designing design research - think:design · (visual representations, visual narratives,...

designing the design research>> eleonora lupo | eleonora.lupo@polimi.it

“…crea e plasma qualcosa che sia tuo per sempre…”

>> what is design

> Herbert Simon definisce come design il processo attraversocui :…[devise] courses of action aimed at changing existingsituations into preferred ones…[Simon, H., The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998, p.112]

>> what is design

> la definizione di Ken Friedman

…Design involves creating something new or transforming aless desiderable situation to a preferred situation. To do this,designers must know how things works and why. Understanding how thing works and why requires explanation, and it sometimes requires prediction. To explain and predict, we must construct and test theories…[Friedman,K., Theory Construction in Design Research. Criteria, Approaches, and Methods, in Durling, D., eShackleton, J.(a cura di), Common Ground. Proceedings of the Design Research Society International Conference at Brunel University, September 5-7, 2002, Staffordshire University Press, Stoke on Trent-UK, 2000]

>> what is design

> la definizione di Tomas Maldonado

…progettare la forma significa coordinare, integrare e articolaretutti quei fattori che, in un modo o nell’altro, partecipano al processo costitutivo della forma del prodotto. E, piùprecisamente, si allude tanto ai fattori relativi all’uso, alla fruizione e al consumo individuale o sociale del prodotto (fattori funzionali, simbolici o culturali) quanto a quelli relativi alla sua produzione (fattori tecnico-economici, fattori tecnico-costruttivi, fattori tecnico-sistemici, fattori tecnico-produttivi e fattori tecnico-distributivi)…[Maldonado, T., Disegno Industriale: un riesame, Feltrinelli, Milano,1991, p.12]

>> what is design

> design è innovazione

INNOVAZIONE

DIMENSIONE ECONOMICA

DIMENSIONE TECNICO-SCIENTIFICA

DIMENSIONE STORICO-SOCIALE

>> what is design

> la tassonomia dell’innovazione

cambiamenti del paradigma tecno-economicocambiamenti del sistema tecnologico

innovazione radicaleinnovazione incrementale

[Freeman, C., e Perez, C., Structural crises of adjustment: business cycles, in Dosi, G. (a cura di ),Technical change and economic theory, Pinter, Londra, 1988]

>> designerly way of knowing (Cross, 2000)

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

dominio della pratica

dominio della teoria

ARTI APPLICATE E CREATIVE

TECNOLOGIA E INGEGNERIA

SCIENZENATURALI

HUMANITIES E ARTI LIBERALI

SCIENZESOCIALI

SERVIZI E PROFESSIONIUMANE

>> designerly way of thinking (Cross, 1982)

• designers tackle ‘ill-defined’ problems• their mode of problem-solving is ‘solution-focused’• their mode of thinking is ‘constructive’• they use ‘codes’ that translate abstract requirements intoconcrete objects• they use these codes to both ‘read’ and ‘write’ in ‘object languages’

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

>> what is research

> Friedman taxonomy:

• basic research• applied research• clinical research• exploratory research• testing out research• problem solving research• doctoral research[Friedman,K., Theory Construction in Design Research. Criteria, Approaches, and Methods, in Durling, D., eShackleton, J.(a cura di), Common Ground. Proceedings of the Design Research Society International Conference at Brunel University, September 5-7, 2002, Staffordshire University Press, Stoke on Trent-UK, 2000]

>> what is a design research

> campi della ricerca di design (Cross, 2000):

[Cross, N., Designerly ways of knowing: design discipline versus design science, in Pizzocaro, S., Arruda, A., e De Moraes, D. ( a cura di), Design Plus Research, Proceedings of the Conference at Politecnico di Milano,May18-20, 2000, Milano, 2000]

FONTI DELLA CONOSCENZA

CAMPI DELLARICERCA

utenti processi prodotti

epistemologia prassiologia fenomenologia

>> typologies of design research

> qualitative vs quantitative

qualitative research implies an emphasis on the qualities ofentities and on processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured

quantitative research emphasizes the measurement and analysisof causal relationships between variables, in terms of quantity,amount, intensity or frequency.both approaches are used in design research but the qualitative one is the dominantin most of the cases[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research

> approaches

sciences and humanities research approach

• systematic and methodical approach to research• training in ‘academic’ research[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research

> approaches

practice-based approach

• action research through design practice• training in ‘situated’ research[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> typologies of design research

> approaches

practice-centered approach

• product development processes and methods• training in ‘professional practice’ research[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methodologies of design research

“[…] comprises the skills, assumptions, enactments,and material practices that the researcher-asmethodological-bricoleur uses in moving from a paradigm and a research designto the collection ofempirical materials.”

