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Department of Mathematics and Science
Big Idea 6: Earth StructuresGrade 5
Mary Tweedy, Curriculum Support Specialist
Dr. Millard Lightburn, Elementary Science Supervisor
Part One:Grade 5 Essential Lab # 8
Physical Properties of Minerals
Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks:
Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
Part Three:Grade 5 Essential Lab # 9Weathering and Erosion
Part Four:Earth’s Resources
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Department of Mathematics and Science
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Part 1: Physical Properties of MineralsPart 1: Physical Properties of Minerals
Benchmark
SC.4.E.6.2 - Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak color, and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocks.
•Identify physical properties (hardness, streak color, cleavage, and luster) of common minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, calcite, mica, pyrite, talc, and graphite.
•Describe and/or explain the role of minerals in the formation of rocks.
Department of Mathematics and Science
Minerals and You
Every solid material made from nature that’s neither plant or animal--not a living thing is a mineral or made from minerals. Minerals touch our lives in hundreds of ways each day. Life as we know it would not exist without them.
What are some minerals that touch your lives?
What are minerals? (Discovery)
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What are the Five Characteristics That Minerals Share?
To help you remember try this mnemonic device:
N
I
C
S
Diner
- Naturally Occurring – Not made by humans
- Inorganic – Was never alive
- Crystalline (crystals) – The atoms form a
pattern and repeat themselves in all directions.- Solid
-Definite Chemical Composition – Example:
Salt aka halite has a chemical composition
of NaCl throughout
Department of Mathematics and Science
Is it a Mineral or a Non-Mineral?
Salt coal
Aluminum foil ice
Copper penny water vapor
Twig ceramic tile
String soil
Quartz granite
Feldspar shell
List of MineralsDepartment of Mathematics and Science
What is a Mineral?http://library.thinkquest.org/J002289/index.html
A mineral is a Natural, Inorganic (nonliving), Crystalline (crystal pattern), Solid with a Definite chemical structure.
A Mineral is a material that has its own set of properties: (Discovery)
How are minerals identified? (free BrainPop)
http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078778026/164213/00044674.html
• color streak color hardness luster breakage: cleavage or
fracture
• Minerals by Name
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Mineral Stations
Station # 1: Streak
Station # 2: Luster (metallic or non-metallic)
Station # 3: Breakage – Fracture vs. Cleavage
Station # 4: Color
Station # 5: Hardness
Station # 6: Who am I?
Write station responses in your notebook.Department of Mathematics and Science
SC.4.E.6.2 Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak color, and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocksSC.4.N.1.1 Raise questions about the natural world, use appropriate reference materials that support understanding to obtain information (identifying the source), conduct both individual and team investigations through systematic investigations, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations.SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the observations.LACC.5.SL.1.1. Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 5 topics and texts, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.
Essential Lab # 8 Benchmarks
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Essential Lab # 8Physical Properties of Minerals
• Essential Question: How are minerals identified?
• Materials: Mineral specimens hand lens
penny (1982 or older) streak platepaperclip (steel blade) magnet
Mineral Detective
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Procedures1. Read the Mystery Mineral Worksheet. Look carefully at each
property and its descriptions at the top of worksheet.
2. Choose a mineral to observe and record its identification # on the worksheet.
3. Observe and perform the physical property tests and record the results.
4. Repeat for each different mystery mineral.
5. Share and discuss mineral property observations within your group.
6. Use the Mineral Identification to compare observation results with the Mineral Identification Key to determine the real identity of the minerals.
7. Record each mineral’s identity in column one.
8. Share mineral identification results with your group and the whole class.
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Using Physical Properties to Identify the Mystery Minerals
Sample #
Color Streak
Color of mineral when it’s scratched across streak plate
Luster Glassy-shines like glass Dull-earthy/chalky Metallic-looks like metal Waxy/pearly-has a muted shine
Hardness
Mohs Scale Scratched by
1 Fingernail-easily 2 Fingernail 3 Penny-easily 4 Penny 5 Steel (paperclip) 6 glass 7-10 Will scratch Glass/steel
Other
Magnetic Texture Smell Shape
Flakes into sheets
#____ ________
(identity)
#____ ________
(identity)
#____ _________
(identity)
#____ _________
(identity)
#____ ______ (identity)
#____ ________
(identity)
Mineral Identification Keys:
Some Common Minerals and Their Properties Key
Name Color Streak Luster Hardness Other Properties
Graphite Black Black Metallic 1 Crystals are rare.
