east lancashire nomenclature and rochdale names 1880
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942.7201M33e1786327
REYNOLDS HISTORICALGENEALOGY COLLECTION
I. '
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
, 3 1833 00727 7392
EAST LANCASHIRE ^nq, 4
NOMENCLATUREA N ! I
ROCHDALE N AM E S
!5Y
H. C. MARCH, M.]).. LoMi
A while 1 stood coJisiderirg
The plaguy Oddness of the thing.— Ti»i F'olbin.
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KOCHDAI.L: HARVEY PEAKSE.
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THE PRINCIPAL ABPiRFAaATIOXS.
^..9.
IX r RoDucro r v.
1 ri
^X ascertaiiiing the imijort of a name, one is
-^j greatly guided by ancient spellings. On the
other hand, they are often decei^tive : for by reason of
the mixing of races tliere \va^ nuich confu-^'on ()f
tongues, and our forefathers, wlio spelt as they chose,
were apt to be deluded by faiiciful analogies and
curious misunderstandings.
The Roman, when he entered Britain, instead of
naming afresh the places he occupied, ivsually took the
Celtic- words he found, and T.atinised tliem after liis
own fasliion ; so that Caer ("iwent, or \\'inchester. for
instance, was changed into W-nta I'elgarum.
Long afterwards this became W'in-ceaster, so called
l)y the Saxons, who, for their ijart. were for less ready to
accei)t the topical nomenclature of a preceding ])eo|)le.
In most cases they imposed on the country names
of their own, and wlien an original aj>pellation was
retained, it was often i^ecause its meaning wa> mis-
conceivf d. Thus the solitary pinnacles of rock which
tlie Celts called Alt Maon, or tall stone, were yclept !'
Old Man ; as the Old Man ot lloy, and the Old Man i
ofConiston.
In Doomsday Book itself, the sj)elling of the places
mentioned is tar from accurate. The Norman surveyor,
who met with sounds to which his ear was unaccus-
tomed and liis tongue untutored, never succeeded in
putting upon parchment the English ///, and nnturall}-
failed altogether in rendering the remarkable |>ecu-
liarities of the Welsh language. Thus for Dudworth, is
given Budewrde ; tor Thornton, which appears twice
in this district, Torentun and Torintone; for Rhuddlan,
Roclent ; and for Llewerlydd, T.averladon.
]^>ven as laie as a.d. 1655, in the "Survey of the Lands
of Chester," recently edited by Colonel L'ishwick, an
attempt to reduce Dunkenhalgh to writing ends in the
unhappy production of Dunghall
A name may have its significance on the surface, as
Eccleston (Churchtown). More often what seems to
be its natural interpretation is a snare. At Bridgewater,
for example, there is water, and there is a bridge ; and
this might appear sufficient, but the word is a corruj)-
tion of Burgh Walter. So, also, in Cornvrall there is a
hill called Brown \\'illy. No doubt, to some persons,
in some lights and at some seasons, this appears of a
brown colour. There hapjiens, however, to be an old
tin-mine within it, and the word is the Celtic Bryn
• uiel, the hill of the wheal or mine.
These instances illuslrntc the rule that when a npuK-'s
intrinsic meaning is lost, and its sound resenib'es that
of a name whose meaning is tamiHar. the two l)e((>nie
fused into one.
Having ol^tained, then, the oldest spellings of :i
name, we must compare it with similar names in
diverse places, in order to see if the assunied meaning
is ap])licable to each case. This procedure is es])eciall)-
iK^edful and useful in dealing with Teutonic sirnames.
Thus fAicas, instead of being derived from the evange-
list, has been shown to be formed irom O.H.d. //>//,
people, and ^i^vrj, Crotii, by briiiging together the Sth.
century (lerman lAiitgoz and Tuikoz, the modern
German Luttkus, and the French Lucas.
At the same time, a joersonal name which seems
to come from a single source, ma) result from tlie
coalescence or assimilation of a numl)er of nances having
different derivations.
Brown, for example, has no doubt arisen in several
ways ; from browfu the coloui- of what is burned^ from
krou a hill, bran a chieftain, bjorn a bear, beorn a hero,
and from brfni the brow, one of the titles of Odiri. So
that what were once half a dozen separate names, each
with a different sound, may come at last to be spelt and
pronounced as one.
It is obvious then, and should be very clearly
understood, that to assert any partictilar etymon is
not thereby to deny the ]K)ssibility of any other.
TI-ic ft)lio\vin^ essay is based upon a paper read to
the Literary and Scientific Society of tins town. 'Hiecontents are to be regarded, not as oracular utterances,
though the need for conciseness has imposed u]jon theni
a dogmatic form, but as giving to the words explainedthe best meaning I am able either to gather or to
suggest.
'I'here are other men in our midst who could far
better perform the task J have attempted ; but then byothers it has not been done. .Meanwhile I make a
ijeginning, and trust to a generous pardon of blunders1 would fiin avoid.
Xot much, indeed, of this essay is original, but the
information' it contains is brought to a focus from a
number of widely-scattered and trusty sources.
'J'his will be convenient to all who take an interest in
the subject, while to an)- who may traverse the state-
ments made, it will be advantageous to hold in a handyf(jrm the errors they are ready to refute.
The personal names referred to, with the exceptionui tliose required for elucidation, are taken only fromthe town; but the topical names are selected both fromour own jjarish and from the jiarishes that lie around
PART ],
1)f:aling u'l'iH Local Names, and thk People
WHO BESTOWED (HEM.
00/
THE FLEMINGS.
a number of Flemish dothmakcv^
settled at Bolton. It is believed that about
the same time a similar settlement was made in Roch-
dale, which was followed by a second immigration, in
ronse(iuence of the persecution of the Duke of Alva,
in T576.
It is doubtless to the Flemings that we owe the
names Dunkirk and Mardyke, at the top of Holland
Street, as well as in Yorkshire Street the Baum or
orchard on nne side, and tht' Acker or field on the
other. Our Voss is a Dutrh personal name, and the
Hollands have dropped the de which once denoted
their )riein.
THY. NORMANS
have made few marks in this lucaHt)-. We ha^e no
castles or abbeys ; neither nests nor rooks. After the
Conquest, doc-uments were drawn in a gi-otcsque
Norman-Latin, and Norman-French was tlie kinL;uaLic
of the Court. The Uinguage of the iJeople could not
remain iminfluenced. Normaii prepositions (•re])t into
common use, as Bolton-le-Moors and Jolm dc Copi^en-
huU, 1329. Radcliffe for a time was called Rugemont
;
and good old Bradshaw, near Pembertoii, passed
through the stages of Beausha and Beawse\- into
tlic modern Bewsey. On the otlier hand, Norman names
themselves were not unaffected : and tlieir fre(iuent
termination vi7/e was apt to corrupt into y/V/^/ and 7:r//,
so that Scardeville has l)ecome Skarheld, and Bc^sscville
Boswell.
That Radcliffe, just mentioned, and formerly s])elt
Radeclive, means red cliff or declivity, is evident from
its proximity to Red f^ane, from its situation in the
district of Redvales, and from the fact that it is close
to a red clifl' on the south side of the Irwell. But the
men who lived t'aere were named after the ]>lace, and
if one of them had settled in a distant ]\ivt his farm
might have come to be known as Ratclifife, without any
local reason for the designation. 'I'he difficulty thus
indicated, of sej)arating topical appellations from per-
sotud, is sometimes insuperable. Many of the holdings
ill this vicinity arc doubtless called after some /onner
occupant, as Wilherts (see p. 106), Passnionds (see p. 88),
and Beigbtons (see p. 87).
THE ANC.LO-SAXONS.
The names of ].)laces show that among th.e Saxons
the dwelling-place—the house and homestead—was
enclosed. In some cases, outside this were small
enclosures for cattle. 'I'he cultivated portions of the
country were fenced in only at seed time, and at tlie
end of harvest reverted to common [pasturage.' A large
surplus of land, not only marshes and forests, hut a
vast extent of good pasture, remained in undivided
lx.)ssession as commons.
Domestic Names.
A.S. ham, is that which is hemmed in, as Hem pshaw
Barn, Topham, and Emecot, now called Ancoats.
A.S. Jicim, sometimes spelt holm, and cognate witli
our "home," signifies first a dwelling, and afterwards a
village. Hamlet, and the old form hamell, are its
diminutives. Familiar instances are Oldham, old spelling
Aldholm, Thornham, and Racedham the ancient name
of Rochdale.
Altham is a corrui3tion ©f Elvetham, Abram of
Aburgham, and Irlam of Irwelham.
