli mamasTan midis.
mamamisi ar xvdeba, botanikur baRisa da iSviTi cxovelebis galereis
monaxulebis Semdeg eCveneba, rom iwyeba warRvna. es epizodi exmianeba
frazas apokalifsisidan: ,,vai, vai didi qalaqi’’ (ap. 18.19). mzis gamoCena
warRvnas aCerebs da mTxrobels isev imeds usaxavs. es gancdac ioane
RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas ukavSirdeba: ,,da vixile gaxsnili ca . .’’
(ap.19. 11).
nawarmoebis am nawilSi, igulisxmeba meore nawilis V Tavi,
qronotopi dazustebulia. mkiTxvelma icis, rom gaseirnebis Semdeg
mTxrobels oTxi saaTze Tavis megobar GJorJTan aqvs Sexvedra
daniSnuli. igi pon dezarze gadadis (Le pont des Arts). pon dezari,
,,xelovnebis xidi’’, romlis ageba 1804 wels, pirveli imperiis dros
daiwyo, asociaciurad mas napoleonTan akavSirebs. sworad am dros
eCveneba mTxrobels, rom napoleonis suli mis sxeulSi gancxadda:
,,meCvena, rom am saRamos napoleonis suli Camesaxa da diadi saqmeebisken
momiwodebda’’ (,,Il me semble que ce soir, j’ai en moi l’âme de Napoléon qui m’inspire et
162
qui me commande de grandes choses’’ (Nerval 1985:74)). am epizodis Semdeg
gasagebia, ratom yidulobs kokis quCaze (mamlis quCa) mTxrobeli quds
da am movlenas ratom usvams xazs.
Tavis mogonebebSi aleqsandre diuma nervalis monaxulebas aRwers.
rodesac cnobili mwerali saavadmyofoSi mivida, nervalma gasaocari
ambavi mouyva: TiTqos napoleonis suli mis sxeuls daufleboda.
a. diumas mosazreba nervalis Seuracxadobaze metyvvelebs, rac
moqmedebis yovelgvar logikas gamoricxavs. nawarmoebSi ki, marTalia
uxilavi ZafebiT, mainc SeiZleba asociaciaTaA jaWvis rekonstruireba.
aseve logikuria mTxrobelis kafe fuaSi vizitic, romelic imperiis
dros Tavisi politikuri debatebiT iyo cnobili (Nerval 1985:75). am kafem
jer kidev safrangeTis revoluciis dros gaiTqva saxeli: xalxis
didZal masas swored iqidan mouwodes bastiliisken, 1789 wlis 13
ivliss. XIX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi, kafe konservatorTa
navsayudeli iyo, xolo ormocian wlebSi – ultra-ruaialistebis.
nervali safrangeTis istoriis da parizis gareubnebis ubadlo mcodne
iyo. teqstSi kafe fuas gamoCena metyvelebs nervalis survilze erT
frazaSi moaqcios, erT sagans daukavSiros safrangeTis bolo periodis
mSfoTvare istoria.
erTmaneTze daleqili asociaciebis wyalobiT, moTxrobis
(,,orelia’’) teqsti maqsimalur hermetulobas iZens. kafe fuaSi Sesvla
napoleonTan dakavSirebul epizods mosdevs, romelic safrangeTis
istoriul koliziebs axsenebs mTxrobels, magram napoleonis sulis
gardasaxva da kafe fuasTan dakavSirebuli asociaciebi mxolod
mTxrobelis gonebaSi arsebobs. imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli gaxdes
mTxrobelis grZnobebis Tanaziari, kafedan gamosuli, igi iseTi
raodenobis adamianebs Soris aRmoCndeba, rom maTi simravlisgan suli
exuTeba: ,,imdeni xalxi iyo, rom suli kinaRam damexuTa ‘’ (,, . . .la foule était
si compacte que je faillis être étouffé’ (Nerval 1985:75)). kafe fua da xalxis
simravle mkiTxvels safrangeTis axlo warsulTanaa dakavSirebuli
(revoluciebi, napoleonis omebi), rac nervalis Canafiqrs ufro gasagebs
xdis: erTi adamianis mogonebebi sxvisTvis (adresatisTvis) damajerebeli
gaxados. SesaZloa, swored amitom, nawarmoebis an monakveTSi (IV da V
Tavi), yvelaze dawvrilebiT aris CamoTvlili sad gaiara protagonistma
163
da sad ra gaakeTa: mamlis quCa, pale-ruaiali, fouas kafe, sent-onore
da TavSesafari. yvelaferi senis sanapiros mimdebare teritoriaa.
mTxrobeli sauzmobs, midis megobar JorJTan, yidulobs sigaras (75),
quds (74) da suraTs (Nerval 1985:73), romelzec ieroglifebia gamoxatuli
imis niSnad, rom adamianTa bedi winaswar aris gansazRvruli da
gawerili.
V TavSi, istoriuli xasiaTis xilvis garda (armaniakebis da
burginionebis brZola), kidev erTi xilvac ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas:
mTxrobels qalRmerTiYgamoecxadeba: ,,momeCvena, rom qalRmerTi
gamomecxada’’ (,,Il me semblais que la déesse m’apparaissait…’’ (Nerval 1985 :74)).
qalRmerTis saxe aerTianebs dedamiss, mis sayvarel yvela arsebas,
mariam RvTismSobels: ,,me igive var, rac mariami, dedaSeni da yvela is
arseba, romelic odesme gyvarebia’’ (,,Je suis la même que Marie, la même que ta
mère, la même que toutes les formes que tu as toujours aimées’’ (Nerval 1985 :74)).
qalRmerTi protagonists anugeSebs da male Tavisi WeSmariti saxiT
gamocxadebas hpirdeba: ,,niRabs movixsni . . Cems WeSmarit saxes male
ixilav’’ (,,J’ai quitté l’un des masques . . et bientôt tu verras telle que je suis . .’’ (Nerval
1985 :74)). nawarmoebis am monakveTSic realuri da irealuri epizodebi
erTmaneTs enacvleba ise, rom maTi garCeva rTulia, magram erTiani
logikuri xazis gavleba mainc SesaZlebelia. JorJis saxlSi
qalRmerTis gamocxadebas gaseirneba da xelovnebis xidze gadasvla
mohyveba, napoleonis sulis Casaxva, kafe fua da TavSesafari. yovel
irealur moments (gamocxadeba, halucinacia) paraleluri realuri
movlena axlavs, romelic konkretuli droiTa da sivrciT aris
determinebuli (gaseirneba, kafeSi Sesvla). uecrad Txroba wydeba da
miniSnebis gareSe, mTxrobeli eqimebis garemocvaSi aRmoCndeba, kedlebiT
garSemortymul iseT adgilas, sadac mzis Suqi Zlivs aRwevs (Nerval
1985 :77). nervals imis miniSneba surs, rom saavadmyofo sulisSemxuTveli
realobaa, romelic adamianis gonebas ver daakavebs. mTxrobelis yvela
moqmedeba (IV da V Tavebi) davajgufeT, gamovyaviT realuri da
irealuri da erTi movlenis rekonstruirebis mizniT, sqemis saxiT
warmovadgineT:
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sqema # 7
IR R
qalRmerTis gamocxadeba 1 JorJis saxli
napoleonis sulis mTxrobelis
sxeulSi Casaxva
2 gaseirneba (xelovnebis xidi)
safrangeTis revoluciis
retrospeqtiva
3 kafe fua
4 klinikaSi transportireba
sqemaSi #7, movlenebi ganviTarebis da Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT ar
ganvalageT: SevecadeT moqmedebebi funqciisa Tu mniSvnelobis
TvalsazrisiT gamogveyo da realuri (R) da irealuri (IR) gagvemijna,
rac nawarmoebis bolos sul ufro rTuldeba.
amave TavSi, erTi Zalzed saintereso ram xdeba: mTxrobels eCveneba,
rom sneulTa gankurneba ZaluZs: ,,vifiqre, rom RmerTis msgavsad,
adamianTa gankurnebis unari Semwevda’’ (,,L’idée que j’étais devenu semblable à un
dieu et que j’avais le pouvoir de guérir me fit imposer les mains à quelques malades . . .’’
(Nerval 1985 :75)). gankurnebis Zala mTxrobels RmerTs utolebs.
,,gankurneba’’ asociaciurad Tavad nervalis gamojansaRebas ukavSirdeba.
mTxrobelis gankurnebis imedi ki sul mcirea: ,,eqimebi kidev movidnen. me
ki maTi xelobis (xelovnebis-n.q.) uZlurebaze gavagrZele saubari’’ (,,Des
médecins vinvrent alors, et je continuai mes discours sur l’impuissance de leur art’’ (Nerval
1985 :76)). mTxrobeli Tvlis, rom adamianebi martooden eqimis codnis
wyalobiT ar inkurnebian. mTxrobelis Rrma rwmeniT, eqimebi scodaven,
rodesac RvTaebriv daxmarebis da saswaulebrivi gankurnebis ar swamT:
,,visac swams rom, gankurneba mxolod codniTaa SesaZlebeli _ uvicia’’
(,,… . . .l’ignorance des hommes qui croyaient pouvoir guérir avec le science seule . . ‘’ (Nerval
1985 :75)). sainteresoa, rom sxvaTa gankurnebis surviliT Sepyrobili
mTxrobeli Tavis oTaxSi Sedis (saavadmyofoSi) da iq eTeriani boTli
xvdeba. eTeri mexuTe elementad aris miCneuli, romelsac, gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, samyaros gadarCena SeuZlia (Cinq éléments on-lai dok).
moTxrobis (,,orelia’’) bolo, VI Tavi yvelaze didia. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Zalzed rTulia teqstSi imis garkveva Tu ra aris realoba
anu, ras aqvs realuri safuZveli da ra aris saxecvli,
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transformirebuli Tavad mwerlis mier da misi fantaziis nayofs
warmoadgens, am TavSi mainc ikveTeba realurisa da irealuri
samyaros diferenciaciis SesaZlebloba. Tema, romelic mravali
variantis saxiT nawarmoebis bolos dominirebs _ uzarmazari darbazis
motivia, romelSic mTxrobels nacnobi saxeebi an adamianis msgasi
arsebebi xvdebian. VI Tavi, faqtobrivad, V Tavis siuJetis gagrZelebaa.