Mica Colorless White Pearly 2.5-3 Flakes into sheets
Halite Colorless White Glassy 2.5 Salty taste
Galena Gray Gray Metallic 2.5-3 Crystal Cubes
Calcite Colorless White Glassy 3 Crystalline
Magnetite Black Black Dull 5.5-6.5 Magnetic
Pyrite Golden Black Metallic 6-6.5 Looks like gold
Feldspar Various White Glassy 6-6.5 Two cleavages
Quartz Various White Glassy 7 Round fracture
Hornblende Dark green
to black Gray Glassy 5.5 Splintery appearance
Additional Mineral Identification Keys:•Grade 5 Scott Foresman p. 284 •http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals.html Department of Mathematics and Science
Group Discussion
Beginning with the shortest person in your group, take turns going around the table in a clockwise direction sharing the identity of one of the minerals identified. •Do you all agree on its identity? How do your observations (evidence) compare with the others in the group? •Continue until all minerals have been shared. Then answer the following:•Which was your easiest mineral to identify? Why? Your hardest? Why? Share within your group.
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Evaluate1. Name and explain three of the mineral properties
you observed?
2. Why do you think color may not be the best way
to identify minerals?
3. How did the hand lens help with observing
properties of the minerals?
4. What was the most difficult mineral to identify?
Why?Department of Mathematics and Science
Minerals Review1. Rocks are made of _____, which are
natural, nonliving solid crystals.
2. The way a mineral’s surface reflects light is called its __________.
3. The way a mineral can tend to break along lines or smooth surfaces when hit sharply is its ___________.
4. _________ is the color of a
mineral when it is powdered. It
is often different from the color of
the whole mineral.
5. The measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching is its _______.
A.Cleavage
B.Hardness
C. Luster
D. Minerals
E. Streak Color
Department of Mathematics and Science
Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2
1. Eddy is trying to identify a mineral by
observing its luster. This means that he is
doing which of the following?
A. observing the way the mineral reflects light
B. scratching the mineral with other objects or
minerals
C. examining the color the mineral makes when
rubbed across porcelain
D. feeling the mineral to determine if it is rough,
smooth, greasy, or glassy Florida Achieves
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2
2.Tanya is trying to identify an unknown mineral.
To identify the mineral, Tanya breaks it and
observes the planes and patterns formed along
the break.
Which property of minerals is Tanya testing?
A. cleavage
B. hardness
C. luster
D. texture
Florida Achieves Department of Mathematics and Science
Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2
3. Samantha is identifying different minerals
she found on vacation. Which property of
the minerals will Samantha be LEAST able
to determine by using only her eyes?
A. color
B. hardness
C. luster
D. textureFlorida Achieves
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Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks:Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks: Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
SC.4.E.6.1 Identify the three categories of rocks: igneous, (formed from molten rock); sedimentary (pieces of other rocks and fossilized organisms); and metamorphic (formed from heat and pressure. (assessed as SC.4.E.6.2.
Content Limits and Clarifications•Students will identify the three categories of rocks and how they were formed.
•Items will not assess the rock cycle.
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Part 2: Part 2: Identification of the Three Types of RocksIdentification of the Three Types of Rocks Essential Question:
What are Rocks?
Rocks …•Solid earth material•Make up the crust of the Earth•Mixture of one or more minerals•Range in size from giant mountains to grains of sand•Can be smooth or rough, shiny or dull, one color or many colors
More about Rocks from Discovery
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Essential Question: What are the Three main types of
rocks?