A.S. hus, a iiouse ; O.G. hilfen, and* A.S. hydan, to
cove' or protect, the origin of hut: with, further, A.S.
lO
hedeni and /leder, a house, were indiscrimin/itolv used
in old names. The Cel. hitddo is to cover ; nnd liood
is a covering for the head. ^Ve find Dyas (for dye-house)
Meadow, and Duffus (for dove-house). The following
are all names of houses or farm buildings :—Bent
House, Bent Head, Croft House, Croft Head, Moor
House, Moor Head, Scholey Head, Merrell Head,
Fearn Head, Heyhead, Foldhead, Meadow Head,
Micklehead, little vSwineshead, Hensheads, Colthouse,
and Wenshead ; a wennel being a weaned calf Huttock
End, Huttock To)3, Hud Hey, Hud Clougli, and HudLee also come in here. An old spelling, Swaynesheved,
T442, seems to disclose an early confusion of Cel. hafod,
a booth, and A.S. heafod^ a head ; but, of course, heafod
is often applied to rising ground, and this is a meaning
that may easily intermix.
A.S. tun, toil, or lon'u, is an enclosure, from Coth.
tains a twig, and A.S. tynaii to fence. "' Hedging and
tining" used to be a common phrase. A tineman M'as
a hayward or hedger. A.S. gccrstuu is a grass enclosure
or meadow ; kadun is an herb c^arden ; and tini-ccers is
garden cress. '' He sente him into his toicn to feed
swyn" ( WicJdiff'). Town House is an enclosed house.
Town House, Littleborough, was the seat of Michael de
la Ton, in 1222. We have also Townhead, Tonacliffe,
and Tunshill. Barton is a rick yard, protecting the
bear or crop ; Barcroft, a rick meadow ; Barham, the
ri. k villaiic. We hrve also Old Bear Hev.
1 r
]*:iton is a corruption of Elnodcstune, the town ofElnod.
A.S. stiec, a stake, gives our stock or stoke, a stockadedjjkice. Toxtetli was formerly Stocliestede.
A.S. stede, statio, is a fixed place, as in steadfast,
homestead, farmstead, Stid, Stidfold, Newstead, Tun-stead, and Stead Hey, Stacksteads was formerly Stag-stead
;stag sometimes meant an ox. A cognate term
IS A.S. stud, a post; as in Stoodley and Stoodley Pike.
A.S. geard, a yard or -garden, tVom A.S. gird, a rod;is a warded place, surrounded with yerdes or stakes.
The word survives in the "yards" of a ship, [n thes.une way the Roman vallum is from the valll ox stakesof which it was made, and gives origin to the Saxona'call, a wall. Wardle is ward-hill, perhaps meaningfortified. AVe find Hugh de Wordhull in n 80, Nicholasde Werdhyl in 1292, and a plural form. Andrew deWardhulls, in 1302. Wuerdle, the hamlet, is nearerthan Wardle to the original pronunciation, and m.-ty
have been Wardle Lane End. A\\arburton is AVeard-burh-ton, and we have a place called Wardley.
A.S. worth, is a cognate term, and means a fencedfield or farm. Thus we find Ashworth, Rushworth,Duckworth, Hawksworth, and Mouldsworth. Mold is
a mole. Molesworth, however, may be the farm ofthe mill. We have also Eongworth, Broadorth, andRumworth, which is from ruvi, spacious. Waithlandsis lore often written Worthlands.
1 2
A.S. 7wer is a fence, or liedge. The word surxives \n
the weir of a river. '' On Frean waere," in the Lord's
keeping. We ha\e Warley Moor, Warland, W'arcoekle
Hclph, Warlow, Wirhiw, Wareing, and Lower Weir.
A.S. /e/d or field, is a place where trees have been
felled, and A.S. fn/ff, is an enclosure made of fell'd
trees.
Caulfield is a field by a caul or weir. Wakefield is a
field, and Wagfold is a fold b)- the wayside ; .\.S. 7t'vri^.
Pinfold is from A.S. pyiidaji, lo im))0imd. Pingot is
a small croft.
Pennock and Peanock are diminutive form-.
A.S. pearroc, shortened into park, and corrupted into
])addock, is an enclosed ground. " Environed wit'i
]jarks, paddocks, and plantations" {Evelyn). Wc have
a Paddock on the Bury Road, a farm of the name of
!\arrock. and Park Lane.
A.S. haga., a hedge, is found in hey, hay, haw, and
haigh. Heywood is the enclosed wood: Heybrook the
stream that was once hedged over with bushes, ^^'c
have also New Hey, Heyworth, Haighfield, Hage Fold,
Hawcoat, Hay Meadow, Mean Hey, Cow Heys, and
Dullhaghe. Stanedge was formerly spelt Stanheyes and
Stanheges, and means stonefence. Heythorn or Iiaw-
thorn, is quickset, the bush us'ed for making hedges.
In 1329 we read of permission to ])rocure "all
Housebote and Ha\bote for l)uilding, burning or
ench.iing, of greenwood or of old wood, in nil the
(oiiimoii woods of Stancdisch and J>ongetree." A.SI'ot is a vestoring, and Haybotc is wood required formaking and mending fences. It appears from Doomsday!5ook that, probably in order to i^revent the waste oftimber, lieys were forl)idden to be made of great height;excepting the hey for roes, ''haia capreolorum" becauseof their power of leaping. Such perliaps were Doe HeyAVood, Mickle lie)', and Mitchell He)-, or the greatHey. Hayle I take to be Hey Hill.
-V.S. bvtl, Nvith the variations bodel, bottle, bolt, andbold, is that which is built, an abode. " He wende tose there the fayre hall and other bold "
{R. Glouccsin).Xcwbold wns New \-illage in the da\s of John de
Newbolde, Hen. iii. Hootle was written Bodel, Boltonis Bodelton. We still have a I'odelford.
Harbottic is the abode or quarters of the arm)'. Barmeans army and gn^f is a trench, so that Hargreave.sIS the entrenchment of the ami)- ; and I have suggestedsomewhat doubtfully that Leavengreave* is thrabaw.doned dike or fortification. A.S. lifan to leave, /./.lifcn. The word greave has jjassed through many
*f' ? explanation of this word. IJ.uterworth, in his History of Roclidafequ.tes the follow.ng .tory from Dr. Whitaker :-" It is recorded i„ The „ar/.'.ve of I ,wlph„s the Sa..ou, Dean of Wh...!ley. that he acquired the name of
h,",W^ 7"^ i'''"'"^ T\ ^'^ '''" '^'^ °''^'" ^""'"''^' °^ ^h--^^ -^r'^^-ies while lu.ntinsf.1 the forest of Ros^cndale, at a place called Lednie.greave" Of this in ofhe sa.d
:ist, that Ledmesgreave could T.ot very well corn.pt into Levengreave
3-.d,at the .ncdcnt related is a little ri.licdot.s
; and 3rd. that it is ohvio.Jv...dustonc.i,because us .ntenlio,, is to account for the meaning of Cutwulph'
-.vM.ch ,s taken to he an unusual name ; wherea.. in*the form of Cuihuulf it is-nenf the commonest .S.-..vonperson.".l n..m.-s. occurring manv times in liber
changes of meaning. A.S. f^m/nji, was first to dig with
a s])adc, foderc, and secondarily to engrave, sculpere.
'•There's more gold; do you damn others, and let this
damn you, and ditches grave you all" {Timon ofAthens.)
A.S. gnv:f is a grave, and gnef-sccx an engraving tool,
(iroovers are miners ; a groove is what is hollowed out;
gravel is what is dug up. \\\ Lincolnshire a grove is
a drain.
(ireave became, later, a path in a forest cleared I))-
the axe.
" Vel when slie fled intf> ihal cuvcrt greave. ''— /"'. Qitccn.
Tn this sense are the words IJoarsgieave. Ha!grea\e,
Congreave, the grove of the rabbit, the hare, and the
boar (a third meaning of Hargreave is giveit on page
29). Gravett is a little grove. Withengreave is Willow
grove.
The word also signified the tree itself:
" Fast closed in some hollow greavL-."— /•'. ijnecn. »
And even a tree's branches— :
"To niaken him a i^erlond of ihe greves.
Were it of wooilbine or of haulhornc Icves. ''
—
Caul. Tiiics.
This curious tendency of the meaning of names to
become, as it v/ere. smallc. when they refer to the
forest, will be noticed a2;ain.
15
Topograp/iical Aanu's.
Leaving now the liomes and hamlets of our Saxonforefathers, we must travel over the undulations of a
country which they well knew and fitlv named, init
which, we,, engrossed by the business (jf life, scarce)
v
name and hardly know.