wris formis mqone baRi sivrcis dagegmarebis gviandel goTikur,
renesansul da klasicistur stilebs aerTianebs, rogorc wminda
estates eklesia, romelSic mTxrobeli manamde midis. baRSi adamianebi
wreze arian ganlagebulni. es suraTi saavadmyofos da sapyrobiles
asociacias tovebs, sadac adamianebi Tavis survilisa da nebis gareSe
imyofebian (Nerval 1985 :76). wreze gauCerebliv gadaadgilebiTa da
TavianTi moZraobiT isini ciur sxeulebze axdenen gavlenas da maT
moZraobas awesrigeben: ,,warmovidgine, rom am baRSi Tavmoyrili
adamianebi ciur sxeulebis moZraobaze axdendnen gavlenas. is, romelic
wreze Seuwyvetliv moZraobda, mzis moZraobas awesrigebda’’ (,,Je
m’imaginai que les personnes réunies dans ce jardin avaient toute quelques influence sur les
astres, et que celui qui tournait sans cesse dans le même cercle y réglait la marche du soleil’’
(Nerval 1985 : 77)). wreSi periodulad erTi moxucebulic Semodis, yovel
mosvlaze TiToO naskvs akeTebs da wres tovebs. ase gadis dro. Tavad
mTxrobelsac magiuri gavlena aqvs mTvaris moZraobaze: ,,mTvaris
moZraobaze gavlena SemeZlo’’ (,,Je m’attribuai à moi-même une influence sur la
marche de la lune’’ (Nerval 1985 :78)). saerTo ZalisxmeviT, dRis xangrZlivoba
ori saaTiT gaizarda (,,Le temps de chaque journée semblait augmenté de deux
heures’’’’ (Nerval 1985 :79)). mTxrobelisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom samyaroSi
okulturi mecnerebiT, kabalaTi da sxvadasxva religiebis erTiani
ZalisxmeviT, harmoniis uzrunvelyofa misi saqme da daniSnulebacaa:
,,Cemi daniSnuleba sayovelTao harmoniis damkvidreba megona’’ (,,Mon rôle
me semblais être de retablir l’harmonie universelle’’ (Nerval 1985 :78)). nawarmoebis es
nawili imedgacruebuli mTxrobelis triumfis wamia: man Tavisi codniT
daamarcxa dro: dRe ori saaTiT gazarda. mTxrobels dedamiwaze
dakarguli harmoniis damkvidreblis funqcia daekisra. man saavadmyofo-
166
satusaRos oTaxis kedlis garRveva moaxerxa da droisa da sivrcis
ganmgebeli Seiqna.
mas Semdeg, rac mTxrobelisTvis misi mizani gancxadda,
mkiTxvelisTvis advili xdeba realuri da iluzoruli samyaroebis
erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, es
erTdaderTi Tavia, sadac irealurSi realuri movlenebis simboluri
gamoxatuleba, datvirTva mwerlis mier pirdapiraa miTiTebuli.
Tanamedrove struqturalisturi fsiqologiis fuZemdebelma, Jak
lakanma Camoayaliba adamianis fsiqoanalizis meTodologia, romlis
mixedviT, realuri, warmosaxviTi da simboluri adamianis arsebobis
umniSvnelovanesi koordinatebia, romlebic adamians warsulisa da
awmyos sinTezis saSualebas aZleven. misi azriT, adamianis arsi
realobasTan gawyvetis dros warmoiqmneba da realobasTan
distancirebis procesSi yalibdeba. adamianis mier samyaros Secnobis,
individis Camoyalibebis procesSi igi qaotur Sinagan samyaros emijneba
da mas, am ukanasknelis sarkiseburi anarekliT cvlis. adamianis
Camoyalibeba sarkisebur anareklTan misi asociaciis saSualebiT xdeba.
adamianis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis am stadias, J. lakani warmosaxviTs
uwodebs da realuris kompensacias, mis ukmarisobas, arasrulfasovnebas
ukavSirebs.
SevecdebiT VI Tavi sqemis saxiT warmovadginoT da, amjerad,
gavmijnoT realuri, warmosaxviTi da simboluri:
sqema # 8
realuri warmosaxviTi simboluri
klinika uzarmazari kolonebiani
darbazi
eklesia
oTaxi klinikaSi
aRmosavlur yaidaze
mowyobili oTaxi
samyaro
oTaxis gisosebiani
fanjara
vitraJebiani fanjara eklesiis vitraJebi
derefani, romlis bolos
sinaTlea
koSki, romlis bolosac
sinaTlea
RvTaebrivi Suqi
momvleli qali da bavSvi bavSvoba RvTismSobeli iesosTan
erTad
167
saavadmyofos ezo baRi samoTxe
momvleli qalebi
mironmcxebeli qalebi
mariam magdalineli,
mariami, iona (luka
23:23:55)
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma
dabana ganbana maradiuli sicocxle
rogorc vxedavT, nebismieri movlena, romelic realur samyaros
ganekuTvneba, warmosaxviTSi transformirdeba da simbolur datvirTvas
iZens. am mxriv, nervalis meore nawilis VI Tavi nawarmoebis danarCeni
nawilisgan Tvisobrvad gansxvavdeba. moTxrobis bolo realuris,
warmosaxviTisa da simboluris triqotomias efuZneba da, ara marto,
realurisa da irealuris simetrias emyareba (ix. zemoT-n.q.).
nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,oreliaSi’’, simertia konstruqciis
donezec vlindeba:
sqema # 9
cieba cieba
gaseirneba gaseirneba
sofeli sofeli
sqema #9 nawarmoebis pirveli nawilis simetriul konstruqcias
asaxavs. moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis III TavSi, ciebas
gaseirnebis survili mohyveba, mas ki _ soflis peizaJis aRwera da
mogonebebi, romelic protagonistis bavSvobas ukavSirdeba. (Nerval
1985:11). pirveli nawilis IX TavSi movlenebi meordeba: mTxrobeli jer
Seciebas grZnobs, Semdeg gaseirnebiT klavs dros da Tavis bavSvobas
igonebs. ar SeiZleba imis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom nebismieri movlena
Tu sagani, romelic realuri cxovrebis atributia, irealur
samyarosTan pirdapir asocirdeba. igive pirvel nawilSi, III da IX Tavebs
Soris sizmrebis, zmanebebisa da halucinaciebis vrceli wyebaa
moTxrobili. maT aRweras nervali TiTqmis mTel IV, V, VI da VII Tavebs
andomebs, magram mesame da mecxre Tavi nawarmoebis erTi monakveTis
Caketil, Sekrul konsruqcias qmnis. nawarmoebSi realur da irealur
samyaroTa asaxvis Tanmimdebrobac araa daculi: sizmars realuri
168
cxovrebis amsaxveli movlenebi pirdapir ar mosdevs; magaliTad
darbazi, romelic TiTqmis yvela sizmarsa da halucinaciaSia, klinikis
oTaxTan pirdapir ar asocirdeba. sizmars SeiZleba halucinacia an
mogoneba Caenacvlos. miuxedavad amisa, nawarmoebis yvela movlena
erTmaneTzea damokidebuli da erTan suraTs qmnis. maTi kavSiri,
SeiZleba, momdevno TavSi gamovlindes, amitom, nawarmoebis analizisas,
Cven ganzrax ar mivyeviT siuJetis Tanmimdevrobas. IV, V da VI Tavebis
analizis Semdeg, marTebulad migvaCnia, meore nawilis I, II da II Tavebs
mivubrundeT.
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, I nawili satrfos dakargviT gamowveuli
sazareli gancdiT mTavrdeba. meore nawili, romelsac wamZRvarebuli
aqvs epigrafi _ ,,Eurydice! EEurydice!’’ _ avtoris Canafiqrze mianiSnebs.
satrfos dakargvis Tema MOmoTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, miTis orfevsis
Sesaxeb Taviseburi interpretaciaa: rogorc orfevsma orjer dakarga
evridike, mTxrobelsac igive emarTeba, an Tavad ganicdis amas da
danakargiT gamowveuli avbediTobis SegrZneba eufleba. satrfos
samudamo dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobil mTxrobels isRa darCenia, rom
RmerTs patieba SesTxovos: mTxrobeli xom sxva RmerTebs emsaxureboda
da amitomac daisaja: ,,imitom damwyevles, rom RvTis kanoni
Sevuracxyavi’’ (,,J’étais maudit peut-être pour avoir voulu percer un mystère redoutable en
offansant la loi divine’’’’ (Nerval 1985:48)). mTxrobeli sxva RmerTebs msaxurebda,
magaliTad _ lukreciusis RmerTs.Eam epizodSi, nervali mkiTxvels
miuTiTebs titus lukrecius karusze (Titus Lucrecius Carus, 99-55 Cv.w.- mde),
epikureizmis mimdevarze, romael poetsa da filosofosze. konkretulad
ki _ mis nawarmoebze _ ,,saganTa bunebisTvis’’ (,,De rerum natura’’) (Lucrèce-on-
lain dok.). Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi, lukreciusi adamianis
bednierebis gzebis poeturi formiT gamoxatvas Seecada. nervali iyenebs
lukreciusis mosazrebebs, romelic adamianis Tavisuflebas, RmerTis,
sikvdilis SiSis daZlevas qadagebs. lukreciusis azriT, ataraqsiiT, anu
sulieri simSvidiT, adamiani gare samyarosTan harmonulad Tanaarseboba
xdeba SesaZlebeli. ataraqsia samyaros Secnobis sawindaria demokrites,
epikures da lukreciusis mixedviT. skeptikosebis TvalsazrisiT,
ataraqsia miirweva Sefasebis binaruli kriteriumebis (kargi-cudi) da
169
nebismieri Teoriebisa da filosofiuri mosazrebebis mimarT zomieri
damokidebulebiT, rac daurwmuneblobis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT
gamoixateba. swored aseT binarul dapirispirebaze, realur da irealur
samyaroebis Tanaarsebobaze mogviTxrobs moTxrobis naratori da
mkiTxvelis darwmunebas cdilobs. nervali, moTxrobis meore nawilis I
TavSi, mosalodneli sikvdilis gardauvlobaze saubrobs, iqve
lukreciuss moixseniebs, romelic argumentirebulad uaryofda
sikvdilis SiSs, Tavad sikvdils da cxovrebas sikvdilis Semdeg.
lukreciusis TvasazrisiT materia, mudmivia da adamianis sikvdilis
Semdeg misi sxeuli sxva formas iZens. man ganavrco naturfilosofiuri
moZRvreba (atomizmi), romlis mixedviTac materialuria atonebisgan
Semdgari yvela is sagani, romlis SegrZneba aris SesaZlebeli.
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, lukreciusis mosazrebas kosmologiur,
religiur miTebis samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb, mis esqatologiur
warmodgenebs, ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadeba mohyveba, romelsac
nervali nawarmoebis meore nawilis IV da V Tavs uZRvnis (filosofiuri
. . 1987:403).
halucinaciebSi yvelaferi transformirdeba: mTxrobels iseTi
STabeWdileba eufleba, TiTqos yvelaferi cocxal molekulebad
daSliliyos: ,,yvelaferi, rac cocxali molekulebisgan Sedgeboda_
moZraobda’’ (,,Tout circulait, composés d’âmes vivantes à l’état moléculaire’’’’ (Nerval
1985:17)). nawarmoebis am nawilSi nervalis lukreciusis
naturfilosofiiT da atomuri materializmiT gataceba yvelaze naTlad
Cans.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, moTxrobis mTxrobeli eqimebis
mkurnalobiT imdenad iyo ukmayofilo, rom mkurnalobas Tavad mohkida
xeli. igi cudi mkurnalobis Sedegs, axlo aRsasruls, miwieri
cxovrebis bolos eloda. mosalodneli aRsasrulis SiSi im epizodSi
aisaxa, rodesac saavadmyofoSi myofi xalxi ciuri sxeulebis moZraobas
awesrigeben, riTac droze ganmgebloben. nawarmoebis meore nawilis I
TavSi, nervals Semohyavs kidev erTi personaJi _ mTxrobelis avadmyofi
megobri. mTxrobeli masTan TavSesafarSi midis, romelic italieli
beris senaks ufro hgavs, vidre saavadmyofos oTaxs. megobari imdenad
aris Secvlili, rom mTxrobeli Zlivs cnobs sasiamovno wuTebis Zvel
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kompanions: ,,sakuTari TavisTvis ver mipatiebia, rom Cems Zvirfas
avadmyof megobars iSviaTad vakiTxavdi’’ (,,J’avait mis quelque négligence à visiter
un des mes amis les plus chers, qu’on m’avait dit malade’’ (Nerval 1985:54)).