“[…] connects researchers to specific approaches andmethods for collecting empirical materials.”[ Denzin and Lincoln, 2000 ]

>> methodologies of design research

> paradigms (ontology and epistemology of the reserach)

• positivism• critical theory (Cultural Studies; Feminism; Marxist models; etc.)• constructivism (the most used in design research)• participatory (recently introduced in design research)[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> strategies of design research

. Ethnography

. Case studies

. Performance ethnography

. Historiography

. Life History

. Testimonio

. Phenomenology

. Ethnomethodology

. Grounded Theory

. Participatory Action Research

. Clinical research[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methods of design research

• collection methods (tools for the collection of empirical materials)• analysis methods• interpretation methods[Fatina Saikaly Ph.D. Thesis 2004 ]

>> methods of design research*COLLECTION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION

• interview (structured, open), focus group• obsevational methods• interpretation of documents and material culture (texts, records, cultural artifacts, etc.)• visual methods(visual representations, visual narratives,photography, motion pictures, virtual reality, video recording etc.)• researcher as subject

• content analysis(quantitative approach tomedia studies)• swot analisys• semiotics (structural tradition in literary criticism)• narrative (discourse analysis with the recent poststructural development ininterpretive theory)• reports, descriptions of data

• linguistic tradition (text as an object of analysis itself)• sociological approach(text as a window into human experience)• visual approach (semantic maps, processes modeling)

* The list is not meant to be inclusive of all possibilities.

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• apply the methods

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• apply the methods• collects the findings

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• apply the methods• collects the findings• articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education)

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• apply the methods• collects the findings• articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education)• frame the appropriate theoretical contexts

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• apply the methods• collects the findings• articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education)• frame the appropriate theoretical contexts• explain the limits of the research

>> structure of design research

> process• identify an area of interest• articulate a research question• place the question in a wider context of inquiry• examinate what others have done to explore the question• explain the findings of prior researchs• identify appropriate research methodology and methods• explain and apply the methods• collects the findings• articulate the findings /place the findings in a wider academic discourse (contributes in design knowledge, practice, education)• frame the appropriate theoretical contexts• explain the limits of the research• suggest the further work to be done

>> structure of design research

> index

IMRAD system

• introduction (what)• methods (how)• results (findings)• discussion (meaning)

>> structure of design research

> in detail:

• introduction/ abstract • motivation and aims for the research• problematic questions• background knowledge (literature survey)• focal knowledge • contribution /results• process description and explanation• methodology description and explanation• discussion• conclusion

>> esempio

phd research in design driven processes for Cultural Heritage valorisationEleonora Lupo | Facoltà del Design I Politecnico di Milano

>> esempio

> struttura

>> esempio

>metodologia

>> esempio

> metodi e strumenti

>> esempio

> metodi e strumenti

Documenti di progettoCalendario attività

organizzativi

FINALITA’TIPOLOGIA

QuestionariTest usabilità

•Griglia di posizionamento soluzioni di progetto•Posters•Sito web e piattaforme di progettazione• processes modeling

•Mappe e diagrammi di visualizzazione soluzioni e scenari di progetto• mappa semantica: (verbale ed iconica) di visualizzazione di elementi di progetto • Story board, selfreport, rappresentazioni di profili utente

•Dossier di analisi del contesto• Interviste, survey, rilievo• report etnograficitecniche foto e

video• SWOT analisi• casi studio

progettuali

comunicazione /condivisione

•Modelli di lettura Approcci: user centred design

analisi

Format e Grafici di valutazione processo

metodologici

verificavisualizzazioneSTRUMENTI

Grazie>> eleonora lupo | eleonora.lupo@polimi.it