Of the words wliich the Saxons borrowed from th,e
Celts, two of the most important are dim and dc;/e.
Tliev are often confused in spelling. Like dike andditch, they are masculine and feminine co: relatives.
Dun is a down or hill, but sometimes designates a
hill-fortress. Dunliill is a reduplication. Dutton in,
I )oomsday Book was spelt Duntune. Hameklon and
Hambledon Hill are the hill or fortress of Hamall. a
name which re-appears in Ambleside. Crif)den. or
Cridden IMoor, is the Celtic kcini don, or hill of stags.
Dunscar is a rocky hill, and Dunster a mountain seat.
Perhaps vi'e should place here the diminuti\es, DunnockShaw and Dunnish Booth. For IJalladen, see page 64.
Dene, a valley, is sufficient!)- familiar. Naden and
Naden Dean 1 take to be nwdrc-den, or Snake-dene.
'J'hey are ai)parently an anterior form of. and perhaps
gave origin to, Norden. Sudden, often explained as
South-dene, is named from the Sudley Brook. .Meadows
are said to be "sudded" when the)- are covered with
the drift of a ilood. Sti])erden is steep. dene ; the r is
often intruded, as in Steaner for Ston)-. Stiper Stones
i6
in Shropsliire inc massive ro-ks jutting out ui^jn a loftx-
moorland ridgo.
A.S /ij'//a and /////, Ice. //o/, a lull ; nnd A.S. //<:7/ and
//a/, Ice. /lo/a, a hole, are also correlaiives. 'v: the
converse of each otiier.
In Sussex, the places lourghill and Burghole are close
together. Hylewood is a hill(K-k in Pendleton. "Onerood of land in ' le iTos holys,'" 1350. We have Calf
Hole, Mankin Holes, Cat Holes, Swallow Hole, Croft
Hole, and Rag Hole, or rugged hole. The word is
corrupted into IioyJe ; "certain lands called the Hoyles.""
1705. A.S. Jioh'-doic is a ca\-ernous \-allev, r.nd is the
snme as our places, Holdeii and Hoyle 1 )cne. Holgatc
is the wn)' through the hollow. With these, the following
Saxon words are liable to m\\: Tlelait^ to cover:
hcelan^ to preserve or cure ; and hihiii^ to conceal.
EortJi-Jule is a heap. The roots of trees are said to be
hilled when earth is hea])ed over them. A bed-healing
is a coverlid. A wound covered with skin is healecL
"Nicholas del Helwal,"' ^343> shows that Halliwell is
the covered well. Perhaps here may come Hell Beck.
Helpet Edge, and Hellyplatt. Healey sometimes means
high ley, as in the case of Heeley on Blackstone Edge.
Another Healey, however, is placed here, on account
of its local pronunciation,-" Helly," and of Hely, its
early s])elling; (Henricus Helhagh, 14th Cent., J.iber
Yitce). A.S. //j// and hcUho\\\ signify a covered place,
th. under-world, where Ileh the (.pieen i>f the dead.
17
extends hersliadowy sceptre. Our own hell is Nastnjnd,
the ])lace of torment.
A.S. }iUcu\ and /i/cok', are probably correlatives.
I'l/iew (Lat. clivus), a hill, is lamiliar as "law"' and
''low," which, in some instances, have corrui)ted into
ley. There is reason for thinkin- that IJlakelev, Buckley,
and Rooley were originally Blakelow, (jr bleak hill, and
]5ochelow and Roelow the liill of the buck and roe.
Sometimes the wtjrd was ajjplied to a tumulus, as
Ceapan Jihm\ the l)urial ])lace of Ceai)a ; Lowes and
AVhite Lowes haw ])r()i)ably the meaning of gra\es.
Hleoic, a shelter, survives in nautical u>e. as the lee-
side o\ a ship. Any slicllered ^pot might be termed a
lee, like Thorny Lee, when the word would be liable to
mix with lea or ley, a ])asture.
A.S. hliiic is a hilly ridge. This is what the namesignifies with us. \w Saxon writings it is fotmd coupled
with the word lihc-iU—hkrAvas and hliiicas. On the sur-
rounding hills are places called Lenches : the ordnance
contour-ma]j shows them to be ridges with dee];
intervening furrows. We also have Higher Lench,
Lench Holes, and Slences. In other districts the word
is sonietimes used diminutively to signify "a balk of
land left unploughed.''
A.S. timga, the tongue, givi;s a descriptive name to
several long hills, such as 'J ong p:nd and Tonge Moor.
A.S. oicEp is the smoothed summit of rising ground,
as in Bulsna])e, Snubsnape, Fairsnape, and Snai)e Hill,
L
iS
nol far tVoin Kcd Luml). Tlie name involves the idea
of snipping or rounding off the top of a tiring. In the
[>ancashire dialect, "to sneap" children is to sniil.)
them, to keep them in check. A similar meaning is
found in (Chaucer :
—
" l!ul ii were any jKTson obstinci.
What so lie were of highc or low csiat,
I lini woMc he snibhen sliarply for the nones."
The Scotch sa)- to snib a candle, as we s])eaking of
snuffing one.
Cnab, or Nabh, a hillock, is another form of the same
word, as in Nabrode, Nabb, and Nabend.
A.S. cnoil, a hill ioi\ or knoll, is familiar in Knoll
Hill, Bentknowl, and Knoules.
A.S. copp, Lat. c-aput, is a head or hill-top. The latter
is always the meaning of Cope, in Doomsda}- .Book.
The word survives in "coping-stone.'" Its converse or
correlative is cuppa, a cu]) or hollow. AVe have Coj)
Road, and Copi)le, or Cop hill. 15acup, formerly syelt
Bacope, is explained in Baines' Lancashire as meaning
Bay-co]), the hill of the Red deer. This is very unsatis-
factory ; the place is not on a summit, but in a depres-
sion. The word is the A.S. hcec-copp, and indicates a
place beneath or behind a Co]). It is eciuivalent to the
(ommon name Underbill, and belongs to the same class
as our Back o' tlv jSfoss, P>ack o' th' Low, Back of
Behind, and Backhouse, which last Iras taken the classical
f( rm of Bacchus.
'9
Copt iiic-aiis convex, as in C!oi)t Hill, Coftrod, and
Coptrod Hcvid.
A.S. pic is of course a ]jeak. or pointed hill. Wchave numerous exam])les, as Pike Hill, Pike Brow, and
Pike [.ow, close to which is Pickup Bank. Pickuj) was
formerly spelt Piccope. Rivington Pike I take tc> be
Raven-dun Pike ; and Thieveley Pike is probably froni
.\.S. t/iyfi'I, a shrub ; t/iyfc-tJior/i is a bramble, and riscc-
tJiyfel, a bed of rushes. Scout, a high hill, is found in
'Thievely Scout, Riddle Scout, Black Scout, and Scout
Moor,
A.S. slu'c^ slack or loose, is a p(>rtion cf a hill or
mountain, where it becomes less sleep ; a ga]). a sort of
pass. We have Slack o' tlV Moor, Heyslacks, Warm
Slack. Slacks, f.ythe, or easy, Slack, and Prickshaw
Slack.
A.S. suu'd. a slice, from besnu'dan. to lo'p off, is a
separated piece of land ; a hill that appears cut off, as
it were, from others. We have Snydale (late, Sniddle^
and Snoddle Hill near Summit,
Smcdlandes is a portion of land taken from a manor.
Jn the Lancashire dialect, that which has been made
smooth is called snod. Snod-grass is trimmed grass.
A snaed is the handle of a scythe. Snoddorth, or
Snodworth, is near Blackbur+i.
A.S. sl(Ed^ from A.S. slida7i, to slide, means a plain
ojjen country,, though together with the Teutonic slief, it
involves the idea of a declivity. We have Greenslade.
20
Bagslate, formerly spelt Bagsladc, and Sladen, or the
dene in the slade. Sladen is found written Slaveden.
The ;• seems to be //, and might indicate only a broad
pronunciation. Slattocks is a diminutive form.
A.S. /<7//^ gave us first laund, and since lawn, with a
sense of open, untilled, grassy land, involving the idea
of a vista. The word laiie is cognate. " For through
this laund anon the deere will come.''
—
Heti. VI. In
.Rossendale are several {places of this name, as I.aund
Booth, New Laund, and Laund Banks.
A.S. leah^ or hgh, locus, from A.S. /iegan, to lie down,
is originally a glade or naturally open place in a forest,
where cattle would gather for repose ; and subsetjuently
a pasture. The word exists in the varied forms of
leigh, lea, and ley. It should be noted that when Icy
occurs as a suffix it is often only diminutive, especially
in the case of personal names.