protagonistze did zemoqmedebas axdens megobris avadmyofuri ieri:
Savi wveri spilosZvlisfer saxesTan mkveTr konrtasts qmnis. mis
Tvalebs cieb-cxelebis kvali amCnevia. kapiuSoniani mosasxamiTa da misi
sacxovrisis italiel gandegilis senakTan SedarebiT, nervali kidev
erTxel usvams xazs teqstis bibliuri interpretaciis SesaZleblobas.
am epizodis interpretacia J. lakanis naSromis _ ,,sarkis stadia’’,
mixedviTac aris SesZlebeli. lakanis adamiani Tavis warmosaxvaSi qmnis
oreuls, romelTan gaigiveba misi individualizmis, pirovnulobis
Camoyalibebis ekvivalenturia. kidev erTxel gavixsenebT, fotosuraTze
neralis minawers: ,,me var meore!’’. megobris avadmyofoba mTxrobelis
momavalis proecirebaa: igi sarkeSi sakuTari Tavis anarekls, Tavis
momavals gvixatavs. am epizodis meore SesaZlo interpretacia
naratologiis meTodologias efuZneba. saubaria naratiuli, TxrobiTi
komunikaciis doneebis cvalze, romelsac mise en abyme, anu ,,teqsti
teqstSi’’ ewodeba. am dros xdeba, personaJis da mTxrobelis
instanciebis, anu asaxuli da moTxrobili samyaroebis doneebis cvala,
amitom mTxrobeli sarkeSi Tavis anarekls xedavs. mesame SesZlo
interpretacia, bibliuri xasiaTs atarebs. gandegilis saxiT SeiZleba
amovicnoT italieli gandegili wminda egide (650-710). swored misi
saxelobis eklesias asaxelebs mTxrobeli manamde. wminda egide
davrdomilebs da avadmyofebs mfarvelobda. igi cxovrobda provansSi
da septimaniaSi, safrangeTis samxreT sanapiroze, romlis Zveli
saxelwodeba iulius keisris meSvide legions ukavSirdeba (Saint Gilles on-
lain dok). septimia Sedioda akvitaniis sahercogoSi, romelic hercogis
asul alionors lui VII qorwinebis Semdeg, jer safrangeTs
SemouerTda, Semdeg ki – alionoris inglisis mefesTan,A henri
plantagenetTan misi qorwinebis Semdeg – ingliss. sabolood igi
safrangeTis SemadgenlobaSi 1454 wels, aswliani omis Semdeg, SeuerTda.
am omze nervali IV TavSi miuTiTebs (armaniakebisa da burginionebis
brZola). wminda egides saxels ukavSirdeba benediqtianelTa monasteri,
sen-Jil-diu-gari, romelic wminda iakobis cnobil gzaze mdebareobs.
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sainteresoa, rom wminda egides mosaxseniebeli dRea 1 seqtemberia.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom nervali topografiul qronotops azustebs
da nawarmoebis II nawilis I TavSi moqmedeba seqtemberSi xdeba. wminda
egide im wmindanebs Sorisaa, romlebsac iakob voraginelma miuZRvna
Tvisi wigni (Voragine 1967:169).
amave TavSi moixsenieba morwmune qali, romelmac avadmyofis
sasTumalTan yvalilebiani larnaki dadga. am morwmune qalis saxe biZis
moaxles margaretsac ukavSirdeba, romelic mTxrobels sawolis gaSlas
sTavazobs. amave dros, morwmune qalis saxe SeiZleba davukavSiroT
wminda Jils. wminda Jili (egide) ToTxmet damxmare wmindanTa ricxvSi
Sedis. laTinuri eklesia am wmindanebs 1346-1349 Savi Wiris epidemiis
Semdeg erTad moixseniebs da ganadidebs. maTi saerTo dResaswauli 8
agvistoa. am wmindanebis ricxvs aseve is wmindanebi ganekuTvnebian,
romlebsac nervali moTxrobis _ ,,orelias’’, meore nawilSi moixseniebs
an mkiTxvels asociaciurad romelimes saxesTan akavSirebinebs: egide (1
seqtemberi), wminda estate (20 seqtremberi), dionise parizeli (9
oqtromberi), wminda ekaterine aleqsandrieli (24 noemberi), wminda pavle
da wminda iakobi (10 ianvari), is dReebi, romlebic kaTolikuri eklesia
zemoxsenebul wmindanebs moixseniebs, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, zogierTi epizodis topografiuli qronotopis
dasadgenad. saknariasia mkiTxvelma TiToeuli wmindanis sadidebeli
dRe nervalis teqsts daukavSiros, rom gasagebi xdeba ara marto
teqstSi arsebuli topografiuli qronotopi, aramed realur saxes
iRebs TviT irealuri epizodebic.
nervalis moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, bibliuri reminiscenciebi Tu
apokriful teqstebTan kavSiri nawarmoebis qristianul xasiaTs usvams
xazs da asabuTebs Cvens varauds avtoris momlocvelTa gzis
konstruirebis mcdelobis Taobaze.
nervalis teqstSi yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi fraza: ,,codnis xe ar
aris cxovrebis xe’’. (,,L’arbre de science n’est l’arbre de la vie!’’(Nerval 1985 :50)). igi
ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebas exmianeba: ,,visac yuri aqvs isminos,
ras eubneba suli eklesiebs: mZlevels vagemebineb sicocxlis xisagan,
romelic aris RmerTis samoTxeSi’’ (ap.@2.7). es winadadeba teqstis arc
wina da arc Semdeg nawils azrobrivad ar ukavSirdeba. ramdenime
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furclis Semdeg, mTxrobelis mamasTan misvlis epizods vkiTxulobT,
romelic zemoxsenebul gamoTqmuls azrs sZens da mwerlis Canafiqrs
aaSkaravebs (Nerval 1985:67). nikodemosis apokrifuli teqstis mixedviT,
adami avad rom gaxda, misi Svili _ SeTi, samoTxis karisken gaemarTa,
iqidan avadmyofi mamisTvis samkurnalod mironi rom moetana, magram
arqangelozma miqaelma mironis nacvlad codnis xis toti gadasca. SeTi
rom dabrunda, mama mkvdari daxvda. erTi gadmocemiT, man mamis TavTan
CaarWo toti; meore versiis mixedviT – gvirgvini gaakeTa da Tavze
daado (Nicodème). nikodemosis apokrifuli evangeles mixedviT, totisgan
is xe gaizarda, romelic jvarcmisTvis jvris gasakeTeblad gamoiyenes.
xe ierusalimis taZris asaSeneblad mefe solomonma moWra. sididis gamo
igi ar gamoadga, amitom msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelebis auzisTvis
moixmares. xis RvTaebriv daniSnulebas sabas dedofali mixvda, rodesac
igi mefe solomons ewvia. codnis xe _> toti _> gvirgvini _> jvari –
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, im epizodebTan gvakavSirebs, sadac mTxrobeli
mamis mosanaxuleblad midis. nawarmoebis IV TavSi, mTxrobeli Tavis
cxovrebas, bavSvobasa da ymawvilkacobas igonebs, romelic saocari
sizustiT axsendeba: ,,Cems mexsierebaSi didi xnis movlenebi saocari
sicxadiT amotivtivda’’ (,,Le mémoire me présentait les faits les plus anciens avec une
netteté singulière’’ (Nerval 1985: 62)). am aRiarebis Semdeg, mTxrobeli mamasTan
midis. mamamisis msaxuri avad aris, amitom erTaderTi risi gakeTebac
Svils mamisTvis SeuZlia – sxvenidan SeSis Camotanaa, romelic moxucs
ase sWirdeba: ,,mxolod sxvenidan SeSa Camovutane, meti ra SemeZlo?’’
(,,Je ne pus lui rendre que le service de lui tender une bûche dont il avait besoin’’ (Nerval
1985 :67)). Tu gavixsenebT, rom amave TavSi mTxrobeli daoblebas
ixsenebs, hyveba im istoriul koliziebze, romlebmac qveynis bedsa Tu
mis cxovrebaze iqonies gavlena, Tavis aRzrdaze, romelmac
mTxrobelis WeSmariti rwmena Searyia, wakiTxul literaturaze,
keltebis da golebis miTologiaze, adamis gardacvalebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakmaod popularuli ambavic unda gavixsenoT. nervalis
nawarmoebis es patara monakveTi kacobriobis mTels istoriaze
mogviTxrobs; mTxrobelis sityvebSi msoflios istoria cxaddeba,
adamidan moyolebuli XIX saukunemde. niSandoblivia, rom nikodemosis
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apokrifuli teqsti bevri literaturuli nawarmoebis wyarod iqca:
rober de boronis XII saukunis nawarmoebis _ ,,romani graalis
Sesaxeb’’, oqros legendis da qristes vnebebis. es ukanskneli, a.
diureris STagonebis wyaroc gaxda, ramac mxatvars am Temaze ramdenime
graviura Seaqmnevina. nervalma siuJeti pirovnuli miTis
konsruirebisTvis gamoiyena.
oqros legenda, (,,Legenda Aurea’’) geniueli arqiepiskoposis,
dominikaneli beris da sasuliero mwerlobobis warmomadgenlis _ iakob
voragelis (Jakobus de Voragine, Jacopo da Vorazzo 1230-1298) mier daaxlovebiT
1260 wels daiwera. Sua saukunebis evropaSi es wigni Zalian popularuli
iyo. bibliis Semdeg, igi mkiTxvelis usayvarles wignad iTvleboda.
swored oqros legendidan momdinareobs mariam magdalinelis
Secdomilebis, wminda giorgis gveleSapTan brZolis da mogvebis _
balTazaris, melqiorisa da gasparis aRmosavlel mefeebad moxseniebis
tradicia. oqros legendis 180 ambavSi 200-mde wmindanis cxovrebaa
aRwerili. wigns popularoba imanac moutana, rom qristianobis istoria
gasagebi, martivi eniT iyo dawerili, legendebi wmindanebis Sesaxeb
zRapariviT ikiTxeboda da, rac maTavaria, es wigni Sua saukuneebis
adamianis cnobierebisTvis iyo axlobeli. Sua saukuneebSi adamianebi
Tvlidnen, rom realuri da jadosnuri erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli ar iyo,
rom jadosnuri yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Seimecneboda (Ле Гофф 1985: 5).
oqros legendam reformaciaze didi gavlena moaxdina. misi gavlena
SesamCnevia erazm roterdamelis sisulelis qebas da volteris
Semoqmedebis gviandel periodze. wminda giorgi, qristefore da
ymawvili qristes ambavi, ekaterine aleqsandrieli _ wmindanebi,
romelTa Sesaxeb pizis arqiepiskoposis naSromi mogviTxrobs, nervalis
moTxrobaSi _ ,,oreliaSi’’, arian moxseniebulni. nervalis da iakob
voraginelis teqstebis hipo/interteqstualuri kavSiri mwerlis SesaZlo
survilze mianiSnebs: Tavisi nawarmoebi Sua saukuneebis zRapariviT
moeTxro da axlobeli gaexada mkiTxvelisTvis ise, rom misi ambis
damajerebloba aranaklebi yofiliyo. religiur Temebze filosofiuri
msjelobisas, mTxrobeli uecrad Cerdeba: mas sakuTari pativmoyvareoba
aocebs: gana yvelaferi rac Caidina, marto siyvaruliT gaakeTa? Tavis
simarTleSi daurwmunebeli, igi ganvlil cxovrebas aanalizebs,
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cxovrebas, romelSiac gzaacdenili bevr Secdomas sCadioda da Tavis
araswor gadawyvetilebebs Tavsdatexili ubedurebebiT iwvnevda (Nerval
1985 : 61). axla ki, rodesac misi satrfo gardaicvala (,,meorejer
dakarga’’ (Nerval 1985 :49)), gakadnierda da sikvdilis Semdegac ar asvenebs
mis suls. mTxrobels satrfos patiebis imedia mainc aqvs ( Nerval 1985 :61).
