early industrialization in the north his 103. copyright 2000, bedford/st. martin's travel times...
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Transportation Revolution Turnpikes
built & operated by private companies (300 by 1810)
Mostly in New England & Middle States
Canals Erie Canal (1817-1825)
cut shipping costs from $100/ton to under $9/ton
Carried $15 million worth of freight annually
Delaware & Hudson Canal (1828) connected Pennsylvania coalfields to New York City
Transportation Routes, 1840Copyright 2000, Bedford./St. Martin’s
Transportation Revolution (cont.)
Steamships Robert Fulton & Robert
Livingston’s Clermont (1807) 1st successful commercial steamship
Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) that state licenses couldn’t invalidate federal ones
Packet service Black Ball Line (NYC –
Liverpool) was 1st (1818) 52 lines by 1845
Railroads Railroads take over beginning
in 1840s Baltimore & Ohio Railroad est.
in 1827 to compete against NYC & Erie Canal
3,328 miles of track by 1840 30,626 miles of track by 1860;
2/3 in the North Reduced transportation costs by
$150-175 million 1859: 2 billion tons shipped by
rail; 1.6 billion by canal
Panic of 1837 partly due to states’ heavy investment in railroads & canals
Railroads in 1860Copyright 2000, Bedford./St. Martin’s
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Charles Carroll laying the Corner-stone, July 4, 1828 Strap iron rails
Replica of Peter
Cooper’s “Tom
Thumb” engine
Communication Revolution U.S. Postal Service est. network of post offices
& post roads, & provided stage transportation 104,521 miles of post roads by 1829 Rates varied by mileage: 6 – 25 cents (1825-38)
Cheap printing Telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse invented it in 1832 1st commercial line established in 1844 between
Baltimore & Washington, D.C. Western Union & American Telegraph Co. created
national networks in the 1850s San Francisco connected by 1861
Two-Stage Process of Industrialization
1st Stage = Involution (1790s - 1820s) Intensification of local, traditional practices Merchants needed to introduce cash to bridge gap
between local barter economy & international cash/credit economy
Young, unmarried women take in “out-work”
2nd Stage = Revolution (1830s - 1860s) Long-distance, capitalist practices take over Merchants invest capital in new factories Young, unmarried women move to factories
Early Factories Samuel Slater est. 1st power loom
at Pawtucket, RI in Dec. 1790 Boston Manufacturing Co.
opened 1st full cotton textile factory at Waltham, Mass. in 1813
Woolen mills opened in Lowell (1830) & Lawrence (1845)
Conn. gunmakers Eli Whitney & Simeon North introduced use of machine-made interchangeable parts
Conversion from water to steam (powered by coal), 1830-50
Value of industrial products exceeded value of agricultural products for 1st time in 1859
Slater & his mill
No Marxist “Class Consciousness”
Work in factories offered independence from family control
Wages were low, & kept down by influx of cheaper immigrant labor
Factory workers insisted on middle-class identity as “producers”
Factory owners also claimed to be middle-class producers Many had been former master craftsmen Way of reducing class conflict
Fueled by Consumerism More widespread desire to
imitate genteel lifestyle Gentility now associated with
middle class, rather than aristocracy
Link between morality & respectability tied evangelicals to material culture
Factory goods seen as superior to, as well as cheaper than, home-made
Women played increasing role as consumers, creating “tastes” & “styles”
Ackerman FashionPlate, 1821
Changed Spatial & Social Relationships
Work separated from home Women less likely to learn & participate in business Instead, became moral guardians in domestic sphere
Production separated from management and retail space Located in different buildings, in different parts of city
Housing clustered around jobs, creating class segregation Had to live within walking distance of work Ethnic enclaves further segregate working class
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