Brierley, Thornley, Fearnley, are the puisture amid
the fern, the thorn, and the briar. Dearnley is generally
derived from A.S. deni, secret, and so would mean the
secluded pasture. Yeardley and Townley are the
enclosed ley. Morley is the lea on the moor, and
Kirtley is that by the kirk, 1271. Cowlaghton is the
enclosed cow pasture. That Worsley is the worked ley
is shoNs-n by the old^'spellings, " Geoffrey'de Workedley,"
I i94,and"John deWorkesley," 1 292. We may attribute
a similar meaning to Tyldesley, Kuerden, and Cuerdley,
which was spelt Curedley in 15 16. Staley was formerly
written Stavelcy. Lydgnte in Doomsday Book is Leiatc,
or I,eagate. 'I'll ere are other places of this name, as
l.idget, which v.ould come from A.S. /ilidgcaf, a postern
gate, or from A.S. lytgeaf, htt'e gate.
Here sliould be distinguished A.S. hcsn, a pasture,
and the corresponding verb lies7vlan^ to feed cattle.
"A flock of many swyn lesewynge " ( /r7f/^///f*). In
some parts of England leasow still means a pasture.
A.S. genuere-hcs is a common ])asture. So that the
frecjuent word lees or leece is not necessarily ])lural.
Leasowe Side and Leasowe Castle are in Cheshire.
C)pposed to the ley or pasture is the land set apart
for grass-cutting or hay-making. A.S. nia:c'an, O.H.C..
Niaitan, Scan. ))ieja. to mow, give us the farms of lAnver
Maw and Maw (irane.
A.S. DHcd is what is mown, a mead or meadow.
Mced-ino7iat}i was the month of July, wlien, the ha)-
having been got, the rattle were turned into the
meadows. Brightmet is bright mead. Some of the
])laces called Maiden, such as Maden Fold and Rig-
maiden, mean meadow ; as well as Green Middens
Farm, near Burnle)-. The be. inata is food : and the
Fat. word to mow or reap is metere.
^I'he acre, A.S. cpcer, signified corn-land ; while, as a
measure, it was as much as might be ploughed in a day.
We ha\e such words as Barnacre. Whit^aker, and Cliviger.
formerly Clivacher, or rocky field.
From lK.':>.feal/!,fi'a/g, fallow, An&fc-algi?/.g, a harrow,
Lat. vcllen-^ to tcr.r up, wc get these other indicatiojis of
arable land that are found in the i)laces Falin<^e Foldand Failing Earth, with, i)rokihly, Falledge, The HalfKail, and Failswortli or l-allsworth. (t should henoticed, however, as a i.)Ossible derivation, that sueha place may he named from '.xfalluh^ox sloping su'-face.
Strictly speaking, soil is fallow when it has been ])re-
j)ared by the plough, but. has not I)een sown. It has
the secondary meaning of land that has gone (xit of
cultivation; as Fallowfield and Follyfield. L.G. falU;^-
la)id means stubble (3r grass land, once ploughed.
Fallow, the colour-name, as in fallow deer, is derived
Irom the ap})earance of freshly-turned earth.
A.S. i?i^ is a meadow on low ground ; a nook.
"Meadowe ground lyeing in the Inge."-- 1655.We find Ingham or Ingholm, Ing Head, Ing Hey,
Oak Ing Clough, AVillowinge Coates, Round Ing andBroading. Ac.crington was formerly s])elt Akerington.
It is extremely difficult, in many cases, to separate
this word from the patronymic -ing: the rule isr to
take It in the latter sense whenever it is attached to a
IJersonal name; as Kield, Fielding; Piatt, Platting ; and•- eel, Pilling. Focally, peel means a fortress or moatedhouse, as Peel Hall ; and Plat a marsh, as Green Plats.
JSent is a local name feu; the coarse grass of tlie fens,
and for the place where this abounds; as Townbent,Chequer Bent, Broad Bent, Pent Meadow, Bent Heath,Pent Knf)wl. Bentley, Bentley Moss, and IVmch Carr.
Speke Bent imjjlics the presence of osiers : A.S. sptcc.
We have, also, Speak l^dge.
A.S, botni^ is Icnv-lying Umd : as Hamev Ijottoms,
IJrook Bottom, Longbottom, and Sidehottom, meaning
Jspacious. Shufflebottom is a corruption of Shaw-field-
bottom. An old Lancashire family name is Shipwel-
botham, suggesting a meadow with a watering-i)lace for
sheep. Higginbotham is said, I think erroneously, to
to be a corru))tion of the Clerman Eichenbaum, an oak
tree; it is more likely a corru|)tion of the neighbouring
Oaken Bottoms. We find, also, Ashen Bottom, Ha/.el
Bottom, and Steaner, or stony. Bottom. Canon Raines
thought Rasbottom to be a contraction of rasj), or
rough, bottom. In Chaucer a sparth is a double axe
or spear : it may have been the finding of such weapons
in Sparth Bottoms that gave origin to the fable of Kill-
danes.
A.S. ceosel^ is gravel, pebbles, or sand ; and ceoslstan
is sandstone. In the south of England are the well-
known places Chiswick, or sandy-bay, and Chesil-ridge,
which is composed of large j^ebbles. Here we have
Chisley Stones and C'heesden, or pebbly dene. In
Lancashire ''green chisles"' are a small hard kind of
])ears, like green pebbles.
Our local names sujDply furHier indications of the
character of the soil. Lumb is from the A.S. lam,
loam. It intermixes with lint, which means clay,
mortar, lime, aiivthiniz which causes adhesion. 'I'be
limb of a tree or of a man is a ])arl wl-iirli is joined to
the trunk. A.S. liniit/ige means joining. At Red Lumh
is to be found a red sort of clay. Limy 'Water s]jeaks
for itself. Here ma)- come L-ammack and Lomas, or
Lomax. In 1650 the latter was written "the I.omaxe.''
It is within a short distance of i)laces called Lumb,
Limefield, and CinderhiHs. and so would seem to be
lime-ashes ; .V.S. a/ise and axe, ashes.
The A.S. fncox, dirt, involves the idea of moisture.
We find Alidgeden, jNIidge Hole, Muckfield, Madge
Road, Reed Mysies, near Hulton, and Mizzy, on
Cronkeyshaw. Midge, the gnat, A.S. mycg, has here an
*afhnity. For Midgeley, the ])ersonal name, see page 103.
The A.S. scearji, is of similar import, and survives in
the local term, sham-beetle. Sliarne)ford may have
been a road in a miry ])lace, or through "• quantities
()f excellent manure.'"
Coky7' has like associations ;" cokyrmete " is given as
meaning clay. We have Cocker Hills and Cocke\
Moor.
A.S. Jiwoin, is a corner, a nook, and hence some-
times a boggy place. We Hnd AVham, I.ong AMiam.
^^'ham Hill, Brown House Wham, Old Wham, Dirt)
LeaclT Wham, and AVam Stone. A.S. Ji-iVom-stan is a
corner-stone.
Woniack is a diminutive form.
A.S. lac is a lake or pool, formerly written lache, but
now spelt leach, as Latchford ?Ieath, Higher Leaches,
and Cockleach, or clayey pool. The old writing of
Deeplish was Dee])lear.h, and of Hcvcrley, l'>c\erlace.
Fan- is a fen or marsh, and we have a place of this
name.
Foot is a pool : as Foot Hall, and Pout Clough.
A.S. ea, water, or stream (as in ailand, an island),
occurs in the following names of places, which are
adjacent to a river or brook :—Eafield. on tlie Roche :
Karcroft Fold, by the Darwen: Ealees, Ives, Eaton,Eyton. Vea Bridge, Eyebridge, l^agley P.ank, andEwood 1 bridge. Emmott is eamot, or waters-meet : see
also ])age 87. ^Ir. Kerr tells me that clon' means a
sluice in a mill dam, and that at Clowes there areseveral dams or lodges, one aljove anotlier. It is
probably from the A.S. disiuN, to shut or close.
A.S. sic/i, Lat. siccum, from A..S. siga?i, to subside, is
a summer-dried waterfurrow, and sometimes the rivulet
itself. \Vq have several places called Syke, and a SykeMoor; Sykes, and perhaps Soyland Moor, both onKlack.stone Edge ; and Sikesbeck, near Ripon.
A.S. tro/i, a trough, is a term generally applied to
deep gullies. We find Trows near Castleton. Trawden,or hollow dene, Troghden Chase, 'I'roughton, andTrougli Syke. Trough Edge is the ridge from whichrun downwards a number of remarkable furrows.