1. Sedimentary Rock
1. Igneous Rock
3. Metamorphic Rock
Rock Type Photographs and more: http://geology.com/rocks/Department of Mathematics and Science
Sedimentary Rocks • Form when layers of rock particles get pressed together at
or near Earth's surface https://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/login/login.jsp
• Nickname = “Layered” rocks• May contain fossils• Common near bodies of water or where water existed in
the past• Characteristics: Layers Loosely
compacted• Distinct particles Dull Light Colored• Light weight
See http://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml for photographs and more.
Igneous Rocks • Form when magma (hot liquid rock) cools and
hardens• Cools very fast = glassy with holes• Cools fast = glassy• Cools slow = small crystals• Cools very slow = large crystals
• Nickname= “Fire formed” rocks:
Pumice is a gas-charged igneous rock.
Can you identify some others?
1
23
45
granite scoria obsidian pumice
http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml
Metamorphic Rocks
• Form when underground rocks are changed due to high pressure
• Nickname = “Changed” rocks• Common in mountains• Characteristics: Thick layers Blended colors Tightly compacted Blurred particles Shiny
Rock Type Photographs and more: http://geology.com/rocks/
See http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml for photographs and more.
Observe and Classify RocksInquiry
Three Main Types
1. Sedimentary Rock
2. Igneous Rock
3. Metamorphic Rock
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Scientist Profile: Volcano Scientist
How Rocks Formed Song(Sing to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)
Sedimentary rock
Has been formed in layers
Often found near water sources
With fossils from decayers
Then there’s igneous rock
Here since Earth was born
Molten lava, cooled and hardened
That’s how it formed
These two types of rocks,
Can also be transformed
With pressure, heat, and chemicals
Metamorphic they’ll become http://geology.com/rocks/
Adapted from Utah Elem. CORE Academy 2006
How do rocks form?• Igneous rocks form when magma cools
underground or lava from volcanic eruptions cools on Earth’s surface.
• Sedimentary rocks form when bits of different rocks pile up. Over a long time, the rock bits are buried and squeezed together to form sedimentary rocks.
• Metamorphic rocks form when igneous or sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure.
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What’s the Rock: Reference Sheet
1. Igneous: Form when magma cools and hardens.
•Cools very fast = glassy with holes•Cools fast = glassy•Cools slow = small crystals•Cools very slow = large crystals
2. Sedimentary:Form when layers of rock particles
get pressed together• Loosely compacted layers Distinct particles Dull Light Colored
3. Metamorphic:Form when underground rocks are
changed due to high pressure•Thick layers Tightly compacted Shiny•Blended colors Blurred particles
(Adapted from Utah Elem. CORE Academy 2006)
Sample FCAT 2.0 Question1. Eddy is examining two igneous rocks. He observes that one rock is light-colored and one is dark-colored. Both rocks have very large crystals and are very coarse.
How can two rocks made by the same process be so different in color?
A. They contain different minerals.
B.They were made at different times.
C.They were worn down at different rates.
D.They cooled at different rates.Florida Achieves
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question1. What type rock is formed when grains of sand and other sediments that have eroded from mountains and have been washed down to sea are pressed and cemented together?
A.Igneous
B.Metamorphic
C.Oceanic
D.Sedimentary
Discovery Education Department of Mathematics and Science
Sample FCAT 2.0 Question• Dr. Gonzalez is searching for recently-formed
igneous rocks for her collection. Where would this type of rock most likely be found?
A. in a deep cavern
B. on a sandy beach
C. near a volcano
D. at the mouth of a river
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Sample FCAT 2.0 QuestionMetamorphic rocks are formed under great pressure or temperature. Which geologic process would make a metamorphic rock?
A.the sliding of a valley glacier
B.the deposition of sand by wind
C.the movement of Earth's crust
D.the removal of surface rock by water
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
While hiking in the Everglades, Melissa finds the fossil of clam in a rock. In which type of rock would you most likely find a fossil?