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, dasasruls, daRlili da miusafari, xilvebisgan
gaTanguli protagonisti, Tavisi warmosaxvis realurobis dasabuTebas
eZiebs da ipovis kidec kedelze miwerili sityvebis saxiT: ,,Sen dRes
CemTan iyavi’’ (Nerval 1985 :95). Tu manamde mTxrobels satrfo mxolod
ecxadeba (sizmarSi, zmanebis saxiT), Semdeg masTan saubrobs da Tavis
namdvili saxis, arsis Cvenebas hpirdeba, Semdeg, mTxrobels Tavisi
realuri arsebobis Sesaxeb utyuar dasturs sTavazobs. ambavi,
romelic mxolod erTi adamianis warmosaxvis aRweriT daiwyo,
nawarmoebis bolos, mkiTxvelisTvis damajereblad iqca. ,,realuri
biografiis’’ fiqcionaluri samyaro, romelic personaJis Txrobis
Tanadrouli monologiT aris gadmocemuli (discours rapporé (Jouve 1997 : 32)),
sarwmuno gaxda (effet de réel).
patieba teqstis am nawilSi ormag datvirTvas iZens: satrfos
patieba da RmerTis patieba exmianeba nawarmobSi ufro mogvianebiT
naxseneb mamis patiebas. Sesabamisad, nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
miTologiuri da qristianuli motivebi erTmaneTs erwymis: miTi
orfevsze, miTi sisifes Sesaxeb, uZRebi Svilis dabrunebisa da codvebis
monaniebis, katabasis da anabasisis motivebi; metic, nawarmoebSi,
romelic orfevsze miTis miTologemiT iwyeba, qristianuli motiviT
sruldeba.
Jerar de nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, romelic bibliur
reminiscenciebze, apokriful teqstebTan aluziebzea agebuli, ikveTeba
kavSiri utopistur da katastrofebis TeoriebTan. frangi mecnieri da
biologi, katastrofebis Teoriis fuZemdebeli _ JorJ kuvie (1769-1832),
werda: ,,dedamiwa xSirad gamxara katasrofebis mowme. xmeleTze
macxovrebeli uTvalavi cocxali arseba gadaSenda. zRvis donis
awevesTan erTad, misi binadarnic xmeleTze gadasaxldnen. bevri ailigma
miwisagan pirisa, mxolod mcire nawiliRa gadarCa’’ (Cuvier on-lain dok.).
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m. kuviem dedamiwis evoluciis Teoria ganaviTara, romlis mixedviTac
biologiuri evolucia ufro globaluri _ geologiuri evoluciis
nawilia. misi katastrofizmis winaaRmdeg e.w. uniformistebi
gamodiodnen, romelTa Sexedulebebi geologiuri evolucis
pirveladobis Sesaxeb, emTxveoda kuvies Teorias, magram uniformistebi
evoluciaze zeciuri meqanikis, galaqtikuri astronimiis, bunebis
maradiulobisa da ukideganobis gavlenaze saubrobdnen. isini bunebis
kanonebis erTianobas amtkicebdnen, drosa da sivrceSi am kanonebis
ucvlelobis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen. XVII saukunis bolosa da XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi kreacionizmis Teorias, anu RmerTis mier samyaros
Seqmnis Sesaxeb Teorias, evoluciis Teoriebi Caenacvla (lemarki).
evolucis idea, katastofebis Teoria, Tu kreacionizmi erTmaneTs
exameba nervalis ,,oreliaSi’’. I nawilis VII _VIII TavSi igi samyaros
evoluciis suraTs gvixatavs. es suraTi, erTi mxriv, katastrofebis
Teorias exmianeba, meore mxriv _ kreacionistulia da uniformistulic.
nervalis teqstSi ucnauri arsebebi Cndebian, sxva ufro lamaz da
mSvenier arsebebad gardaisaxebian da yvela erTxmad RmerTebs
ganadidebs: ,,yovel jerze, erTi arseba kvdeboda da saxecvlili,
galamazebuli meored evlineboda samyaros da RmerTebs ganadidebda’’
(,,Chaque fois qu’un de ces êtres mourait il renaissait ausitôt sous une forme plus belle et
chantait la gloire des dieux’’ (Nerval 1985:33)). Tavis nawarmoebSi nervali
kacobriobis istorias, rasebis warmoSobas, maT gadaSenebas da Semdeg
maT xelaxal dabadebas mogviTxrobs. mwerali yovelives ,,kacobriobis
swraf evolucias’’ uwodebs (,,L’évolution rapide des humains’’ (Nerval 1985:34)) da
mas teqstis mcire nawils uTmobs. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac ramdenjerme
momxdars, anu kacobriobis evoluciis etapebis cvlis Sesaxeb
mTxrobeli mxolod erTxel hyveba (Le mode itératif). es epizodi
reziumirebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
moTxrobis (,,orelia’’), amave nawilSi nervali rasebis warmoqmnis
suraTsac xatavs (,,Il s’établit alors une distinction de races qui, partant de l’ordre des
oiseaux, les poissons et les riptiles …’’ (Nerval 1985 :34)). erTi rasa meores cvlida,
da erTi saxeobis cocxali arseba – meores (,,Chaque fois qu’un de ces êtres
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mourait, il renaissait aussitôt sous un autre forme plus belle et chantait la gloire des
dieux’’(Nerval1985 :34)).
arsebobs mravali Teoria rasebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, romelic
aerTianebs warmodgenas rasebis gaCenis, maTi simbolikis, rasis feris,
varskvlavis, maTi monapovaris da codvebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad,
avestas astrologiuri skolis xelmZRvaneli, p. globa Tavis wignSi
wers, rom dedamiwis mkvidri rasa, iyo cisferi. igi saxlobda
antarqtidaze, ikvlevda ricxvTa sistemas da bunebis yvela movlenas
mecnierulad aanlizebda. am rasis warmomadgenlebi RmerTisa da satanis
msaxurebisTvis daisajnen kidec. am rasas ganekuTvnebian babilonelebi,
Sumerebi, semituri warmomavlobis ebraelebi da arabebi. rigiT meore _
yviTeli rasaa. isini wynari okeanis sanapiroze saxlobdnen. am rasis
simbolo gedisa da liras Tanavarskvlavedebia. yviTeli rasa droisa da
sivrcis harmoniul urTierTkavSirs ikvlevda, SemTxeviTobas uaryofda,
im miwieri kanonebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romlebic zeciuri kanonebis
asaxvas warmoadgenda. yviTeli rasa, romlis STamomavlebi
monRoloiduri rasis warmomadgenlebi arian, Tavisi qedmaRlobis
msxverpli gaxda. Savi rasa (simbolo – orionis Tanavarsklavedi)
saxlobda lemuriaSi, indoeTis okeaneSi. man magiiT gaiTqva saxeli.
rasa, romlis STamomavlebi afrikuli xalxebi arian, Savi magiiT
gatacebam da kaciWamiobam darupa. wiTeli rasa, Tanavarskvlaved
kasiopeasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi atlantidaze cxovrobda da
sxvadasxva nivTierebebis tranformaciis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am
rasas alqimiiT ukvdavebis miRweva surda. man codna sakuTari Tavis
sazianod gamoiyena da avadmyofobebma igi gadaaSena. TeTri rasa (didi
daTvis Tanavarskvlavedi) yvelaze bolos warmoiqmna da arqtikaSi
saxlobda. igi zeciuri kanonebis SeswavliTa da samedicino codniaT
iyo ganTqmuli. evropelTa winaprebi siamayem daRupa. am Teoriis
mixedviT, samomavlod iarsebebs mxolod erTi rasa – Jolosferi,
romelic yvela wanapari rasis codnasa da gamocdilebas gaaerTianebs.
swored mexuTe rasis Seqmas auwyebs moTxrobis _ ,,orelias’’, mTxrobels
erT-erTi RmerTi: ,,erT-erTs, miwisgan mexuTe rasis Seqmna gadaewyvita,
romelsac afritebs uwodebda’’ (,,Cependant l’un des Eloïm eut la pensé de créer une
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ciquième race, composée des éléments de la terre, et qu’on appela les Afrites’’’’ (Nerval 1985 :
34)).
romantikosi mwerlisTvis, adamianis sulieri samyaro ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre materialuri. alegoriis, mistikuri simbolizmis,
vizioneruli fantastikis meoxebiT RvTaebrivi niWiT dajildovebuli
WeSmariti Semoqmedi saganTa arss wvdeba. mas qviSis erT marcvalSi
mTeli samyaro SeuZlia dainaxos, usasruloba – xelis gulze daatios
da maradiuloba erT wamSi ganicados. (,,To see a World in grain of Sand, And a
Heaven in Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of hand and Eternity in an hour . . .
(W. Blake)).
Jerar de nervali sizmrisa da mis gavlenaze adamianis cxovrebaSi
nawarmoebi dasawyisSive saubrobs. sizmari meore cxovrebaa (,,Le rêve est
une seconde vie’’(Nerval 1984:3)). nervalis azriT uxilavi samyros
saidumloebis fardis axda sizmrebiT da maTi aRweriT Tu aris
SesaZlebeli. nervals magaliTad emanuil svedenborgi (1688-1772)
mohyavs, Svedi mecnieri da bunebismetyveli, romelmac bevri gamogoneba
iwinaswarmetyvela (TviTmfrinavi, wyalqveSa navi). ormocdaTeqvsmeti
wlis svedenborgs, qriste gamoecxada da aman misi cxovreba mTliand
Secvala. svedenborgi irwmuneboda, rom saiqioSi gardacvlilTa
sulebis imqveyniuri cxovrebis Tvalyurisdevna SeeZlo. ,,me ar vcruob,
yovelTvis marTals vambob’’ _ werda svedenborgi. r. dekartes,
j. lokisa da i. niutonis gavleniT, e. svedenborgi jer materiis atomur
agebulebaze muSaobda, xilvebis Semged ki _ spiritualistur da
naturfilosofiur Teorias anviTarebda. Svedi mecnieris kalams
bibliis komentarebis ocdaaT tomze meti ekuTvnis. e. svedengorgi Tavis
xilvebs ,,Memorabilia’’-s uwodebda. nervalis orelias bolos darTuli
aqvs teqsti igive saxelwodebiT (Nerval 1984:95). e. svedenborgma
romantizmis warmomadgenlebze didi gavlena iqonia, gansakuTrebiT – u.
bleiksa da r. emersonze. u. bleiki, Tavis samoTxis da jojoxeTis
qorwinebaSi wers: ,,maradisoba siyvarulia, romelmac dros gauZlo’’.