At the source of the Roche is a fountain called
Cheibourne. The first syllable of this name we recog-
nise in the terms chill, cool, gelid : in the A.S. cyi.
coolness, and cy/t\ a well ; in ilic N. Kel, a spring ;
and, perhaps, in the word 7C'eIl itself, the (German <///<'//d'.
Wheeton was formerly spelt Quelton, and is near the
jjlace called Whelcroft.
Wells are sufficiently plentiful in this district. Wal-
shaw is a wood, and Walsden a valley abounding
with si)rings. A cant is the corner of a field, and
Cant Hill is at a corner of Broadfield. Cantle Well
is a well on Cant Hill. In the Lancashire dialect,
cantle is a c.anful ; and it may be noticed that
Cantle Well was not a spout or slioot, like the one
in Packer Street, but was a dipping well. Cold Wall
l^row is Cold Well Hrow, formerly written Cold \Vall
Shutte, and Cold Shutte, or Si^out. Near Facit is Long
Shut. Shuttlewortli looks like shoot-hill-worth.
From A.S. spmnin, p. spaiv^ pp. spiiveii, to jDour forth
(the "spawn" of a fish), we derive the names S])aw
Farm and Spaw Lane, where was formerly a cold
chalybeate spring ; as well as Spew Spout, Spa W'ell,
Spa Wood, Red Spa Moor, Spenn, and Spen Lt^ach.
This last may be compared with Flow Moss. A.S.
spafia is a teat. In the South of England, spinet,
spinney, or spen, means a thicket ; Lat. spinetum.
Traces of an old religious rite called "well dressing"
are found in all parts of J;he country. In the north of
England the youth were accustomed, on some Sunday
in spring, to assemble at various fountains and drink the
waters, which latterly were sweetened with sugar. In
27
Rochdale, "Spaw Sunday-' was celebrated on the Jlrst
that tell in May, when the devout, ])rovided with whatwere called " spawen-bottles,'' betook themselves torthe most part to a well on Brown VVardle, that hasrecently ceased to exist.
Tlie stream now named Lautburn. that runs through.1 part of Rochdale, was formerly spelt I.othborne. ^It
seems natural to derive the word from A.S. hleothor,noise, and lilud, loud; a brasvling brook.
Old mining terms have given us a few names. Thuslobs are steps cut by the miner, and this may accountfor J.obden and Love Clough. Another such term is
'al^e; -and wea])ons bear u]) the mine or rake"
{Rhymed Chron). The word is the A.S. hraca, the throator jaws, and could be applied not only to a pit or deljjh,but to any narrow pass. We have Raikes', Foulrakes,Rakebridge, Maden Rake, Rake Wood, Rakehead,Rakefoot, Butterworth Rake, Moss Rake, and WVn'Rake.
Something should be said here of roads and ways. ,
A.S. geat is a door, a ga]j, a way. In the latter senseAve have Cut (rate, (;reen Gate, Casson Gate, Trough(rate, and St. Mar>^'s Gate.
A.S. gangm to go, survives in gangway. The (.;ank
IS a narrow passage from owe place to another.
A.S. stig is a jxath or ascent, Ger. steig, and A.S.A7/V^Aasteep path with steps, like Wall Style, ChurchStile. Tor Stile, and Style in .Stansfield. Clapgate
28
is "a small horse-gate,'' or doubtless a liatch which
was stretched across any i)lace lo keep cattle or deer
within bounds. Hence Hatchford, and the mysterious-
looking Thatch Latch, the hatch leach, a leach or marsh
crossed by a hatch, like Leach Gate Field.
Ford and forth, from A.S. fara//, to go, Ce\Uc ffordd,
a j)ath, do not necessarily mean a passage through
water. vShawforth, Catforth, and Eamford signify the
wa)' through a wood. The structure of the Anglo-Snxon
language makes it impossible that Shawforth should
mean the further wood. We find also Hollowforth
and Middleforth Hill. Sharneyford has already been
noticed.
Boundaries have always been matters of importaiice.
Twistle is a division hetivixt contiguous farms. Such
are Extwistle and Birtwistle, the oak and birch boundary
;
Oswaldtwistle, the boundary of Oswald, and Ehtwistle,
that of Endr, a name found in Enderby, and in Endrod,
King of Norway in 784 ; as well as Twiss Green,
Twisse Barn, and Lower Twistfield {Radulfits de
Twisil, I4tli Cent., Lib. I'if.) Tintwistle is a fenced
boundary, from A.S. fyua?i, to hedge : Ha/.eltine is
hazel hedge.
Bounds of a wider sort, as those of a township, were
called meres, or meyres, A..S. ge??ice?-e. As such bounds
would naturally often run along swamp) places, it is
easy to understand the double meaning of this term.
An allied, but much mo'\- important word i'^ the
29
mark, march, or marsli, still indicated by such a place
as March Hill, the territorial boundary of tribes.
'J'hese boundaries consisted of extensive common-lands,
in whicli no one could hold private right or estate.
Their delimitation was accom])anied by religious cere-
monies, and Woden was the tutelary god. Their
definition was often marked by carvings ui)on trees.
Their charge was entrusted to a special officer—A.S.
i^erefa, Ger. graf, a reeve, who was called /fi(c?' gerefa,
the warden of the marches, the margrave, or marquis
;
just as Waldegrave is the steward of the forest ; Pals-
grave, ox p(iliint-gerefa,\.\\Q. reeve of the ])alace ; Sheriff,
or scin'-gcfrfa, the reeve of the shire ; and Hargrave, the
provider of the army.
In some ])arts of Lancashire grave still means a
constable, and constables' rates are called grave-leys.
Marshaw was formerly Mereshey ; Marsden is a cor-
ruption of Merchesdene ; and Marland, Markham, and
Marklew find their place here.
One of the Sagas, written in j^raise of Waldhere, whyo
sometimes extended his frontier, says, " Thu feohtan
sohtest, mael ofer mearce^' thou soughtest to tight by
removing the landmark beyond the boundary.
Relative Navies.
The relations of colour, shajie, number, and position,
are sure to appear in our local names.-
Hlack Earth, Moss, Leach. C'ough, and Water need
no remark,; hut the word also means hleak, as in tiit-
Treciuent Black HilL Bkacklcy is pronounced Bkikele)-;
Much of the present colour of the stones of BkackstoneEdge is due to our cherished smoke. Their distinguish-ing character, however, is that the\- contain a\irgeciuantity of brilHant wliite (luartz. wliich in former da^^s.
when hghted by the western sun, must have i)resented a
striking appearance. This ahnost tempts one to surmisethat the name may be from A.S. blicaii, to sliine, or bloc
(Norse, blakka), pale, or bleached. ''As blake as apaigle," is an old saying, which signifies "as pale as aprimrose." The meaning of Hoof-Stones Height is sug-
gested b>- A.S. hof. a rave. For (Irey-stones, see ])age 57.Other names are Radcliffe, Redvales, Red Moss,
Redmires, Redwatcr-foot, Reddy Shore, Red Lees, andRoddlesworth. Red Sha^- is Reed Shaw.
Whitfield, White Rees, and Whittle Hill, or AVhythulland Witul, temp. Hy. I.
Green Gate, (h-een T5ooth, Greenhcys, Green Head,Greens, and (iriudle, or (ireen-hill, End. In Doom^^dayBook, Carnforth was Chreneforde.
A\'e have two places called Vellow Hill, one in
Pleasington, and one near Rittleborough.
It is difficult to sa)- how man)- of the browns arereally colour-names, as they readily intermix with theCeltic brun, to be mentioned farther on. AVe ma)-doubtfully take here IJrownfield, Brown Stones, Brown-hiii. and Brown Moor.
3«
Indicating shajK-. u-e find Round 'I'horne. RoundHill, Ringlows, and Ringle>-. And from A.S. crymbio,crooked, we. may get Crimble Brow, Crumbleholmt-.Crompton, and Crumpsall. ^Ve liavc places,- too.called Crook, Croke, and Crook Ha}-.
Implying number, we find Two Studs, 'I\vo Birches;.Three Gates, and Three I.owes, or graves.
In Tatham parish is a farm called Fourstones, froma rocky pile yclein "the (ireat Stone of Fourstones."Featherstall is the place of four stalls, as \.^. fyther-fotis four-footed, ^Ti<^fytJier-scyt is four-cornered. Feather-stonehaugh is the funeral mound of four stones : it hassometimes been explained as meaning the hill of theman Frithestan, a name, however, which more naturall>-corrupts into the modern Freestone.
Seneca Lane is a contraction of seven-acre.
Instances of the names of relative position arenumerous.
