dr. eduardo fano - research supporting the infection chain in improving disease management

Research supporting the Infection Chain TM

in improving disease management

Eduardo Fano, Edgar Diaz, Brian Payne

Where to target for improved disease management

• Minimize Exposure

• Biosecurity

• Flow management

• Antimicrobials

• Maximize Immunity

• Vaccination

• Acclimation

• Lactation management

• Proper nutrition

Exposure

Immunity

Results of improving disease management

• If successful at improving disease management

• Fewer clinical signs

• Respiratory, enteric, reproductive

• Improved production parameters

• Therefore, economic improvements

• Decrease in treatments

• Individual injections

• Mass treatments

11 April 20233

Gilt Source

Gilt Developme

ntSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

Infection/Prevention Chain TM – Whole Herd Approach

The Whole Herd Approach (System)

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Vertical Transmission Management

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT-------------HT

VT

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------------HT

HT: Horizontal TransmissionVT: Vertical transmission

Previous research supporting the “Infection Chain” concept

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Examples where the industry has adoptedthe Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ Ascarids

E. coli

Rotavirus

Clostridium

Bordetella

Pasteurella

APP

PRRS

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Examples where the industry has widely adoptedthe Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ Ascarids

Sow Vaccination

Piglet Medication

Early Weaning

Minimizing Sow ExcretionSow Medication

Maximizing Sow Immunity

Minimizing colonization

Minimizing colonization

Minimizing Vertical transmission

Minimizing Horizontal transmission

InterventionObjective Epidemiological effect

Understanding and affecting the pathogen’s transmission-infection partial chain

MEW: Early vertical transmission work

Streptococcus sp

H. parasuis

PRRS

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Examples where the industry has started to adoptedthe Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ PRRS instability in the breeding herd

Defined as evidence of PRRSv circulation and transmission vertically and/or horizontally

Can cause reproductive problems w/ biologic & economic impact

Can lead to weaning of PRRSv positive piglets w/ biologic & economic impactPRRSv Control or Elimination; D.Holtkamp,

George Young Conf., 2012Assessment of economic impact of PRRSv

on U.S. pork producers; D. Holtkamp et.al., JSHAP, 2013

Where we need to widely adopt:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

There is so much evidence on the importance of Infection Chain™ in the role of downstream health effects in pigs in regards to

However, as an industry we poorly handle M. hyopneumoniae and quickly forget how important the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ are for managing the disease in pigs

M. hyopneumoniae will be addressed in detail during the next presentation

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The most logical next diseases to attempt to apply the Infection Chain™ and Prevention Chain™ concept™PCV2

PCV2 Infection Chain™

Darin Madson – AASV 2012

2 of Darin’s Take homes.

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Sows to pigs

Non-acclimated sows to gilts

A systematic whole herd approach (Infection/Prevention

Chain TM) to control swine respiratory diseases

Eduardo Fano, Edgar Diaz, Brian Payne

Piglet Approach System Approach

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

1.- Production Chain

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

2.- Infection Chain

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT-------------HT

VT

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------------HT

The Whole Herd Approach

HT: Horizontal TransmissionVT: Vertical transmission

Gilt Source

Gilt Developme

ntSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

3.- Prevention – Piglet Approach

Vaccination

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

3. Prevention – Piglet Approach

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT-------------HT

VT

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------------HT

Vaccination

Whole herd infection pressureOnly Piglet immunizationNo accomplishment of Minimizing exposure

HT: Horizontal TransmissionVT: Vertical transmission

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

4.- Prevention – Whole Herd Approach (System)

The Whole Herd Approach (System)

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Vertical Transmission Management

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

5.- Infection/Prevention Chain – Whole Herd Approach

The Whole Herd Approach (System)

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Vertical Transmission Management

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT-------------HT

VT

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------------HT

HT: Horizontal TransmissionVT: Vertical transmission

The M. hyopneumoniae infection chain

• Clinically Mhyo associated respiratory disease in growing- finishing units

• Nursery piglets exposure

• Prevalence at weaning

• Sow herd instability/Vertical transmission

• Gilt Mhyo management

Level 1

Replacement animals

Gilts as risk factor for Respiratory disease

• Maes et al, 1999. Risk indicators for the seroprevalence of  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine influenza viruses and Aujeszky's disease virus in slaughter pigs from fattening pig herds.