SesaZloa, nervali, u. bleikis msgavsad, satrfos ZiebaSi maradisobis
povnas cdilobda da Tavisi ,,literaturuli kaTarsisiT’’ ki _
ukvdavebis mopovebas. nervalis Semoqmedebaze bleikis gavlenis Sesaxeb
vrceli kvleva aqvs dawerili anri lemetrs. bleikis naxatebi, jon
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miltonis dakarguli samoTxis (1808) misi ilustraciebi,Enervalis
orelias dasasuraTebladac gamodgeboda.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, interteqstualuri kavSirebi
(transteqstualoba) amoicnoba:
1) patrateqstis doneze (patrateqstualoba oqros legendasTan,
svedenborgis SromebTan mimarTebaSi”;
2) hiperteqstualobis saxiT, romlis mixedviTac oqros legenda
aris moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, hipoteqsti, nervalis nawarmoebi ki
apokalifsisTan mimarTebaSi _ hiperteqstia (bolo nawili);
3) interteqstualuri kavSirebis saxiT, romelic nervalis
moTxrobas kanonikur Tu apokriful teqstebTan aaxlovebs;
4) cnobili nawarmoebis moxseniebiT metateqstualobis
gamovlinebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. nervali civilizaciis
JamTaaRmwerlia, kacobriobis istoriis mematianea da gviyveba
samyaros warmoqmnis istorias da periods qristeSobidan
arabebis Semosevebis CaTvliT. teqstSi igrZnoba lukreciusis
atomizmis, furies socialuri utopiis da kuvies evoluciis
Sesaxeb koncefciis gavlena.
III. VII. qalis saxe-xati nervalis SemoqmedebaSi
Tavis naSromSi _ ,,personaJis semiologiuri modeli’’, filip amoni,
tradiciuli literaturaTmcodneobis meTodTan erTad, mxatvrul
teqstSi personaJis meTodologiur analizs gvTavazobs. is ganixilavs
personaJs rogorc lingvistur niSans da analizis sam parametrs
ganarCevs: garegnul iers, (saxeli, garegnoba, portreti), moqmedebis
areals (funqcia da roli) da ierarqiul mniSvnelobas (statusi da
mniSvneloba) (Jouve 1997:57). rasakvirvelia, nervalis prozauli
nawarmoebebis miTopoeturoba TviT personaJis saxelis, Cacmulobis da
garegnobis simbolur gaazrebaSi hpovebs asaxvas.
novelebis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, 13 novela Tu
zRaparia gaerTianebuli. nervali ar SeuSinda ricxvi ,,13’’-is
179
avismomaswavebel idumalebas. novelebisgan oTxi erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli. maTi saTaurebi qalTa saxelebia: anJeliki, silvi,
oqtavi da emili.
nervalis krebulSi _ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, mravladaa
personaJi-qali (anJeliki, isida, koriia, silvi, emili, Jeni). rogorc
zemoT ukve avRniSneT, novelebi ideur-Tematurad dakavSirebulia
daumTavrebel nawarmoebTan _ ,,orelia’’, da poetur ciklTan _
,,qimerebi’’, sadac nervalis rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi samyaro
naratiuli da saleqso formiT gamoixateba.
nervalis SemoqmedebaSi aRmosavluri kulturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sinkretuli msoflmxedveloba oTxi stiqiis Sesaxeb
moZRvrebaSi aisaxa – miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlis (Нерваль 1985 :18).
Jerar de nervalis yvelaze cnobil krebulSi cxaddeba cecxlis,
rogorc ganmwmendi stiqiis, yovlismomcveli siyvarulis simbolos
roli.
novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, mTxrobeli Tavis uimedo siyvarulma da
gawbilebam parizis datroveba aiZula. es nawarmoebi zustad iseve
iwyeba, rogorc novela _ ,,oqtavi’’ , an moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’. SaaliSi
Casuli mTxrobeli aRmoaCens, rom drois ulmobelma svlam misi
sanukvari mxarec Secvala: is saxli, romelSic cota xnis win sicocxle
Cqefda, velur vazs daufaravs. es epizodi aseve exmianeba moTxrobaSi _
,,orelia’’, asaxul ,,momRimare saxls’’ (Nerval 1985 :15) da saxlis darabebs
ayolili usurvazian fanjris epizods sonetSi _ ,,EEl Desdichado’’. axla
saxli nangrevebs damsgavsebia, adre ki _ mTxrobels mis maxloblad
bevrjer uTamaSia da dauviwyari Tavgadasavlebic gadaxdomia (Nerval
1994 :317). mSobliuri mxaris monaxulebiT aRelvebul mTxrobels
gasaocari Rame axsendeba, rodesac ucnobi, aristokratiuli
warmomavlobis qaliSvili, adrieni gaicno da Seuyvarda. protagonistis
bavSvobis megobari, silvi eWvianobs, cdilobs naratori moxiblos, mas
parizeli msaxiobis daviwyebaSi daexmaros, magram mTxrobels am
ukanasknelisa da efemeruli adrienis (aristokrati) msgavseba ufro
adardebs, vidre silvis (bavSvobis megobari) miwieri da gulrwfeli
grZnoba.
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nervalis novela romantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel siuJetzea
agebuli. Tavad Txroba asociaciuria, rac Slis zRvars realobasa da
irealurs, awmyos, momavalsa da warsuls Soris.
parizSi mTxrobeli luazis yvavilebis dResaswaulis Sesaxeb
gazeTidan igebs. nervali amave dResaswaulze novelaSi _ ,,anJeliki’’,
saubrobs. igi umal iviwyebs msaxiobs (oreli) da valuas mxareSi
miemgzavreba, rom warsuls daubrundes (Nerval 1994:175).
novelis (,,silvi’’) sami personaJi qalidan, samive sxvadasxva
socialuri fenis warmomadgenelia: silvi SesaniSnavi memaqmanea, adrieni
_ Zveli aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgeneli, oreli ki _ msaxiobi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom novelas ,,silvi’’ ewodeba, erTi SexedviT,
mTxrobeli silvis sxva personaJi-qalisgan ar gamoarCevs, mas araviTar
upiratesobas ar aniWebs, piriqiT: silvis mTxrobeli uimedod uyvars,
mTxrobelis goneba _ adriens, xolo guli orelis ekuTvnis.
valuas mxareSi gavrcelebuli saxeli _ ,,silvi’’ saxelidan _
,,silveni’’, aris warmoqmnili da Jerar de nervalis mSobliur mxares
ukavSirdeba – valuas. il-de-fransis es patara kuTxe monastrebiTa da
Zveli cixe-simagreebiTaa mdidari. es sityva etimologiurad tyesTan, anu
yovelive pirvelyofilTan, idumalTanaa dakavSirebuli. krebulSi _
,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, silveni naratoris ZuZumtes (,,silvi’’)
megobarsa da megzurs hqvia (,,anJeliki’’). ,,silvi’’ (Silvi) yvavilis
saxelicaa (anémon-sylvie). miTologiaSi silveni tyeebis da mindvrebis
RmerTs, pans Seesatyviseba. fsiqoanalizSi, tye yovelive daviwyebuls
ukavSirdeba da warsulSi dabrunebas simbolurad gamoxatavs. nervalis
erT-erTi mkvelvaris _ Pp.J. kateqsis azriT, silvi edemis baRSi
dabrunebas, ocnebis asrulebas ganasaxierebs (Jourdan 2007:7). novelis
mTxrobelic bavSvobis wlebs ixsenebs da mSobliur mxareSi brundeba.
novelaSi aRwerili mogzauroba geografiul sivrcesa da droSi ki ara,
aramed warsulSi mogzaurobaa. J-i. tadies azriT, romantikosTa
esTetikaSi mogonebebi afeqtur xasiaTs atarebs. maTi funqcionireba
warsulSi momxdaris xelaxal gancdas ukavSirdeba da ara gaxsnebas
(Tadié 1999:168).A Tu personaJi-qali _ silvi, sxvaze metad, mTxrobelis
TvalSi upiratesobiT ar sargeblobs, misi saxelis simboloka
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sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs: igi nawarmoebis parateqstia da mTxrobelis
mier adre gancdilis xelaxla SegrZnebis survilze migvaniSnebs.
mTxrobeli adrieniT SexvedrisTanave ixibleba. isini mTvaris
Suqze, Zveli warmarTuli ritualis Catarebis dros Sexvdnen erTmaneTs.
am personaJis saxeli simboluri datvirTvis matarebeli ar aris.
nawarmoebSi adriens erTgvari mediatoris roli akisria: igi realur da
irealur samyaroTa da personaJebis (silvi da oreli) damakavSirebeli
rgolia. mTxrobels orelis (msaxiobi) da adrienis (aristikrati/
monazoni) msgavseba mosvenebas ar aZlevs, rac ori qaliSvilis fizikur
msgavsebas efuZneba. mTxrobels eWvi RrRnis, rom axalgazrdobaSi
mxolod erTxel nanaxi qaliSvili, SesaZloa msaxiobi gamxdariyo.
protagonists Tavadac ukvirs, rogor moxda, rom monazoni msaxiobad
iqca (Nerval l994:180). adrieni Wabukuri siyvarulis simboloa. msaxiobi
qalis mimarT trfoba qalis msaxioburi niWierebis aRiarebiT
Semoifargleba. adrieni da mTxrobeli erTmaneTs Teatralur scenasaviT
mowyobil mindorze xvdebian, anri IV-is cixe-simagris nangrevebTan.
orelisadmi siyvarulic TeatrTan aris dakavSirebuli: Teatri am ori
personaJi qalis msgavsebis damadasturebelia. orelis erT-erT SesaZlo
prototipad _ Jeni kolons miiCneven, romelmac mwerali meorexarisxovan
musikoss anacvala. novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, oreli niWieri msaxiobia. Jeni
koloni frangul scenaze ar brwyinavda, magram, novelis gmiris
msgavsad, masac sxva mamakaci xiblavda.
silvi adrienzec da orelizec eWvianobs. igi arc Wabukuri
ocnebis da arc miuwvdomeli trfobis sagania. qaliSvili, romelic
maqmans ostaturad qsovs, miTologiur moirasTan asocirdeba. umziTvod,
siyvarulis gareSe, silvi mTxrobelis ZuZumtes misTxovdeba, romelmac
bavSvobaSi megobari (mTxrobeli) sikvdilisgan ixsna, Tumca silvis
,,bednierebis sawindari’’ mTxrobelisa da Tavisi meore naxevris
fizikuri msgavseba xdeba. silvis bedniereba miwieria, warmavali.
naratoris danarCeni ori satrfo _ miuwvdomeli ocneba, qimeraa. silvic
miuwvdomeli xdeba: igi sxvas mihyveba colad. mTxrobeli xvdeba, rom
igi samudamod dakarga, ver daafasa da ver gaiazra TuUra ganZs flobda.
gansxvavebuli bedis da warmomavlobis sam personaJ-qals erTi mamakaci
(mTxrobeli) akavSirebs. silvi, memaqmane, soflis mkvidrze Txovdeba;
182
oreli, mTxrobelis platonur grZnobas, realur qorwinebas amjobinebs
(rogorc Jeni koloni, an madam diuma-n.q.); adrienic mistikuri
qorwinebiT RmerTs ukavSirebs Tavis beds: igi monasterSi monazvnad
aRikveceba (Nerval 1994:208).
mTxrobeli am sami qalis msgavsebis amokiTxvas umniSvnelo
detalebiT cdilobs: silvica da orelic mindorze mihyavs, sadac
pirvelad adrieni ixila (Nerval 1994:192). rodesac silvi mReris,
mTxrobeli mas adriens amsgavsebs. narators orelis garegnobis
adrienTan msgavseba ukvirs: orive maRali, tanadi, SavTvalebaa; orive
mTxrobels Tavisi keTilSobilebiT xiblavs: naratori Tavad aRiarebs,
rom monazoni komediantis saxiT uyvars (Nerval 1994:177).
silvisTan ganSoreba mTxrobels Zvirad daujda: anderZiT
datovebuli Tanxa gaflanga da orelis gauziarebel grZnobas daaxarja.
