decolonization review. similarities failure of nationalist movements to build mass support role of...

DecolonizationReview

Similarities Failure of nationalist movements to build mass

support Role of political concessions Role of government massacre

Colonizers’ use of soldiers & resources during WWI & WWII foster independence movements

WWI & WWII: aid growth of industry

French colonies – tended to be more violent

India Amritsar Massacre Gandhi during interwar years

Added religious component Pioneered civil disobedience

Nationalism amidst diversity sparked counter Muslim League

Partition Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth

Nehru – attempted to balance democracy & socialist economic policies

Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues

Ghana Later nationalism

Often led by veterans

Racial dynamic

Kwame Nkrumah Personalist, populist leader Industrialization & development undermined by

volatility of export markets

Algeria

Complicated by white settlers

Guerilla campaign & violent French response

Settlers leave

Vietnam

Very similar to China Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully

during interwar years, which led to interest in communism

Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement

Northern Communists eventually victorious, which unifies Vietnam under communism

South Africa

Gained independence in 1910, but with minority, white/settler rule

Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full apartheid legislation passed Extreme segregation – “homelands” ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance

Sharpesville Massacre, Soweto riots International pressure results in apartheid

ending in 1994. Mandela elected.

Latin America Neo-Colonialism

Economic growth at close of 19th c, but based on raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence

Follows global trends Mexico

Revolution toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party democracy (PRI) result

Interwar Years = extreme ideas Early Cold War: Communism

Guatemala Cuba – economic problems, social gains

Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy