distributed cognition how a cockpit remembers its speeds edwin hutchins how a cockpit remembers its...
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Distributed CognitionDistributed CognitionHow a Cockpit Remembers Its
SpeedsEdwin Hutchins
How a Cockpit Remembers Its Speeds
Edwin Hutchins
Classical Cognitive Science
Classical Cognitive Science
Thinking about thinkingMental processesIndividual human agentHow information is represented
TransformedCombinedPropagated
Nature of knowledge
Thinking about thinkingMental processesIndividual human agentHow information is represented
TransformedCombinedPropagated
Nature of knowledge
Distributed CognitionDistributed Cognition
Unit of analysisProcesses within systemRepresentations
ExternalInternal
Unit of analysisProcesses within systemRepresentations
ExternalInternal
Cognitive SystemsCognitive Systems
OrganizationsRole of material mediaPhysical processes
Human actorsMaterial mediaInteractions
Explicit nature of environment
OrganizationsRole of material mediaPhysical processes
Human actorsMaterial mediaInteractions
Explicit nature of environment
Context: MD-80 CockpitContext: MD-80 Cockpit
Representations inside cockpit system
External to pilotsProcedure = behavioral propertiesConstraint-basedWorkers-finish-design
Representations inside cockpit system
External to pilotsProcedure = behavioral propertiesConstraint-basedWorkers-finish-design
Task: Memory TaskTask: Memory Task
Remembrance of speedsFor subsequent use For proper & safe
Initial descentApproach to landInstrument landing
Remembrance of speedsFor subsequent use For proper & safe
Initial descentApproach to landInstrument landing
Artifacts: Wing ShapeArtifacts: Wing Shape
Artifacts: Speed Card & Fuel
Artifacts: Speed Card & Fuel
Artifacts: ASI & Speed Bugs
Artifacts: ASI & Speed Bugs
Actors: Pilot RolesActors: Pilot Roles
Two pilots/stationsComplete dual-flight instrumentationsPilot Flying (PF)Pilot Not Flying (PNF)
Two pilots/stationsComplete dual-flight instrumentationsPilot Flying (PF)Pilot Not Flying (PNF)
Process DescriptionProcess Description
Prepare landing data (20 - 30 min. out)Determine gross weight (Fuel Qty)Find correct speed card (2000 lb. incr)Post speed cardSet speed bugs on both ASIs
Descent - slow plane & configure wingsFinal approach to land - Vref
[Cross-checks & verbal communication]
Prepare landing data (20 - 30 min. out)Determine gross weight (Fuel Qty)Find correct speed card (2000 lb. incr)Post speed cardSet speed bugs on both ASIs
Descent - slow plane & configure wingsFinal approach to land - Vref
[Cross-checks & verbal communication]
Cognitive Description-External
Cognitive Description-External
How are speeds represented?How are representations
Transformed,Processed,Coordinated?
How does the system’s memory work?
How are speeds represented?How are representations
Transformed,Processed,Coordinated?
How does the system’s memory work?