Tavad nervalma, biZis datovebuli qoneba Jeni kolonis gansadideblad
daarsebul Teatralur Jurnalis gamocemas Sealia. silvisTan
ganSoreba novelis protagonistis marcxia. realuri, masze Seyvarebuli
memaqmanec fiqciad da mxolod mogonebadRa iqca, magram misi saxe
mTxrobels xSirad esaxeba: ,,vardebiTa da veluri vaziT morTul
fanjaraSi’’. nacionalur samosSi Cacmuli qalis saxe, usurvaziT
morTul mSobliur keriasTan _ es epizodi meordeba moTxrobaSi _
,,orelia’’. saxeli oreli, zemoxsenebul moTxrobaSi transformirdeba
oreliad, iseve rogorc _ silveni (silvis meuRle da novelis
mTxrobelis ZuZumte), romelic figurirebs novelSi _ ,,anJeliki’’.
orelis Jeni kolons ukavSireben, adriens _ sofi douss (Jean1989 20).
sainteresoa, rom novelis Seqmnis periodSi, orive qali gardacvlili
iyo. sanam baronesa de foSeri gaxdeboda, sofi dousic msaxiobobda.
orelisa da adrienisgan gansxvavebiT, silvis realuri prototipi ar
hyavs. igi nervalis mier Seqmnili poeturi, valuas mxaris gamrje da
keTilsindisieri, keTilgonieri qaliSvilebis krebiTi saxea. igi Zalzed
mogvagonebs, nervalisa da fransua viionis usayvarlesi poetis _
teofil de viiosAmrTvels (Нерваль1985:156).E
qalis poeturi ideali ,,cvalebadi aldebarania’’. misi orferovani
ciagi xiblavs da xan silvis, xan ki _ adriens Seesatyviseba. cisferi
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idealisken swrafvis, poeturi ocnebis simboloa, vardisferi _
sicocxliT tkbobis. silvisa da adrienis msgavsebas, romlebsac
yvavilebis dResaswauli akavSirebs, mTxrobeli ferTa palitris
msgavsebiT usvams xazs. nervali adriens mwvane balaxze amosul
vardisfer yvavils adarebs. silvi xSirad icvams vardisfer an mwvane
samoss. am or personaJSi erTi siyvarulis ori mxare erTiandeba:
miwieri (silvi) da RvTaebrivi (adrieni), warsuli (adrieni) da awmyo
(silvi). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli uxilavi ZafebiT dakavSirebuli
sami personaJi qali qmnis nervalis triadas, anu qimeras. qimera,
cecxlismfrqveveli teramorfuli miTologiuri arsebaa. mas sami Tavi
aqvs: lomis, Txisa da gvelis. lomi gazafxulis simboloa, Txa _
zafxulis da gveli _ zamTris (Encyclopédie . ..1996:87). poeturi krebulis
saTauris, misi simboluri mniSvnelobisa da personaJi-qalebis furqcias
Soris paralelebis gavlebiT SeiZleba avtoris Canafiqri amovicnoT:
sami qali mTxrobelis cxovrebis sam etapTan asocirdeba: silvi
bavSvobas ukavSirdeba. henri IV-is droindel cixe-simagris baRSi,
adrienTan Sexvedrisas, MmTxrobeli pirveli amboriT Wabukur siyvaruls
eziara (sainteresoa, rom Hhenri IV-s xalxma meqalTane Searqva-n.q.).
rodesac naratori Wabukuri aRtkinebiT adriens kocnis, TiTqos
cxovrebis Semdeg etapze gadadis, amitom adrieni naratoris
ymawvilkacobasTan asocirdeba. msaxiobi oreli ki _ mTxrobelis
zrdasrulobis periods ukavSirdeba. Tu oreli mTxrobelis parizul
cxovebas simbolurad ganasaxierebs, silvi _ mSobliuri mxaris
sinonimia: masTan Sexvedra droSi mogzaurobaa, Secdomebis gamosworebis
mcdelobaa, anu SeuZleblis SeZlebaa, uZRebi Svilis dabrunebaa, rac
edemis baRSi dabrunebis tolfasia.
silvi xelsaqmiT (Zafis rTviT) aris gatacebuli: Zafi adamianis
sicocxlesTan asocirdeba. berZnul miTologiaSi sami moira adamianis
bedisweras ansaxierebs. es SesaniSnavad warmoCinda moTxrobaSi _
,,orelia’’. oqros ZafebiT mqargvelia emili (,,emili’’), da neapoletaneli
qalic novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’. novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, sami personaJi qali sam
graciasTanac asocirdeba, romlebic simbolurad gamoxataven silamazes,
siyvarulsa da siamovnebas. samive siyvarulis qalRmerTs emsaxureba,
neoplatonizmSi ki _ siyvarulis sami aspeqtis mniSvnelobas iZens
184
(Мифологический 1990 : 366). Sua saukuneebSi, sami gracia, romelTa
atributebia vardi, vaSli da saTamaSo kamaTeli, mniSvnelobas icvlis,
isini mowyalebas, mSvenierebas da siyvaruls ganasaxiereben. aseTive
datvirTva aqvT nervalis novelis personaJ-qalebs. maTi meoxebiT,
mwerali novelaSi gansakuTrebul droisa da sivrcismier samyarosac
qmnis. es imdenad aris mniSvnelovani, ramdenadac mwerali am novelaSic
topografiuli qronotopis dazustebas aridebs Tavs.
sami qalis erT mxatvrul saxeSi gaerTianebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia
nawarmoebis _ ,,orelia’’, pirveli nawilis VI Tavis sizmari. Jerar de
nervali, amjeradac Zvel berZnul miTs iyenebs _ miTs sami moiras
Sesaxeb. es RvTaebebi _ atrofosi, kloTosi da laqesisi (parkebi) _
zevsisa da femides qaliSvilebi, adamianis bedis Zafs rTaven.
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli sizmarSi nanaxs hyveba: winaprebis
saxlSi, momuSave sam qals lamfis mkrTali Suqi anaTebs. sami qalis
asociaciurad moirebTan dakavSireba Semdeg abzacSi xdeba: mTxrobeli
sakuTar bavSvobas igonebs da sizmarSi naqsov tanisamosian bavSvs
xedavs: ,,Cemi Tavi Zvelebul samosSi gamowyobili davinaxe, romelic
obobas qselis darad iyo darTuli’’ (,,Je me vis vêtu d’un petit habit brin de
forme ancienne, entièrement tissu à l’aguille de fils ténus comme ceux des toiles d’araigée’’
(Nerval 1985:27)). sainteresoa, rom nervalis deda iyo komersantis
qaliSvili: mamamisi TeTreuliT vaWrobda, amitom teqstSi moxseniebuli
Zafis rTvis epizodi, romelic dedis saxis gaxsenebas mohyveba an
RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis monaxulebas uZRvis win, kidev erTi
asociaciuri jaWvis wyaro xdeba.
moTxrobaSi _,,orelia’’, samive qali erTmaneTs hgavs. maT saerTo
nakvTebi, moZraobebi da xma aqvT, TiTqos mxatvrebs srulqmnili
silamazis Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva modeli gamoeyenebinoT: (,,Elles eussent
vécu de la même vie, et chacune était ainsi un composé de toutes . . ‘’ ’’ (Nerval 1985:27)).
sami qalis msgavseba portretebze gamosaxuli qalebis gaigivebis
saSualebasac iZleva. saubaria biZis saxlSi nanax portretebze. es kidev
erTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac sxvadasxva saxe erT mxatvrul saxe-xatad
iqceva da erTi epizodi (portreti) meores (moirebi) uxilavi ZafebiT
ukavSirdeba.
185
novelaSi sivrce, moqmedebis adgilic personaJ qalebTan
asocirdeba. mTxrobelisTvis, silvi mxiaruli da udardeli bavSvia.
vardebiTa da usurvaziT daburul fanjarasTan igi realuri, miwieri
qalis simboluri gamoxatulebacaa. adrieniviT, silvic is zRurblia,
romelic warsulsa da momavals, realursa da warmosaxviTs akavSirebs.
silvi _ valuas sagrafosTan, nervalis da novelis mTxrobelis biZis
saxlTan, keriasTan asocirdeba, oreli _ parizTan, sadac cxovreba
scenaze gaTamaSebul warmodgenas hgavs. adrieni Teatris Zveli
dekoraciebis msgavs, Zveli sasaxlis nangrevebTan da monasterTan
asocirdeba: swored iq xdeba adrienis da mTxrobelis siyvarulis
gamJRavneba. Zveli sasaxle ki luaziSia, amitom adrieni TiTqos
makavSireblis rols asrulebs or qals Soris: erTs protagonisti
uyvars (silvi), da meores mTxrobeli etrfis (oreli).
rogorc vxedavT, nervalis novelis personaJebi drosTan da
sivrcesTan arian dakavSirebulni, mTxrobelis cxovrebis etapebTan da
siyvarulis miwieri da RvTiuri sawyisis ipostasebi arian.
novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, drois analizs u. ekom vrceli samecniero
kvleva dauTmo. nawarmoebSi dros rom udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, amas
saaTis uqonlobac amtkicebs. am SemTxvevaSic, dRisa da Ramis
monacvleoba ama Tu im qalis gamoCenas Seesabameba. dRe rom miileva,
mTxrobeli silvis iviwyebs. jadosnuri Rame adriens ukavSirdeba, xolo
saRamo _ orelis, Tumca Tavad naratori am saRamoebs dakarguls
uwodebs. ganTiadi kvlav silvis sauflod iqceva.