From A.S. lum, p. heng, pp. hangen (as in Stonehenge,the hanging stones), we get A.S. henge-dif^ hanging-clWour Hinchcliffe. ^Ve have also Hendene, or^brTngincrhollow, Hen Moss, Henthorn, Hanging Lees, andHanging Bridge. Hanging Chadder, Hanging Shaw,and Henshaw, all three mean tJie hanging wood. Ahinge is that on which a door it hung.
Nether House, Netherley, Up Holland, Over Houses,and Over Darwen, are clear enough.
We ^ jrther find Middle Scars, Middle Creave, Middle
Hill, Middleton ; the larms called Metal Cote and
Mettel Hole; and Middop and Mytho)), hoth meaning
midhope. The fundamental meaning of mid is a
meeting-point. Maiden Cross is the cross midway
between Burnley and Todmorden. Here, ])robably,
come Medcalf and Medlicote, surviving witli us as
jjersonal names, and comparing with our jjlaces called
Calf Cote and Higlier Calf Cote. It may be noticed,
in passing, that a cot or cote is the sim])lest form of
covering or shelter. Gadding Cote is a shed which \
cattle can enter or leave at pleasure. Bunkers Hill and
the places called Bong, seem to mean a sleeping-lnit, or
i)unk ; A.S. bone; Dan. by?ike. Bunkliouse, iiowever,
is bankhouse ; ' stod uppen ane bonke,"' 1205.
In addition, we hnd Furbarn, Farside, Farpasture,
Farlathe Farm, Farfield, and, perhaps, if formerly spelt
Fafield, as asserted, Fafflety and Fafflety Brow. For-
fteld is a mining term, and signifies the farthest place a
man has wrought. In old writings occur "the further
field," 1679, and '' the^part fowtherwest," ^300.
Feather Moor is the further moor.
We also have Near Moor Bank.!
From A.S. ///, ute^ extra, without, beyond, as in\
uthealfj the outer half, and iit-land, land hired out, we
get such compounds as TJttley, Utleach Croft, Out
Wood, Oatshaw, Out Lane Head, and "as far as to
'le utlone,'" 1300.
Similarly, A.S. bufa/i^ without, the converse oi bhman,
33
within. The ''but and ben" are the outer and inner rooms
of a dwelling. Butt also means an outhouse, and some-
times a field or yard adjoining a house. Midgehall Butte,
Barn Buts, Winterbutt Lee, Rumbuts, Farbuts, Middle
Buttes, Acliinbutt, Goosebutts, and Shearebutts, Per-
haps the converse is seen in Spotbins.
Willbutts I take to be a corruption of Wilberts. See
page 109.
Relative height is shown in names from A.S. Jieali^
Jio/i (Dut. hoo and hoogh), high, and the comparative
form /iyr7'a (Ger. hoher), higher ; the difference being
the addition of the letter r. Hooley, or high ley
;
1 loolc)' barn, Iiridge, wood, cloug.li, brow, and Hooley
Hill, near Denton; AVho-stones, Hooden, Hough vStone,
Wholaw, Wholaw Nook, Higgfield, Higginshaw,
Highen Moor, Hoglow, Hoglow Clough ; Vggshutte,
now corrupted into Hogshead, the farm of the high
spout, still to be seen ; Heaton and Hoghton ; Hogwic.
mentioned in 1230, was, there is reason to think, in
Hoghton township : and, lastly, if not a personal^
name, perhaps Whewells is high hills. The .com])ara-
tive forms are Hore, or higher, ^Vithins, Hoar Stone.s,
Whor-low, Horwick, on the sloping sides of Rivington
Pike, Hordern, or higher pool ; Ireland, a field, near
Facit ; Arlees ; Hursted, the higher, or, as formerly
written, Husted, the high stead ; Horbury, Horrocks,
Horrocks Moor, and Horrocks Scout. ('Wilhelmus de
Horok. Lib. Vif.)
c
Floral Names.
And now, having gone through this multitude of
local names, it might seem that the face of our countrv
is little changed since the day the Saxon first saw it.
But, in truth, it was far fairer then than now. For
the stately spreading trees and groves of gladness are
gone, and all the forest flowers are withered away.
" jNIerry was ii then in ihe good green %voocl,
When the mavis and merle were singing,
When the deer swept by, and the hounds were in cry,
And the hunter's horn was ringing.'"
At the time of the Conquest, the silvre or woodlands
held by Gamel of Rochdale were about 240 acres in
extent. The woods of Horwick were 16 miles in cir-
cumference, and had their aeries of eagles, herons, and
hawks. A grant of pasture to Saddleworth Chapel, in
the time of Edward III., made special exception of
"venison and birds." The district of Rossendale,
which was not disforested till 1500, had an^area of
30J square miles. Game laws for the protection of
deer were of the most stringent kind, and death was
the penalty on any common person for causing a king's
stag to run till he became short of breath. " Merrie
was it then !
"
The steady thinning of the woods, to procure timber
for building and firing, received a sudden impulse, as
well shown by Mr, Kerr of Crawshawbooth, from the
35
use of charcoal for fuel in the bloomeries or iron-
smelting works that were established in this neighbour-
hood after those that had so widely consumed the
forests of Furness had been extinguished by legal
enactment. Cinderland, Cinder Hill, Saunder Height,
and Saunder Clough, near Bacup, are so called from
the scoriae or cinders about the old bloomeries tliat
aforetime were numerous both in Rossendale and in
Saddleworth. The name is from the A.S. d/o2fia, a
mass or lump (of smelted metal).
Our topical nomenclature furnishes abundant addi-
tional evidence, not only of the many woods, but of
the various trees, shrubs, and flowers that once adorned
the country.
Shaw is the A.S. samui, a shady place :" I woll abide
under the shawe " (Gower). We have Smallshaw and
Meanwood, Bradshaw and Broadwood, Caldershaw,
Goldshaw, and Blackshaw, or bleak wood; Aushaw,
old wood ; Hayshaws, enclosed wood ; Turnshaw,
secluded wood ; Bickershaw and Prickshaw, the woodby the brook; John Bruckshaw, 17 17. Bemshaw is a
corruption of Beaconshaw, and Kershaw of Kirkshaw,
or Kyrkshagh in 13th cent.
Shade walk is shed walk.
Holt is a copse or grove. ^
" An liuntynge wenle Sir Lamfal
To chafy in holtes hore.""
36
We have Old Holts, Bleak Holt, Alder Holt, Birchen
Holts.
Hurst, from A.S. hyrst, an ornament (Ger. ho7'st, a
clump of trees), is what is now called a plantation.
" From each rising hurst,
Where many a goodly oak had carefully been nurst."
—
Drayton.
We have Micklehurst, and Smethurst and Smehurst.
the great and small plantation.
Alder Forest is a corruption of Alder Ford Hurst.
With, as in Copwith, is from A.S. wiidu, O.N. ev'^r, a
wood.
The place on the hills called Busk is from bosc,
bushy.
As might be surmised, we find ample indication of
the various kinds of trees.
The Owler, A.S. aler, Lat. alnus, the alder; as Upper
Green Owlers, Owler Lane, AUerscholes, Ollerton Fold,
and Light Owlers, of which the old spellings are
Liht Olres, Light Oilers, and Light Ollershaw. It seems
that here also should come WycoUer, formerly spelt
\\'ykeoller. Light or lite means little or few :
" Sin thilke day that they were children lite."
—
Cant. Tales.
" Theah the wintra lyt" (though winters few).
—
Beo'.vu!/,
Alder is a later form, the Shaving intruded ; as Alder
Bank and Oulder Hill. -
The Elder-tree, totally different from the Aldei",
A.S. ellen, or ellarn, as Pollen Brook, Ellen Royd,
37
Allenden Slack, Ellibank in Spotland, and the Eller-
beck which flows into the Douglas.
The Black Alder-tree, A.S. fulan-beam :\x\Afiile-tre(nv
;
as Fulwood, Fulshaw, Fulthorpe, Fulton, and FuUedge.
These have sometimes, incorrectly as I think, been
derived from A.S.////, dirty. Foulridge, formerly spelt
Folerigg, and Foul Clough, probably refer to the fowl
;
" with all fowling and taking of fowl in and upon the
cliffs," 1625.
The Birch, A.S, hirce, Lat. betula; as Birchen Head,
Birchen Lee, Light Birks, Bircle or birch-hill, and
Burchy.
The Hazel, A.S. hccsl ; as Hazle Edge, Haysill Farm,
Small Hazels, Light Azzle Edge, Light Hazles, and
Haslingden or hazel dene.
A Nut-tree, A.S. Jumtii-bea?}! ; as Nutshaw, Nuthurst,
Nuttley, Nuttbank, and Nuttall, Nuthall, and Notogh,
corruptions of Nuthalgh. For the personal names, see
page T04.
