drainsandsewers unit7 by k r thanki
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Sub.: WATER SUPPLY And SANITARY ENGINEERING (3350603)
UNIT -VII
Prepared By:
K.R.THANKI(BE Civil)
LECTURER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTGOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC ,
JUNAGADH,GUJARAT-INDIA.
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Classification of drains:
Drains
Based on shapes
Rectangular
Semi circular
Vee Shaped
U Shaped
Based on C/s area and Drainage
carrying capacity
Type I to XII According to Punjab State Cement
Concrete Drains
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Classification of drains:
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Depending upon shape of Drains
Rectangular Drain Semi circular Drain
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Depending upon shape of Drains
Classification of drains:
U shaped Drain Vee shaped Drain
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Depending upon discharge carrying capacities and c/s area Concrete drains are classified as Type I, Type II,…..Type XII
Out of these 12 types Type I to Type VI are mostly used.
Discharge is calculate by Crimp and Bruges formula.
Classification of drains:
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Classification of drains:
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
Type I
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Classification of drains:
Type II
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
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Classification of drains:
Type III
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
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Classification of drains:
Type IV
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
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Classification of drains:
Type V
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
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Classification of drains:
Type VI
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
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Classification of drains:
Depending upon C/s area and Drainage carrying capacity
HYDRAULIC DATAS OF DRAINS
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Sewers:
The Underground conduits or drains through which sewage isconveyed is known as SEWERS.
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Classification of Sewers:
SEWERS
According to materials
According to sections
Circular Cross Section
Non Circular Cross section
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Classification of Sewers:
According to materials1. Asbestos cement pipes
2. Cast Iron pipes
3. RCC pipes
4. Corrugated Iron pipe
5. Plastic Pipes
6. Steel Pipes
7. Stone ware Pipes
8. PVC Pipes
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Circular Sections
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsRectangular Section
Horse shoe section
Egg-shaped section
U shaped
Parabolic cross section
Semi elliptical section
Semi circular Section
Basket handle section
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Rectangular Section
Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular Sections
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsHorse shoe section
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsEgg-shaped section
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsU shaped
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsSemi elliptical section
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsSemi circular Section
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Classification of Sewers:
According to Non-Circular SectionsBasket handle section
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Manholes:
Manhole:The construction made to connect
the ground level with the hole oropening made in the sewer line sothat a man can easily ,convenientlyand safely enter through it andcarry out the usual maintenanceoperations.
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Manholes:
Typical R.C.C cross section
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Manholes:
Access to sewer by shaft
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Manholes:
Typical R.C.C cross section
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Manholes:
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Classification of Manholes:
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ManholesSpecific types
Based on depth
Shallow manholes
Normal manholes
Deep manholes
Based on location
Straight manhole
Junction manholes
Sole entance manholes
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Classification of Manholes:
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According to Depth of manholes
1.Shallow manholesDepth of these types are about 75 to 90 cm
These type of manholes are also known as
Inspection chambers.
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Classification of Manholes:
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According to Depth of manholes
2.Normal manholesDepth of these types are about 150cm
These type of manholes are normally of size 100*100cm ----square
oR100*80 cm…………… rectangular
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Classification of Manholes:
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According to Depth of manholes
3.Deep manholesDepth of these types are about more than
150cm
In these types offsets are given.
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Classification of Manholes:
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According to Depth of manholes
3.Deep manholes
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Classification of Manholes:
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According to location of manholes1. Straight manholes
These are straight and lined according tosewer pipes.
2. Junction manholeTwo or more than two sewers are meet atone point at that time these manhole isused.
3. Sole entance manholeswhen ever large sewers are used and directvertical acess is used at that time this kind ofmanhole is used.
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Classification of Manholes:
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Specific type of manholes
Drop manholes:
Manholes which drop the level of invertof incoming sewer by providing a vertical
shaft are known as drop manholes.
Vertical difference between branch line and
main line is normally 50 to 60 cm.Whenever inclined system of 45° is used
instead of vertical pipe then it is known
as ramp.
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Classification of Manholes:
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Specific type of manholes
Drop manholes:
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Classification of Manholes:
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Specific type of manholes
Drop manholes:
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Uses of Manholes:
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To inspect sewers.
To connect main line to various branch lines.
To give direction and alignment to sewers.
To release gases generated in sewer lines.
To maintain sewer lines regularly.
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Flushing Tanks
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Flushing tanks:When ever sufficient slope can not be
arrange to maintain self cleaning velocity then flushing tank is use to clean sewer.