• Maes et al., 2000. Herd factors associated with the seroprevalences of four major respiratory pathogens in slaughter pigs from farrow-to-finish pig herds.

• Meyns T et al., 2011. A cross-sectional study of risk factors associated with pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter

• Nathues H, 2012. Herd specific risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumonie infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning.

Persistence of M. hyopneumoniae

Principals (Inoculated)

Sentinels (14 days Exposure time)

• Introduction of replacement gilts into the breeding herd

• This could results in a continuous infection

• This process probably leads to a high prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae.

• Perpetuating the disease in the breeding herd

Level 2

Sow herd

Mhyo sow herd infection dynamics = Vertical transmission rate = Prevalence in piglets at weaning

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Average

Groups

Pre

vale

nce

(%)

Fano et al., 2007

Parity distribution as a potential factor

Group # A (1-2)B (3-

4)C (>

5)

1 59.9 20.51 20.51

2 46.15 17.94 38.89

3 38.46 28.2 33.3

4 38.46 30.7 30.7

5 53.84 20.51 25.64

6 48.7 30.7 20.51

7 46.15 25.64 28.2

8 35.89 43.58 20.51

9 25.64 46.15 28.2

10 30.7 38.89 33.3

11 28.2 38.46 30.7

Average 41.10 31.03 28.22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Avera

ge

Groups

%

A (1-2)

B (3-4)

C (> 5)

Level 2

Sow herd

Level 3

Wean to finish pigs

Vertical transmission

Vertical Transmission/Horizontal Transmission

Only one event: Infection Chain

Pre weaningExposure

NurseryExposure

FinishingExposureand clinical disease

Infective sows

Vertical Transmi

ssion

Negative Gilts

Sow Herd

Infection Pressure

Active shedding Gilts

Piglet Day 0

Prevalence of Mhyo in piglets at weaning Initial prevalence

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Groups

%

* Fano et al., 2007

0 20 40 60

0

5

10

15

Ave

rage

Lung L

esio

n S

core

Prevalence at weaning (N-PCR, Nasal)

R-squared= 0.5304, P-Value= 0.0009

C1

C2

* Fano et al., 2007

Correlation of prevalence at weaning with severity of the disease in finishing

populations

11 April 2023PLEASE INSERT Presentation title 42

Level 3

Wean to finish pigs

Agent spread: Nursery and Finishing

Prevalence at weaning constitutes the initial microbial load of the piglet batch

This will growth by horizontal (internal) and/or lateral (external: next barn or next

farm) transmission.This is a slow process and would take until

finishing to show clinical manifestation on the population

Proper pig flowPiglet Vaccination

Proper and moderated medication

The order of the epidemiological events

Sow herd Infection pressure

Vertical transmission

Prevalence at weaning

Nursery piglets exposure

Finishing pigs disease

0 20 40 60

0

5

10

15

A

vera

ge

Lung L

esio

n S

core

Prevalence at weaning (N-PCR, Nasal)

R-squared= 0.5304, P-Value= 0.0009

C1

C2

* Fano et al., 2007

Vaccinated piglets and “lack of efficacy of the vaccine”

Vaccinated piglets and “No lack of vaccine efficacy compliance”

Piglet Vaccination Challenge: Vertical/Horizontal

Gilt Source

Gilt Developm

entSow Herd

FarrowingPiglets Rearing

Wean to Finish

OutputMarket

Infection/Prevention Chain TM – Whole Herd Approach

The Whole Herd Approach (System)

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Minimize Exposure andMaximize immunity

Vertical Transmission Management

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT-------------HT

VT

HT -------------HT---------------HT--------------HT---------------HT

HT: Horizontal TransmissionVT: Vertical transmission

Conclusions

• Minimizing Exposure– Gilt Management– Sow herd stability– Pig flow– Immunity

• Maximizing Immunity– Natural exposure– Vaccination to modulate clinical impact