The Ash, A.S. cesc ; as Ashenhurst, Ashes, Ashmore,
Ashby, Ashworth, Ashclough, Ashton, Ashbrucke Hay,
and probably Isherwood and AspuU or Ashpool.
The Mountain Ash, A.S. wice^ called also cwic-beam^
from its rapid growth ; as AVicken Low, Wicken Llill,
VVicken Bank, Wicken Hall, and Wickenberry ; as well
as Quick Mere and Saddleworth cum Quick. In
Westmorland the Mountain Ash is still called Wiggin;
giving us a suitable derivation of Wigshaw, near
33
Warrington, Wigland in Malpas, and Wigan. -As regards
the last name something further is said on page 64.
The Oak, A.S. ac, Lat. quercus ; as Oken holt,
Acornley, and Light Oaks, " the Tynden-Oke (or oak-
fence) of Norden," and " Oakenheade Wood," a vaccary
of Rossendale. Ogden is Oak dene. The oldest
spelling is Okeden. Adam de Hogdene spelt like him
who in the time of Henry III. wrote his name Matthew
de Hormerode. Ogden used to be famous for its large
oaks, and the adjacent doughs are still full of small
ones.- The crests of the two Ogden families both
contain an oak-branch, fructed. It may be noticed
here that hog was a term used originally for young
sheep up to the first shearing, and afterwards for young
swine ; both requiring the care of a hogwarden, a word
preserved in our Hoggard. Hogs were so called from
being fed in a hok or pen.
The Willow, A.S. withig ; as Green AVithins, WarmWithins, and Within Greave. In the Lancashire dialect
a '' withen kipple ''is a thick willow stick.
Another Willow, the A.S. salh, Lat. salix ; as Sale,
Sales, Saltonstall, Salwick, Saltridge or salh-ridge,
Sollom or salh-ham;probably Saughton and Saighton,
and certainly Salford and Sawley or Salley Abbey.
Salesbury was originally Salewel.
The Linden, or Lime-tree, A.S. Itnd ; in Linsgreave,
Linthwaite, Lindrod, Linswithins, Lineham, Lyne Edge,
eynes Clough, Linnyshaw, Lennyshaw Moss, and
39
Lenny Barn. With the last may be compared Sloe
Thorn Barn in Rawtenstall. Shakespeare has ^' In the
line grove."
The Yew-tree gives its name to many places, simply.
Dfewsnop is probably t'yew snape.
Tlic Cherr)', introduced by the Romans, A.S. ctris-
beaui, and cirse^ is found in Cherry Clough, and perhaps
in Old Sirs.
It is interesting to notice that certain trees are absent
from our nomenclature.
The Beech, also introduced by the Romans, A.S. boc,
does not appear. It requires, or at least loves, a lime-
stone soil, buxion means the town of beeches.
'I'he Elm is an indigenous tree. Five miles to the
east Of Rochdale is a place called Yl\\\ ; near Hasling-
den is Helm Shore, and The Three Elms is by War-
rington. ^Vith these exceptions, it does not occur in
the names of places, nor, as far as I know, has it been
dug out of the peat. The mosses of Lancashire are
altogether 20,000 acres in extent.
Ccesar expressly mentions that the Fir was not found
in Britain ; and in no ancient writing or name have we
any indication of its presence. But we liave ample
proof that trees of this species were once very plentiful
in our neighbourhood. In Qhatmoss, and in the mosses
of Ashton, Tarleton, Holmes Wood, and Twiston, near
Pendle, firs in great abundance are found buried in the
])eal ; together with oak, ash, birch, and ha/els bearing
nut-;.
40
A few plants and flowers still have at leas^ a nominal
existence ; but it should be noticed that many of the
Saxon names that are now specific, as briar and broom,
formerly meant bushes in general, and were derived
from words meaning waste jDlaces,
We find the Holly, A.S. holi and holegn; as in
numerous places called HoUins. One bears the nameof Gilded HoUins, or the dipt hollies ; and another
that'of Booth Hollins.
The Broom, A.S. bro)u ; as Bromley, Brimicroft, and
Broom Hill.
The Gorse, A.S. gcrst ; as Crorsey Lea and Gorsey
Clough.
The Raspberry, A.S. Jdnd-hene; one of our truly
indigenous fruits ; as Hindle, or hind-hill, Hindeburn,
a stream near Accrington, and Hindley, or Hyndelehe,
1300. As this plant was fancifully named after the
hind, the next took its designation from the hart.
The Whortleberry, A.S. heorot-berie, called also Whin-
berry, or Cranberry; as Whinny Clough, Whinney Edge,
Whinberry Naze, Whimsy Hill, Cranberry Moss, Cron-
shaw, and Crumberry Lee. Aldenshaw is a corruption
of Ald-win-shaw, old Whinberry wood ; or, as some will
have it, the possession of the man Aldwin. A.S.
winberie, originally meant the grape. Whin, wliich
generally signifies gorse, is of Celtic origin. All these
names are much intermixed.
The Heather, A.S. /udli, Ger. heide : as Top-of-
4'
Heather, Hathershelf, Hathershaw .Moor (Hatfield, andHadley).
The Bramble, A.S. brcBr; as Brearley, Brierley, andBrere-ridings.
The Hip, or Briar-rose, A.S. hiop, heop, or heap; as
Heap Clough, Heap Hey, Heap Fold, Heptonstall,
Hipping Holm, Hippings, and the district called Hea]j.
"Thomas de Heppiscotes," 14th cent. For the personal
name see page 98.
The Garlic, A.S hrovisa (allium sylvestre, Somner,
1701), a.s Ramsgreave, Ramsbottom, and Ramsden.The old spellings are Romsgreave, Romsbottom, 1 604,
and Romsdcn, 1626. Rhoms are the wild onions
which, it is said, abound in these places, and are
found nowhere else. They are certainly ijlentiful in
Ramsden.
Tlie Sword-grass (or, perhaps, the bulrush, scirpea,
Somner, 1701), A.S. loifer ; as Nether Leavers, Little
Lefra, Great Lever,' Liver Hill, Lever Edge (and
Liversedge. Levers Water is near Coniston).
Lastly, the Rye-grass, A.S. rige, Dan. rug; as Rigley,
Royshaw, Rye Croft, Rye Head and Top of Rye.
Roylance and Rylance, personal names, are corruptions
ofRylands. Ryall .seems to be Rye-halgh; "ThomasRyhale," 15th cent. Perhaps Royle is Rye-hill; it has
been found spelt as Ryle and Role. Royley or Riley,
and Royton or Ryton, are on the stream called Roy(see ,-age 65).
42
Faiinal Nafiies.
The early animals of the neighbourhood are also
found in its names. But a certain difticulty is encoun-
tered in the ancient totemic customs of mankind,
whereby men called themselves after an animal wliich
they eitlier worshipped, or witli whose (jualities they
believed themselves endowed, and whose image they
bore as an emblem or crest ; so that in some cases the
name of a place may be, not that of an animal which
formerly infested it, but that of a man to whom it once
belonged. Wulf and Eofer, the sons of Wonred, were
Saxon chiefs, and Ottar was a Norse hero.
At the time of the Conquest the animals found in
Lancashire were chiefly those of the chase, as the land
was largely forestal. Moreover, it is certain that the
surrounding country, in consequence of frequent war-
fare, had become poor and depopulated. The Norman
survey was ordered to be made " ne quidem bos aut
vacca, aut porcus praetermitteretur," that neither bull,
cow, nor swine should be omitted. Many of the
hamlets and farms are described as desolate. Of
Amounderness it is said, " sixteen of the villages in this
hinidred have few inhabitants, and the rest are waste."
Oxen and " pecuniae," ox cattle, are spoken of twice or
thrice ; and swine, as implied by the word pannage, are
indicated only once in South Lancashire. Frequent
mention is made of the roe or chevril, and of the
43 .
martern, a kind of weasel, valuable for its j^kin. Beyond
this, there is no notice of either horse, cow, sheep, ass,
pig, or dog.
I
We find the Wild Boar, A.S, eofor, Lat. aper, in
.1 Evorishaw, Everilshaw, and Eversden; and perhaps in
Boarflat, Boarshawfold, Boarshead, and Borsden. The
wild boar became extinct in 1620.
The Wolf, A.S. iviilf {ixom. which, in compounds, the
I / often disappears), in Wolfstones, Woolton, formerly
A\^olveton ; Woolden, formerly Wolden; and ^\'olfenden.
I
Wolves existed in England till 1680, and in Scotland
tih 1743.
