EQ:What is ecology?

Relationship or interactions and Interdependence among living organisms

EQ:How are living organisms organized in the biosphere?

Starting from: atomsmoleculescell parts

cellstissuesorganssystems

organisms/individuals populationcommunity

ecosystemsbiosphere

ECOLOGICAL METHODS (pp 68) ECOLOGICAL METHODS (pp 68)

There are 3 Types of ecological methods.

1. Observation & Questioning.

2. Experimentation-Used to test a hypothesis- to have dependent and independent variables and collect results.

3.Modeling-Used to craete a plan of the topic under study it because it is not possible to study it in the

classroom.

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

What is the role of decomposers? They break down dead organisms & recycle nutrients?

How are predators and prey populations related?

Food chain=1 link Food Web=Complex feeding interactions between food chains

ENERGY PYRAMID

How much Energy is transferred to the higher level?-10% How is energy lost? 90% How is energy lost…. as heat

Energy Pyramid

Ecological Pyramid-where are producers consumers & decomposers + what do they do?

Each energy level =Trophic level

base

Factors affecting Populations of organismspp.132

EQ: What are the ways population can be decreased? What are the ways populations can be increased?

Population increases

Population decreases

Immigration= Moving in

Emigration= moving out

Death Rate

Birth Rate

Limiting Factors in Population Growth

Population Growth Can be Limited by Competition

Density dependent

Predation Density dependent

Parasitism + Disease Density dependent

Natural disaster + Weather Density - independent

Chemical Sprays, Density - independent or dependent

Ecology Vocabulary Words 1.Biotic + abiotic pp.66 2.Producer + consumer pp 69-78 3.Autotrophs +heterotrophs pp.69-78 4.Herbivore+ carnivore +omnivore 5.First level, Second level,Third Level consumer pp. 77 6.Food chain +food web pp.73-74

7.Decomposers+detritivores+ scavenger pp.74

8.Phytoplankton + zooplankton pp.75-76

9. Trophic level + food pyramid pp 77

10.Photosyhthesis + Chemosynthesis pp.70

GROWTH CURVES -2types

• Exponential –J shaped Logistic-S shaped • No lack of resources , no predators

• No limit to growth & no competition CP occurs when resources.

• An organism in a New Environment become limited

* Example-Bacteria

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- WATER CYCLE All BGC transform the nutrients and matter into other substances…the cycles do not use up matter EQ: What processes return water to the atmosphere? EQ What processes increase water on the earth?

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES--CARBON CYCLE EQ: What are the processes that recycles Carbon through through the biosphere? Transpiration in not part of C-cycle.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES NITROGEN CYCLE pp.86 Read

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

• NUTRIENT LIMITATION /LIMITING NUTRIENT

Nutrients are chemicals needed by plants and animals like nitrogen phosphorous and Potassium.

• PP 86-On the Land-Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are the limiting nutrients.

• PP86-In Water-Nitrogen is limiting nutrient. • If Nitrogen is normally a limiting factor and there is a sudden excess of

Nitrogen-in aquatic areas from runoff from nearby farms

• First, algae begin to bloom…

• Then, they die, then decay.

• This uses the O2 in the water.

• O2 then becomes limiting

• Area becomes a dead zone as there is

no O2 for aquatic plants & animals

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION pp106-107

Primary & Secondary Succession. These differ in terms of

• Starting Point

• Time involved in recovery

• Biodiversity

• Pioneer species are the first species to inhabit the land in primary succession for example mosses and lichens

• Bare rock is just rocks with no nutrients vs Soil with organic material

Aquatic Ecosystems-Fresh water

Rivers & streams-

• Wetland-land under water, nutrient rich, they purify water by filtering nutrients

• Ex.bogs, swamps, marshes

Estuaries-A wetland where river or fresh water meets salt water/sea. Photosynthesis is high, producers are abundant, sunlight is good, therefore they are nursery ground for aquatic life ex. Everglades mangroves

BIODIVERSITY pp 166-172

*BIODIVERSITY-What is it and why is it important? Biodiversity can be Decreased by these Threats • Altered Habitats • Hunting Introduction of New Exotic species…this causes

natural species to be crowded, destroyed or eaten therefore reducing biodiversity.

• Pollution Biodiversity can be Increased/Conserved by • Protecting Individual Species/Endangered Lists • Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems • Ecological Hotspots • Considering Local Interests.

VOCABULARY WORDS 1.Biological Magnification pp161

This is the increase in concentration a

Toxic chemical , pollution that occurs in a

food chain as a consequence of persistence

(can't be broken down by

environmental processes)

Sustainable development 157Sustainable development

(SD) is a pattern of growth where resources are used to

meet human needs while preserving or sustaining the

environment. This allows us to meet the need not only in

the present, but also for future generations.

4.Desertification 159

Desertification is drying of lands

caused by a variety of factors, such as climate

change, dryness & human activities,

desertification is a significant global environmental problem.

Global Warming=Increase in temperature all over the globe.

Global warming can be measured by measuring temperatures as

shown in graph below.

GLOBAL WARMING-CAUSE , EFFECT & MEASUREMENT

Cause-Co2 from Pollution. Effects: High Land and water Temperatures

Global Warming can be measured by measuring Land and Ocean temperatures GLOBAL WARMING CAUSE

GLOBAL WARMING EFFECT

2.Ecological Footprint 173

The ecological footprint is a measure of demand for

natural resources that may be compared with the

land’s capacity to regenerate resources.

3.Ecological hot spot 171

These are areas of the world where

natural resources are threatened or

becoming

extinct.

Hotspots are protected

From Damage.

4.Desertification 159

Desertification is drying of lands

caused by a variety of factors,

such as climate change, dryness and human

activities, desertification is a significant global

environmental problem.

5.Deforestation 159 -Removal of Trees

Acid Rain pp.164. cause/effect

Aquatic Ecosystems Marine shown below-There are zones and each one is important