Sesabamisad, qali-personaJebi nervalis novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’, erTi
romelime funqciiTY ar arian determinirebulni. zogjer, maT realuri
prototipi hyavT (oreli, adrieni), isini realur samyaros ganasaxiereben
(oreli-msaxiobi da silvi), an warmosaxviTs (oreli-qali da adrieni).
isini yovlismomcveli grZnobis or mxares warmoadgenen (adrieni da
silvi), xorciel sawyisTan asocirdebian (oreli da silvi) da
sulierTan (adrieni, silvi). samive Jerer de nervalis triadas, qimeris
poetur xats qmnis.
erTmaneTTan msgavsebiTa Tu gansxvavebiT, urTierTmonacvleobiT,
personaJi qalebi movlenaTa ara Tanamimdevrul, qronologiur, aramed
asociaciur jaWvs qmnian. swored aRqmis asociaciurobaSi gamoixateba
186
nervalis esTetikis siaxlove romantizmis esTetikasTan, rac esoden
xiblavda siurealizmis warmomadgenlebs.
novelis bolos nervali aRiarebs: ,,swored aseTi qimerebia Tavs
rom dagvtrialeben da gvnusxaven Cveni cxovrebis gariJraJze. me ki maT
Caxatvas Sevecade’’. amis Sesaxeb marsel prusti Tavis kritikul
naSromSi, ,,sen-bevis winaaRmdeg’’ wers: ,,nervalis Canaxati zeTis
saRebavebiT daxatul tilod iqca. nervalma Tavisi ocneba gaaferada’’
(Proust 2006:101).
nervalis SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli miTosuri azrovneba,
yvelaze naTlad, qalTa saxeebis SeqmnaSi vlindeba. novelebis krebulSi
_ ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’, gaerTianebuli nawarmoebebi qalTa saxelebs
atareben, magram maTi dakavSireba erTmaneTTan ar xerxdeba, Tumca erT
novelaSi _ ,,silvi’’ _ yvela qali-personaJi erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, dakarguli satrfos povna
gardacvlili dedis portretis povniT mTavrdeba. nervalis nawarmoebSi
dakargul satrfos saxe-xatSi moiazreba deda (qalis RvTaebrivi arsi)
da miwieri satrfoc. igi realurad arsebuli pirovnebebis (antuanet
lorani, sofi dousi, Jeni koloni) miTologemaa. bedma ise isurva da
Jerar de nervalis cxovrebaSi qalis poeturi saxe-xati realuri
adamianebis saxelebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. asociaciaTa wyeba amiT ar
amoiwureba. moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, mTxrobeli or portretze
amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas: rainis sanapiros cnobili feriis da
germanul nacionalur tanisamosSi gamowyobili qalis portretze (Nerval
1984 : 16). oriveze qalia gamosaxuli: RvaTebrivi (feria) da miwieri
(germaneli qali). dedis da germaneli qalis asociaciuri kavSiri
moTxrobis -_ ,,orelia’’, meore nawilis IV TavSic Cans. mwerali
saubrobs frang qalze, romelic qmars, germaneli qalisTvis Cveuli
erTgulebiT, qalaqidan qalaqSi dahyveboda da samxedro eqimis mZime
xvedrs iziarebda: ,,dedam mamaCemis gayola isurva, rogorc Zveli
germaneli qalebi iqceodnen xolme’’ (,,Ma mère avait voulu suivre mon père aux
armées, comme les femmes des anciens Germains’’ (Nerval 1985:63)). nervali iqve
axsenebs germanias _ uZvelesi legendebis da Tqmulebebis qveyanas.
cxadia, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, pirvel nawilSi, rainis sanapiros
187
feriisa da germanul samosSi gamowyobili qalbatonis portreti
mwerlis dedaze miuTiTebs. Tavis warmosaxvaSi, mwerali dedas
priudonis da fragonaris mier Sesrulebul graviurebze gamosaxul
qalebs adarebda (Nerval1984:82). narkvevSi _ ,,gaseirnebebi da mogonebebi’’,
nervali dedis dakargul portretze saubrobs (,,portretic daikarga an
moipares’’ (Nerval 1984:83). Sesabamisad, dedis portretis dakargvis faqti
moTxrobaSi dedis, germaneli qalisa da feriis msgavsebSi hpovebs
asaxvas. es msgavseba ocnebis asrulebaa: saSualebaa warmoidginos deda,
romelic arc ki axsovs. Jerar de nervali nawarmoebis (,,orelia’’) II
TavSi adamianis gaorebaze saubrobs, IV TavSi ki, iseTi qalis
mxatvrul saxes gvixatavs, romelSic RvTaebri da miwier sawyisia
gaerTianebuli. portretze gamosaxuli qali cocxali aRaraa, magram
swored naxatis saSualebiT igi isev cocxalTa Soris imyofeba.
mTxrobelis gadia mas eubneba: ,,biZaSenma Tadarigi daiWira da dedaSenis
portreti SeukveTa . . .axla igi Cvens gverdiTaa’’A (,,Ton oncle avait eu soin de
faire son portrait d’avance . . .maintenant elle est avec nous’’ (Nerval1985:16)). nervali
dedamisis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb mianiSnebs da im SesaZleblobaze, rom
gardacvlilTa sulebi sxvadasxva sagansa da sxeulSi agrZeleben
arsebobas.
IV TavSi miTiTebulia flamandieli mxatvari. mas mTxrobeli
saukuneze metxans gardacvlil biZasTan aigivebs (,,Un oncle maternel, peintre
flamand, mort depuis plus d’un sciècle’’(Nerval1985:16)). teqstSi nervali
portretze saubrobs, romelzedac germanul nacionalur tanisamosSi
gamowyobili qalia daxatuli, romelic kesaneebs dahyurebs: ,,misi
Tvalebi kesaneebis Taiguls dahyurebda’’ (,, . . les yeux attirés vers une touffe de
myosotis’’(Nerval1985:16)). SesaZloa, mwerals mxedvelobaSi hqonda cnobili
flamandieli mxatvris, peter paul rubensis ,,RvTismSobeli kesaneebiT’’,
romelic man, aseve flamandiel mxatvarTan, Jan breigel ufrosTan
erTad daxata (tilo belgiis nacionalur galereaSia daculi - n.q.).
gadmocemis mixedviT, yvavilebi breigels Seusrulebia, magram kesanes
nacvlad, tiloze daxatulia aseve cisferyvavilebiani miwis suro,
romelic keTili mogonebebis simboloa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, IV Tavis
es epizodi (sizmarSi nanaxi biZis saxlSi germanul nacinalur
188
tanisamosSi gamowyobili qalis portreti) mwerlis dedaze mogonebebis
metaforas warmoadgens. kesane lamazi cisferi yvavilia. igi erTguli
siyvarulis simboloa. legendis Tanaxmad, raindi mdinaris sanapiroze
mis satrfosTan erTad seirnobda. mSvenieri yvavilis mowyvetisas,
wylisken gadaiwia, rkinis abjarma gadawona, raindi mdinareSi Cavarda
da daixrCo. sikvdilis win, man gulis swors yvavili gadaugdo da
miaZaxa ,,ar damiviwyo’’. frangul enaSi kesanes xalxuri saxelwodeba
SemorCa _ ,,une oreille de souris’’ (Tagvis yuri). yvavilis germanul
saxelwodebaSi Semonaxulia legendaSi asaxuli lamazi ambavi:
Vergissmeinnicht _ ar damiviwyo. ,,orelias’’ gamouqveynebel fragmentebSi
mwerali lurji mTis mwvervalze gaSlili yvavilis mSvenierebas
aRwers: ,,mocisfro mTis wverze gaCnda patara yvavili _ ar damiviwyo!’’
(,,Sur la cime d’un mont bleuâtre une petite fleur est née. – Ne m’oubliez
pas !’’(Nerval1985:93)). am yvavils varskvlavi dahyurebs. varskvlavi mwerlis
zeciur satrfosTan asocirdeba _ RvTismSobelTan, rac nervalis
dedisadmi didi siyvarulis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa.
Cevni azriT, cisferi yvavilis miTologema akavSirebs nervalis
teqsts novalisis cnobil nawarmoebTan _ ,,cisferi yvavili, anu hainrix
fon oftendingeni’’. es ukanaskneli, novalisis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
1802 wels gamoqveynda. cisferi yvavili adamianis ocnebis simbolod,
romantizmis epoqis sulis gamoxatulebad iqca. nervalma Tanamokalmis
xvedri gaiziara: misi oreliac, nervalis ,,cisferi yvavili’’, megobrebma
mwerlis sikvdilis Semdeg gamosces.
orelias amave TavSi nervals naxsenebi aqvs undine. undine germanul
miTologiaSi igive mniSvnelobis mqonea, rac ,,русалка’’ _ slavurSi. orive
wylis qalRmerTs ganasaxierebs. undine, anu niqse, wyalSi, mdinareebsa
Tu zRvebSi binadrobs. mas alisgan gansxvavebiT Tevzis bolo ara aqvs.
tiloebze igi CanCqerTan, oqros an spilosZvlis savarcxliT ivarcxnis
Tavis grZel Tmas. undines xorciel vnebas ukavSireben, Tumca,
gadmocemis mixedviT, igi Tavad aris adamianis Ralatis msxverpli.
undines Tma jadosnuri Zalis mqonea da saidumlos inaxavs, romelsac
igi arivis andobs. niqses, anu undines cremlebs aseve aqvs jadosnurei
Zala: Tu adamianma, gazafxulis buniobis dros, undines cremlebiT
189
ganbana moaxerxa, igi aucileblad gaaxalgaxzrdavdeba da ukvdavebasac
moipovebs.
odiTganve, cecxlica da wyalic qalur sawyisTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. nervalis nawarmoebebSi qalis saxe-xati sicocxlis
sawyisis gamomxatvelia da wylis miTologemas ukavSirdeba (,,oqtavi’’).
nervalis nawarmoebis personaJi qalis, orelias, cecxlaTan dakavSireba
misi saxeliT xdeba (orelia _> oqro _> cecxli), Tumca nervalis
personaJi erTi konkretuli qalis xats ar warmoadgens. dakarguli
satrfo mwerlis gardacvlil dedas, satrfos ukavSirdeba, amave dros,
igi dakarguli bednierebis, dakarguli samoTxis alegoriuli
gamoxatulebaa.
nawarmoebSi (,,orelia’’) aRweril bolo Rames, mTxrobeli kidev erT
sizmars xedavs. mas is qali ecxadeba, romelic masze bavSvobaSi
zrunavda, Tumca es qali sizmarSi bevrad ufro daberebulia.
mTxrobeli sinanuliT aRiarebs, rom gamzrdelis sikvilis win, misi
monaxuleba ar moisurva (Nerval 1985:61). sizmarSi mTxrobels eCveneba, rom
qali mas sayvedurobs da uCivis, rom Tavisi mSoblebi ise ar dautiria,
rogorc ,,im qals dastiris’’ (,,que tu as pleuré cette femme . . . ‘’). rogor unda
iTxovos mTxrobelma patieba? protagonistis win uamravi
gardacvlilis aCrdili gaielvebs. yoveli maTgani simboluri
datvirTvis mqone xatebad iqceva, romelTa mniSvneloba da azri
mTxrobelma ver amoicno, amitom mTavrdeba nawarmobis meore nawilis II
Tavi imedgacruebiT: mTxrobelma verc wminda wignebidan, verc poetebis
qmnilebebidan, verc zRaprebidan Seimecna ra. WeSmariteba isev gausxlta
mas xelidan da ,,axla ukve Zlier gvianaa!’’ (,,Maintenent, il est trop tard !’’
(Nerval 1985 :62)).
190
III. VIII. patareqtsis funqcia da mniSvneloba
nervalis nawarmoebebis patareqtebic qalis saxe-xats ukavSirdeba.
Jerar Jenetma nawarmoebis saTauris (parateqsti) saxeobaTa sqema
SeimuSava da saTauris Tematuri da formaluri funqciebi gamohyo:
Tematuri funqciebidan ZiriTad siuJetTan SesatyvisobaSi myofi saTauri
(littéral), metonimiuri, anu erT romelime personaJze an teqstis erT
nawilze morgebuli (métonimique), metaforuli, anu simboluri
(métaphorique) ironiuli (antiphrastique). amave dros, iseTi saTaurebic
daajgufa, romlebic nawarmoebis formis gamomxatvelia (rhématique) da
nawarmoebis formas zustad asaxavs (générique), an formaze saerTod ar
mouTiTebs ( paragénérique) (Jouve 1997 15).
saTauri nawarmoebis savizito baraTia. mkiTxvelis daintereseba,
misi yuradRebis mipyroba _ swored saTauris saSulebiT xdeba.
saTauris ,,momnusxavi’’ funqcia mkiTxvelisa da mwerlis urTierTobaSi
udides rols TamaSobs, romlis meoxebiTac xdeba mkiTxvelis
molodinis horizontis gamarTleba an gacrueba.