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Flushing Tanks
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Types of Flushing tanks:
Manually operated
Automatically operated
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Flushing Tanks
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Manually operated Flushing tanks:
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Flushing Tanks
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Automatically operated Flushing tanks:
This kind of flushing tanks works on
Siphonic principal.The capacity of these tanks is usually 900
to 1400 liters.And it is adjust such a way as to work twice
a day depending on the quantitydeposites in the sewer and size ofsewers.
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Flushing Tanks
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Automatically operated Flushing tanks:
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Flushing Tanks
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Different sizes Flushing tanks:
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Catch basin
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It is a structure in the form of a chamberwhich is provided along the sewer line toadmit clear rain water free from silt, gritetc. in to the combined sewer.
It’s another objective is to retain gaseswhich are produces at sewers.
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Catch basin
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Setting out sewer gradient:
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Sight rails(horizontal boards) fixed on piller.
The center line of sewer is marked onsightrail and small nails fixed on thesightrails fixed on the position of centerline.
Sight rails are usually fixed at 7.5 m centerto center spacing and also at alljunctions and change of gradient.
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Setting out sewer gradient:
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Now a strong wire is stretched betweenthe nails fixed on sight rails. This line liesin the vertical plane passing through thecenter line of the sewer.
Now use boning rods using plumb bob theline and grade to the sewer line can bemeasured.
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Setting out sewer gradient:
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lamphole:
Use of lamphole is there whenevermanhole can not be constructed formaintain sewers.
It is a vertical shaft of 20to 30 cm dia. Is
connected to sewer by T- bent.Actually these kind of lampholes are
obsolete now a days.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Sewer appurtenances:
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lamphole:
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Kerb and Channel drains:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Street inlets or gullies:
Whenever streets meet at junction at thatplace street inlets are provided.
Whenever street is longer than 200 m thenstreet inlets are provided between thestreet.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Street inlets or gullies:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Inverted siphons:
Whenever railway line or other linescrosses the sewer line at that place it isused.
Whenever flow of hydraulic gradient line flis higher than flow line at that place thissiphons are used.
Use of this siphons is to pass sewer linebetween obstacals.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Inverted siphons:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Overflow weirs:
Whenever Discharge of rainwater increseat that place it is used.
It also used to divert sewer flow.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Overflow weirs:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Leaping weir:
Whenever quantity of rainwater is more(overflow)at that place to dischargesewer quickly it is used.
It also used to divert sewer flow.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Leaping weir:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Ventilating shaft:
Whenever there is more sunlight nearer tosewer line then at distance of 60 to 150m it is used.
It protect the sewer to become air lock andit also provide fresh air at the time ofmaintance.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Ventilating shaft:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Junction chamber:
When there are two or more large sewersmeet at a point at that time junctionchamber is more suitable instead ofmanhole.
One can reduce turbulence effect by usingjunction chamber instead of manhole.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Junction chamber:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Grease chamber:
When grease or oil are insert in the sewerat that place it is used.
It also helps to reduce skimming of oil andgrease.
Sewer appurtenances:
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Grease chamber:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Grit chamber:
Grit chamber is use to protect sewer from inserting grit, sand , gravel, etc..
Sewer appurtenances:
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Grit chamber:
Sewer appurtenances:
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Maintance of sewers:
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Types of Bio-Gas plants:
Bio-Gas Plant:
Bio-Gas plants
Janta ModelKVIC Model
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Khadi and Village Industries Commission
It consist four main parts:₪ Mixer or inlet tank₪ Digestor₪ Gas Holder₪ Outlet tank
Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC Model
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC Model
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC Model
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC ModelRecommended Areas:
Rural areas for households with livestock.
Compounds/communities with more thanone family or household who own atleast two cattle who could share adigester.
Areas where fuel for cooking/lighting isexpensive or in short supply
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC ModelDesign Components :
Masonry or steel digestion chamber.
Inlet port for loading animal excreta.
Connection to water seal / pour flushlatrine with inlet port for human excreta(optional).
Outlet for digested slurry.
Outlet port for generated gas.
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC Model
Operation and Maintenance :
The digester should be loaded on a dailybasis to operate effectively.
Kitchen and garden waste (organicmatter) can be added to the digester.Non-organic and solid materials shouldnot be put into the digester. The slurryproduced should be composted toreduce pathogens or safely disposed (e.g.buried).
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Bio-Gas Plant:
KVIC Model
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K.R
.TH
AN
KI
(BE
Civ
il)
THANK YOU………FOR ANY OTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTECT ME TO AND SHARE
YOUR IDEAS
Email : thankikrunal@yahoo.co.in
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