A.Igneous
B.Metamorphic
C.Oceanic
D.Sedimentary
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Part Three: Part Three: Weathering and ErosionWeathering and Erosion
SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences between physical weathering (breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature change, and plants) and erosion (movement of rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice).
•Students will identify and/or describe the processes of physical weathering and erosion.•Students will compare and contrast the agents of and/or processes of physical weathering and erosion.
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What role does flowing water have in all of the different sizes of rocks in streams?
Hypothesis: __________________________Department of Mathematics and Science
What role does flowing water have in all of the different sizes of rocks in streams?
Before Shaking the Jar
(Control)
Number of rocks _____
Rock measures ____ cm
Water looks…
After Shaking the Jar
(Test)
Number of rocks ______
Rock measures ____ cm
Water looks…
Data Table
PhysicalWeatheringhttp://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/project/index.html
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Erosion
• Erosion is the movement of sediments from one place to another. Water is the primary agent of erosion, though wind and glacier ice also contribute .
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Essential Lab # 9 Benchmarks• SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences between physical weathering
(breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature change, and plants) and erosion (movement of rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice).
• SC.4.N.1.1 Rise questions about the natural world, use appropriate reference materials that support understanding to obtain information (identifying the source), conduct both individual and team investigations through free exploration and systematic investigations, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations.
• SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.
• SC.4.N.1.5 Compare the methods and results of investigations done by other classmates.
• SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the observations.
• SC.4.N.1.7 Recognize and explain that scientists base their explanations on evidence.
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ESSENTIAL LAB # 9: WEATHERING AND EROSION
1. How do you think the Grand Canyon was formed?
2. Why do you think it has gotten deeper and wider over time?
3. How long do you think it took for the Grand Canyon to form?
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Station # 1: What happens when it rains on a sandy soil plain?
Station # 2: How does water erode a sandy mountain with no grass?
Station #3: How does grass affect water erosion on a mountain?
Station # 4: How does flowing water wear down and move rocks?
Station # 5: How can wind cause changes in rocks?
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Weathering and Erosion Stations
Lab Station Follow Up Questions:1. What is weathering?
2. In which part(s) of the stations did you observe weathering?
3. What is erosion?
4. In which part(s) of the stations did you observe erosion?
5. Comparing results from stations 2 and 3, what is a way to keep erosion from happening?
6. What is the most interesting discovery you made from these station activities?
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1) The agents of erosion include all except
_____________.
A) rock and rock fragments under the influence of gravity
B) currents such as wind, water, or ice flow
C) the breaking down of rock through
processes where no movement is involved
D) poor land uses such as deforestation and
unmanaged constructionDepartment of Mathematics and Science
FCAT 2.0 Question
FCAT 2.0 Question
2. What occurs when gravity pulls loose material down to the bottom of a slope in a sudden motion?
A) tsunami
B) flood
C) landslide
D) earthquake
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3. Weathering can be caused by ___________________.
A) canyons, caves, and landslides
B) rain, wind, and plant roots
C) rivers, mountains, and currents
D) tides, mice, and glaciers
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FCAT 2.0 Question
4. How did weathering and erosion form the
Grand Canyon?
A)Flooding caused landslides many years ago,
and the canyon was formed very quickly.
B) A great earthquake caused the a giant crack in
the earth, and the canyon was formed.
C) Many volcanoes in that area erupted, and the
lava caused the rocks to melt away. D) Rain, wind, and the river cut into the rock and soil, removed it, and slowly formed the canyon.
FCAT 2.0 Question
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Part Four: Earth’s Resources
Benchmarks
SC.4.E.6.3 Recognize that humans need resources found on Earth and that these are either renewable or nonrenewable.
SC.4.E.6.6 Identify resources available in Florida (water, phosphate, oil, limestone, silicon, wind, and solar energy).
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Earth’s Resources
What are some of Earth’s natural resources??
Water
Plants
Sun
Air
Wind
Minerals
rocks
Land
Soil
Oil
Coal
Animals
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What resources are found in Florida ?