Jerar de nervalis zemoxsenebuli nawarmoebebis _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebis’’, ,,orelias‘’ da ,,qimerebis’’ saTauri metaforul xasiaTs
atarebs. mis SemoqmedebaSi saTauri im ideis simboluri gamoxatulebaa,
risi gadmocemac mwerals surda.
nervali ezoTeruli ZiebebiT iyo gatacebuli. metafizikaSi misi
ganswavluloba mwerlis nawarmoebis saTaurSive hpovebs asaxvas. bevr
mkvlevars miaCnia, rom saTauri nervalis aRmosavleTSi mogzaurobebs
ukavSirdeba. mwerali samyaros saidumloebebis amoxsnas sinkretuli
naturfilosofiis meoxebiT cdilobda, amitom nervalis SemoqmedebaSi,
rogorc aRmosavluri, aseve dasavlur kulturaTa gavlena igrZnoba.
frangi mwerali alqimiiTac interesdeboda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT
aleqsandre diumasTan erTad dawerili drama _ ,,alqimikosi’’ (1839 wlis
10 aprili), romelic warmatebiT idgmeboda TeatrSi _ renesansi. asaxavs
ra XVI saukunis italieli fasios cxovrebas, romlis pirvelwyaros
ingliseli dramaturgis _ henri hart milmanis piesa _ ,,fasio’’ _ iyo.
alqimikosis sulieri maswavleblis, nikola flamelis biografia daedo
safuZvlad diumasa da nervalis kidev erT erTobliv piesas _ ,,wminda
191
iakobis koSki’’, romelic diumam megobris gardacvalebis erTi wlis
Semdeg dadga. swored alqimikosTa swavlebas ukavSirdeba moZRvreba
oTxi elementis Sesaxeb: miwis, wylis, haeris, cecxlisa da mexuTe
elementis _ eTeris. niSandoblivia, rom moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’,
mTxrobeli, nawarmoebis bolo TavSi, swored eTeris saSualebiT
axerxebs avadmyofebis gankurnebas (Nerval 1985 :98).
novela _ ,,silvi’’, SeiZleba miwaTmoqmedebas davukavSiroT, radgan
es sityva laTinuridan TargmanSi ,,tyes’’ niSnavs. Sesabamisad, novelis
saTauri metaforul xasiaTs atarebs.
novelaSi _ ,,oqtavi’’, MmTxrobeli italiaSi, Tvalwarmtaci
CanCqeris monaxulebis dros, zRvaSi mobanave oqtavis xvdeba. gemze
mTxrobeli inglisel qaliSvils siyvaruls uxsnis. oqtavi berZnuli
sityisgan _ ,,oktô’’- dan momdinareobs, rac merveds miSnavs. alqimiaSi ki,
meore elements _ wyals, platonis mravalkuTxedebis geometriis
mixedviT, oqtaedrs, anu rvakuTxa formis wesier mravalkuTxeds
Seesabameba. aqedan gamomdinare, nervalis novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’,
saxelwodebac metaforulia, radgan avtoris Canafiqrs simbolurad
xsnis. zemoxsenebuli ori novelis parateqsti SeiZleba davukavSiroT
moZRvrebas oTxi elementis Sesaxeb: silvi _> miwa, oqtavi _> wyali,
Tumca danarCeni novelebis saTaurebi nervalis ezoTeruli Ziebebis
dasturad ar gamodgeba.
rac Seexeba novelas _ ,,anJeliki ’’, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,
igi ironiuli datvirTvis matarebelia (le titre thématique/ métaphorique),
radgan mwerlis Canafiqri cenzuris motyuebasa da jarimis Tavidan
acilebaSia. novelis _ ,,emili’’, saTauri meorexarisxovani personaJis
saxelis matarebelia (le titre thématique/métonimique): emili leitenant
deroSic meuRles hqvia. sainteresod migvaCnia, rom es laTinuri
warmomavlobis saxeli sityvas _ ,,aemulus’’_ ukavSirdeba, rac mebrZols,
Tanaswor mowinaaRmdeges niSnavs. Tu imas gavixsenebT, rom nervalis am
novelaSi deroSi samxedroa da misi bedniereba orTabrZolis Sedegad
imsxvreva, maSin nawarmoebis patareqsti simboluri datvirTvis
matarebeli iqneba.
192
nervalis alqimiisadmi interesi, misi ezoTeruli Ziebebi mwerlis
saTaurebis xasiaTze aisaxeba (,,silvi’’, ,,oqtavi’’). Cveni varaudiT, vrceli
moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’ _ parateqsti aseve dakavSirebulia sityvasTan
_ ,,oqro’’ (Or →Aurea→Aurélia). rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, moTxrobis
saTaurs parateqstualoba unda akavSirebdes iakob voraginelis
nawarmoebTan _ ,,oqros legenda’’. vfiqrobT, nervalis parateqstSi
oqros saukunis miTologemac amoikiTxeba. cnobili mkvlevaris _ mirCe
eliades azriT, oqros saukune es is droa, rodesac adamiani bunebasTan
harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda. msgavsi miTologema yvela eris
miTologiaSi arsebobs. m. eliades gamoTvliT, ,,gancxromis’’ es periodi
neoliTs ukavSirdeba da miwadmoqmedebis ganviTarebas emTxveva. am
miTologemas keTilSobili veluris da dakarguli samoTxis arqetipebi
TiTqmis yovelTvis axlavs. nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’,
dakarguli samoTxis, miwadmoqmedis (I nawilis IV Tavi) da keTilSobili
arabulsamosiani ufliswulis saxe-xatebi ikveTeba (II nawilis IX Tavi).
amave dros, nawarmoebis parateqtis simbolur mniSvnelobaze kidev isic
metyvelebs, rom oqros saukunis cneba ukavSirdeba virgiliusis
,,eneides’’. Tavis sonetSi _ ,,El Desdichado’’, nervali posiliposis mTas
moixseniebs, romlis ZirSi dakrZalulia virgiliusi. posiliposis mTas
novelis _ ,,oqtavi’’, mTxrobelic moinaxulebs.
cecxlis simbolos udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba nervalis poetur
krebulSic _ ,,qimerebi’’. am nawarmoebis parateqsti aseve simboluri
xasiaTis matarebelia, exmianeba nervalis novelebs _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’, da moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’. avtoris Canafiqri
saTaurebSive Cans. qimerebic cecxlismfrqveveli izomorfuli arsebebia,
xolo, moTxrobis saTauri -_ ,,orelia’’, oqros, ganTiads simbolurad
gamoxatavs da aseve ukavSirdeba cecxls. cecxli zeciurTan aris
dakavSirebuli da, amavdroulad _ kacobriobis istoriis dasawyisTan.
cecxli mzis simboluri gamoxatulebacaa. mze, realurisa da irealuris
ganmasxvavebeli niSania nervalis moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’ (ix.zemoT).
amave dros, cecxli qalur sawyisTan asocirdeba: odidganve, cecxlis
mopovebiT da misi SenaxviT, swored qalebi iyvnen dakavebulni. nervalma
Tavis krebuls ,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’ uwoda da amiT metaforulad
193
gamoxata Tavisi saTqmeli: satrfos, zeciuris Tu miwieris, Ziebis
survili.
naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
winamdebare naSromis ZiriTad mizans realurisa da irealuris
urTierTkavSiris dadgena warmoadgenda, nervalis mniSvnelovan
prozaul nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa: novelebis krebuli _ ,,cecxlis
qaliSvilebi’’ da moTxroba _ ,,orelia’’. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom:
1. Jerar de nervalis ESemoqmedebaSi, romantizmis esTetikis gavlena
sinkretuli Janris nawarmoebebis Seqmnis saxiT vlindeba, rac
novelaTa krebulSi (,,cecxlis qaliSvilebi’’) gaerTianebuli
nawarmoebebis da moTxrobis _ ,,orelia’’, Janrul identifikacias
arTulebs. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebs rogorc mcire zomis
epikuri Janris (moTxroba, novela), jadosnuri zRapris, aseve
mcire zomis romanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi
axasiaTebT. J. de nervalis prozauli qmnilebebis Tavisebureba
metanaracias efuZneba. nervali qmnis metamoTxrobebs
(metanawarmoebi), romlebic TxrobiTi komunikaciis doneebis
(naratiuli doneebi) Canacvlebazea agebuli (metalefsisi,
CarCoiani novelebi, teqsti teqstSi).
2. nervalis nawarmoebs (,,orelia’’) axasiaTebs fantastikis JanrisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli elementebi: rogorc fantasmagoriaSi, masSic
asaxulia irealuri, avadmyofuri warmosaxvis Sedagad Seqmnili
samyaro; nawarmoebi feeriasac waagavs (qalis saxe-xatebi). nervalis
moTxrobaSi _ ,,orelia’’, fantastikur mogzaurobasTan msgavsebac
aRiniSneba: mogzauroba gamogonil (warmosaxviTi) samyaroSi,
mogzauroba droSi (,,orelia’’, ,,silvi’’ ,,oqtavi’’), samyaros
warsulis da momavlis xilva (,,orelia’’).
3. nervalis ukanaskneli nawarmoebi _ ,,orelia’’, qristianul
kanonikur da apokriful teqstebs efuZneba, rac abaTilebs
mosazrebas imis Taobaze, TiTqos nervalis mTeli Semoqmedeba
mwerlis ezoTeruli Ziebebis, misi naturfilosofiiT gatacebis
amsaxvelia.
194
4. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi realuris da irealuris
urTierTkavSiri naratiuli drois kategoriis, TxrobiTi
komunikaciis doneebis cvlis, naratiuli instanciebis
TaviseburebaSi, transteqstualur urTierTkavSirebSi iCens Tavs.
realuris da irealuris urTierTCanacvlebidan gamomdinare,
drois da sivrcis, mimobneuli movlenebis erT ambad gaerTianebis,
rekonstruirebis sakiTxi umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi procesia.
Jerar de nervalis zemoxsenebul nawarmoebebSi amocnobili
aluziebis, avtoaluziebisa da reminiscenciebis saSualebiT
teqstSi arsebuli e.w. ganusazRvreli adgilebis rekonsruireba
(topografiuli qronotopi) dadgena gaxda SesaZlebeli.
5. Jerar de nervalis proza e. w. ornamentul prozas ganekuTvneba.
mis moTxrobas _ ,,orelia’’, axasiaTebs ornamentuli prozis
ZiriTadi niSnebi: xdomilobis simcire, movlenaTa gameoreba,
miTopoeturoba.
6. Jerar de nervalis nawarmoebebSi realuri da irealuri samyaro
Tanaarsebobs. amaSi Jerar de nervalis romantizmis esTetikisadmi
erTguleba vlindeba (gansakuTrebiT, germanuli romantizmis),
Tumca realuri da irealuri erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli ar
aris: isini erTmaneTs enacvleba. aqedan gamomdinare, nervalis
mxatvrul-literaturul teqstebSi, (,,orelia’’), konstruirdeba ara
heterogenuli, aramed homogenuri, warmosaxviTi samyaro.
realurisa da irealuri samyaroTa urTierTCanacvleba,
homogenuri warmosaxviTi samyaros Seqmna, warmoaCens Jerar de
nervalis novatorobas da misi Semoqmedebis modernistul
mimdinareobasTan siaxloveze metyvelebs.
195
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