Observable Representations
Observable Representations
Gross-weight display (Fuel Qty)Speed card bookletASIs & speed bugsSpeed-select of Flight DirectorVerbal exchanges between pilots
Setting bugsCross-checksCall-outs /progress reports
Gross-weight display (Fuel Qty)Speed card bookletASIs & speed bugsSpeed-select of Flight DirectorVerbal exchanges between pilots
Setting bugsCross-checksCall-outs /progress reports
Additional RepresentationsAdditional Representations
Memory of each pilotIndividual considered as part of
systemMedia in the cockpit
Task environment forms memoryInternal representations
Memory of each pilotIndividual considered as part of
systemMedia in the cockpit
Task environment forms memoryInternal representations
Speed Card & Gross Weight
Speed Card & Gross Weight
Long-term memoryGross weightAppropriate speeds
Functionally durableFiltered information
Correct weight = correct speedsDistributed access
Social spaceKnowledge
Long-term memoryGross weightAppropriate speeds
Functionally durableFiltered information
Correct weight = correct speedsDistributed access
Social spaceKnowledge
Distribution & TransformationDistribution &
TransformationTransformations of representations
Verbal (as relayed between PNF & PF)Via speed bug settings
Cross-checking & redundancyTime-critical procedure indications
Transformations of representationsVerbal (as relayed between PNF & PF)Via speed bug settings
Cross-checking & redundancyTime-critical procedure indications
Configuration ChangesConfiguration Changes
Speed determinedATC instructionPosition in approach
ASI needle nears appropriate bugPF calls for flap/slat configurationPNF configures flaps/slatsVerification & cross-checks
(with speed card)
Speed determinedATC instructionPosition in approach
ASI needle nears appropriate bugPF calls for flap/slat configurationPNF configures flaps/slatsVerification & cross-checks
(with speed card)
Salmon Speed BugSalmon Speed Bug
Final approach speed reference (Vref)
Spatial relation with ASI needlePF to track speedPNF to determine deviations
Verbal representation of call-outsLightens demand on visual load of PF
Final approach speed reference (Vref)
Spatial relation with ASI needlePF to track speedPNF to determine deviations
Verbal representation of call-outsLightens demand on visual load of PF
External Representations Summary
External Representations Summary
Speed bugs Resource for later processesDurable working memory
Coordinated representationsVerbalSpeed card/fuel qtyConfigurations
“System memory”
Speed bugs Resource for later processesDurable working memory
Coordinated representationsVerbalSpeed card/fuel qtyConfigurations
“System memory”
Cognitive Description-Internal
Cognitive Description-Internal
Cognitive tasks of pilotsTask specification
Not procedural recountProvide constraints on useable
RepresentationsProcesses
Interpretation not recallFunction in system memory
Cognitive tasks of pilotsTask specification
Not procedural recountProvide constraints on useable
RepresentationsProcesses
Interpretation not recallFunction in system memory
Speed Card & Gross Weight
Speed Card & Gross Weight
Pattern matchingImplicit learningInternal structure for prediction
Interpret valuesCard designWorking memory
Setting bugs - varied sequences
Pattern matchingImplicit learningInternal structure for prediction
Interpret valuesCard designWorking memory
Setting bugs - varied sequences
Configuration Change Bugs
Configuration Change Bugs
Numerical relationsSpatial positionSpace of speeds
“Configuration zones”Superimposing representationsFunctional systems
Numerical relationsSpatial positionSpace of speeds
“Configuration zones”Superimposing representationsFunctional systems
Configuration ZonesConfiguration Zones
Salmon Speed BugSalmon Speed Bug
Numerical relationScale of ASI and need positioning
Spatial proximityScale-reading task
Base of salmon bugVerbal call-out - aural cue
Numerical relationScale of ASI and need positioning
Spatial proximityScale-reading task
Base of salmon bugVerbal call-out - aural cue
Notion of MemoryNotion of Memory
Traditionally a psychological functionA series of tasks in a functional system
Recognition & recallPattern matchingCross-modal transformations
Distributed Among human agentsBetween human agentsTransformed external representations
Traditionally a psychological functionA series of tasks in a functional system
Recognition & recallPattern matchingCross-modal transformations
Distributed Among human agentsBetween human agentsTransformed external representations
Workers Finish the DesignWorkers Finish the Design
Provides constraints and artifactsSalmon bug
Engineer’s designEase of locationEase of interpolation
Pilot’s useDetermine 5-kt. deviationsNot anticipated by designer (engineer)
Provides constraints and artifactsSalmon bug
Engineer’s designEase of locationEase of interpolation
Pilot’s useDetermine 5-kt. deviationsNot anticipated by designer (engineer)
Cockpit as Cognitive System
Cockpit as Cognitive System
Unit of analysisTransforms & propagates
informationUse of representationsNotion of memory taskRedundant & robust
Unit of analysisTransforms & propagates
informationUse of representationsNotion of memory taskRedundant & robust
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