earth materials eq:what materials compose the earth? classroom unsquared

EARTH MATERIALS

EQ:What materials compose the Earth?

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Earth Material’s Chemistry

Naturally-occurring elements and compounds are called minerals.

Naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, large deposits of single minerals, or organic materials are called rocks.

Properties of Minerals

Inorganic Crystalline or amorphous Chemical composition Luster (metallic or nonmetallic) Color Hardness (1-10 Moh’s scale) Streak (color of powdered mineral) Specific Gravity Special – magnetic, reacts with acid, ore

Mineralogy

•Silicates

Quartz group (SiO2) Ex. agate, jasper, chert, amethyst, opal

Olivine (Mg,Fe,Mn,Ni)2SiO4

Pyroxene (various -Si2O6 compounds, mostly Fe and Mg)

Amphibole (various –Si8O22 compounds)

Feldspar (various –Si3O8 compounds, mostly Ca, Na, K)

Garnet (various –SiO4 compounds)

Mica (various –AlSi3O10 compounds)

•Native elements Ex. Cu, Ag, Au, S, C (diamond or graphite)

•Sulfides Ex. FeS2 pyrite, PbS galena •Oxides Ex. Magnetite Fe3O4, cuprite Cu2O, hematite Fe2O3

•Halides Ex. NaCl Halite

•Carbonates Ex. CaCO3 calcite, limestone or azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2

•Sulfates Ex. CaSO4.2H2O gypsum

•Phosphates ( -PO4 compounds)

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Rocks (Petrology)•Types: Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary•Varying chemistry (minerals: natural compounds)•Varying textures

–Crystalline–Foliated–Clastic

•Varying structures–Strata–Massive–Cross-cutting

•Varying ages (relative and absolute age-dating)

–Sedimentary: when deposited– Igneous: age starts when freezes– Metamorphic: when altered by heat/pressure

Rock Texture: Crystalline

Thin Sections:

Dolomite (( Ca, Mg) CO3)

Granite (4 minerals)

Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary

Rock Texture: Foliated

Thin Sections:Phyllite

Schist

Metamorphic

Rock Texture: Clastic

Thin Sections:Sandstone (SiO2 -quartz)

Shale (quartz + clay minerals)

Sedimentary

Rock StructuresStrata (layers, bedding)

Sedimentary

StructureMassive

Igneous or sometimes Sedimentary

StructureDeformed strata or foliation

Sedimentary or Metamorphic

What are some online resources?

http://teacherfriendlyguide.org

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Home.jsp

http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0610/es0610page02.cfm