Florida has many natural resources:
Beaches
Oil
Citrus
Water
Solar Energy
Pine Forests
Cattle
Phosphate
Limestone
Reefs
What are someRenewable Resources?
The sun is a renewable resource.
Energy from the sun is never used up.
Water is a renewable natural resource.
It evaporates from the oceans, precipitates in the form of rain and snow, and flows through rivers and streams back to the oceans. Plants are renewable because plants can grow more plants. Seeds grow into plants that bear flowers. These flowers, when fertilized, produce seeds that grow into new plants.
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What are Florida’s Renewable Resources?
Renewable Resources
Oranges
Sources o
f
Water
Wind
Solar Energy
Why are renewable resources important to us?
• Renewable resources can be recreated, although some, like trees, may take more time to renew than we can wait.
• Nonrenewable resources can be used up.
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What are Nonrenewable Resources?They are resources that formed over millions of years. They can not be made again in our children or our grandchildren’s lifetimes.There is a limited supply of these resources and people are using them faster than they can be replaced.
What are some examples? fossil fuels: •natural gas•crude oil•coalMinerals:•aluminum•silver•iron
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What are Florida’s Nonrenewable Resources?
Oil Phosphate
Limestone
Nonrenewable
Silicon
1. What are they used for? 2. Are any of them sources of energy?
Limestone is a nonrenewable Florida Resource
• building and landscape materials
• materials used in road construction
• cement manufacturing
*Bonus questions:
What type of rock is limestone?
Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
How do sedimentary rocks form?
Things that are made from Limestone:
What are examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources?
• Some renewable resources include:
sunlight, water, wind, soil, and trees
• Some nonrenewable resources include:
coal, oil, and natural gas
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Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills!Variables (Things that can change.):
____________ _____________ _____________
Variable I will change (Test/Independent/Manipulated):
___________________
Testable question (Problem Statement):
______________________________________________
This is a fair test because________________________
_____________________________________________
Hypothesis:
______________________________________________
Procedures:
Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills!Test Number Number
of BladesShape
of BladesPitch (angle)
of BladesAverage Number of Spins in 1 Min.
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Data :
What are the differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources?
•Nonrenewable resources are resources that cannot be replaced in a short amount of time. •Unlike renewable resources, it is possible for humans to use up all of the nonrenewable resources in the world.•A renewable resource is a resource that humans are not likely to run out of. •Wind is a renewable resource because the wind will always continue to blow on Earth. •Trees are a renewable resource because they can be planted and grown in a short amount of time. Department of Mathematics and Science
Saving Resources The world doesn’t have an endless supply of
natural resources. We have to make our natural resources last longer. The wise use and protection of natural resources is called conservation.
ReuseRecycle
Reduce
Ride your
bicycle instead
of driving
Turn off the water while you brush your teeth
Use cloth
shopping bags
Turn off lights when you
leave a room
Buy recycled products
Recycle aluminum cans
Energy Conservation
What can we do?
•We can use resources wisely.
•We can reduce, reuse, an recycle.
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FCAT Review
1. Earth will eventually run out of certain kinds of energy resources. These are called nonrenewable energy resources. Which answer lists ONLY nonrenewable energy resources?
A.solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric
B.natural gas, wind, and water
C.gasoline, solar, and nuclear
D.coal, oil, and natural gas
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FCAT Review
2. In Florida, limestone mining produces over 153 million tons of products a year, including concrete, asphalt, and cement.Which of the following best describes how limestone mining should be handled in Florida? A.It should be restricted, because some people have a toxic reaction to limestone products.B.It should be restricted, because there is only a limited amount of limestone available. C.It does not need to be restricted, because new deposits of limestone can be discovered and used.D.It does not need to be restricted, because limestone can be easily replaced as sediment is compacted.
FCAT Review
3. It is important to develop renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. What is the advantage of using these resources, instead of using fossil fuels?
A.They make more energy than fossil fuels.B.They are cheaper to maintain than fossil fuels.C.They cannot be depleted or used up, like fossil fuels. D.They do not depend on weather conditions, like fossil fuels.
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