The Otter, in Otter Eee, near Ripponden, and in
Orrell, spelt in Doomsday Book Otringmele (otter-
meadow-mill),
I
The Broc, or Badger, in Broughton, formerly Broc-
ton, Brockholes, and Brogden ; and in Badger Edge,
Bagaley, Bagshaw, Badger Slacks, Bagden, and Bagslate,
jl
formerly Bagslade. No doubt Bagslate extended to
Naden Brook,
I The Hare, A.S. hara, L.G. hase^ in Harwood, Hare-
I
stones, Harsnepp, Harsenden, and Harridge Pike,
which is near to Hare Hill and Harrop Edge.
\\\ "Of fawnes, sowers, buckes, does,
f Was full the wodde, and many roes."
—
Chaticer.
Faw*^horp was formerly Fawnthorpe. A sower is a buck
in ii . fourth year.
44
. Butterworth, in one instance, used j:o be written
Buckworth. We have Buckearth, Buckhurst, Buckley,
Staghills, Hartley, Harthill, Hartshead, and Rooley,
Rowcroft, and Roe Lee.
The word deer, now restricted to red and fallow deer,
used to mean any kind of wild animals. A.S. deory
Ger. thier^ Gr. fjjjp, Lat. /^;'^.
" Mice and rats and such small deer.'"
—
K. Lear.
"When night-dogs run, all sorts of deer are chas'd."
Merry Wives.
Dearden and Derdale, near Todmorden, are not
distinctive terms. Dewhurst was formerly Duerhurst.
• The wild-cat formerly infested this district. Its bones
have been found in the Victoria Cave, associated with
Roman coins of the fifth century. Hence, perhaps, such
names as Cat-holes and Wild Cat Low.
We find the indigenous, or black Rat in Ratten
Clough.
" And right so, quod that ratoun."
—
Pitrs.
The modern brown rat did not reach England till 1 730.
The Toad, A.S. tade, in Toad Lane. There is
another Toad Lane on Blackstone Edge, a third in
Manchester, and a fourth in Preston. Toad Leach,
formerly spelt Todleach, is near Healey, and Toad Carr
is at Todmorden. As regards the last-mentioned name,
Dr. Whitaker is probably right in conceiving it to mean
"the valley of the mere abounding in toads."
Tod is only a nickname for the Fox, who dislikes
45
water as much as a cat. To dod an animal is to clip
its ears or tail. We find the favoured beast in Foxuill,
Foxholes, and Foxstone Edge.
The Swine is found in Swine-rootings and Swineshaw
;
and the Cow in Cow-gate, Cowside, Cowcommon, CooHill, Cow Heyes, Cow Lee Lane, and Cowlishaw.
Probably Cuncliffe Moss and Cunny Leach are namedfrom cows or kine ; A.S. cima^ ge7t. pL of cows.
It may be mentioned here that Stott means not only
a young ox, but also a horse. Steed and stud are
cognate terms.
"This revc sate upon a riglu {:,'ood stot."
—
Cant. Talcs.
The Charter of Forests enacts that " ever}- freeman
may have in his woods avyries of s]\irhawks, falcons,
eagles, and herons."
Glede, A.S. glida, the kite, we find in Gledhill, Gled-
stones (Gladstone), and Gladden FTey. North of us there
are Hawk Yard and Hawkshaw Fold. Near Todmorden
are Eagle Crag and Hawkstones. Bride Stones, notwith-
standing the bride and bridegroom, I take to be Brid,
or bird. Stones. Earnshaw is the wood of the eagle,
A.S. earn. Hearnshaw is the old name of the lieron.
" As when a cast of faulcons made their flight
At an herneshaw that lyes aloft on wing."
—
Faery Q.
We find the Heron also in Heron Knowl, Herring
Knoll, and Erringden.
The Raven, A.S. hrafn, seems to occur in Ravens-
46
pike Hill, Ravens Clough, Rivington (raven don) Pike,
Revidge, and Ravden. Renshaw was formerly Raven-
shaw. Hra^fn was also a personal name.
The Crow, A.S. craw (L.G. Kraai ; O.N. Krakr,
cognate with the A.S. hroc, the rook) appears in Crow
Thorn, Crow Trees, Crow Hill, Crow Lane, and Craw-
shaw Booth. Cronton, in 1562, was spelt Crawcnton.
For the present Crey, the Crye and Crye Meadow maybe referred to the Crow.
In Baines' Lancashire is the luminous statement that
" Chow Bent is the bent of Chow," or the sedgy field
possessed by that person. I think the true etymon is
the A.S. ceo^ the chough or jackdaw; and the instances
are Chew Moor, Chew Clough, Chew \\'ells, ChewBrook, Chow Bent, Chowley, and perhaps Showley and
Showley Brook. Shakespeare makes Prince Henry use
a diminutive form, " Peace, chewet, peace."
The Celtic hen^ old, or the A.S. hceji, worthless, is
generally given as the origin of the following; but the
A.S. hana^ a cock, and hcen^ a hen, seem preferable :
—
Henfold, Henland, Henheads, Henfield, Henci-oft,
Hemvick, Henley, and Handley, formerly spelt Hanley,
and in Doomsday Book Hanlei, the d being euphonic.
The names of other birds are found in Piethorn,
(jaukthorn, A.S. gccc,^ the cuckoo, Robinshaw, Wren
Wood, and Bittern Pits. Buersil was formerly s])elt
Huerdsill, Burdishull, and Burdshill ; behind this place
is Lark Hill. Sprowell I take to be Sparrow hill.
47
Local Names that show Traces of Histqricai.Persons.
In ancient writings, such as the Sagas, we find the
names of a number of Saxons and Danes who, together
with their followers, certainly settled in England.Great pains and much ingenuity have been spent in
order to discover such traces of them as cannot fail to
exist in our local and personal nomenclature. Theresult has been a mass of highly speculative suggestions,
out of which the ensuing have been selected as, on thewhole, not improbable.
'' Holon weold Wiosnum," Ilolen ruled the Wrosns.two names that are still found together in Hollin andRos.sendale.
Gigg is a farm near Bury ; the diminutive Gichel is
the name of a person in Liher Vitce ; and Giggleswickis a village in Craven.
Cissa is preserved in Ciss Hill. Heatho-Bardain Eardsley andCnebba in Knave Hill, near Beard Shaw.
^""'^^ ^'^^^- Hreada in Reed Hill andDedwin in Deadwen Clough. Ridlev.
Geat in Cadeshead. Hryp in Ripley, Reaps, andGwrial, the Celtic lorm of a Reaps Cross.
Saxon name recorded in the Hwala in Whalley.Life of Merlin, is preserved Niih, Nytta, Ijb. Vit., inin Whorlestones (as well as Night Hill, Needham,'an<lin Whorlton in Yorkshire, " Needless.
Worlestone in Cheshire, and Ofta in Offa Hill.
^Whorwelsdown in Wilts.) Sigennind-in Simondstone.
Gildaj, a Welsh name, in Soemel in Samlesbury.Gii lets.
48
Streona in Streenes, Strines, Wihtla-g in Whitcley.
Strines Clough, Strange *
Common, and Strangeways Canute in Knott Hill.
(as well as in Strenshall in Haarfagr in Halfacre.
Yorkshire). Hogni in Honey Holme.vSumser in Summerseat. Hrotan in Rawtenstall.
Wala in Walworth. Hungar in Hunger Hill.
Wihta in Weets, Whitworth, Lobbi in Lobley.
and White Ridings. Solvar in Silver Head.
THE NORSEMEN.
One marked difference in character between the
Saxon and the Scandinavian is seen in the well-known
case of the different meaning which they attached to
the same words.
The A.S. 77>, Eat. viciis, as in Prestwich, the village
of the priest, was a place where men might securel}-
dwell; and /<?n/, as in Sandiford, a place where they
might securely pass. The Scandinavian vie was a safe
harbour for ships, ixwd Jiord, a creek they could safely
enter. The term ivic was also applied to a wide reach
in a river ; Ipswich is Geapes wic, a bay in the river
Gipping, and Fishwick, formerly s})elt Eiscuic, a fish-
pool in the Ribble, near Preston. The Latin vici/la,
diminutive of vicus, gives us the words villa and village.
Between a.d. 449 and 450 there were several Saxon
invasions of the south-east coast of England. Lanca-
shire, however, was not colonised -by these, but by the
Sixons who invaded the south-east coast of Scotland in
49
547- ^t must have been many years after, that spreading
gradually to the south and west, they began a "struggle
for existence" with the Britons of this country.
In A.D. 7S7 there took place the first serious incur-
sions of the Danes, who also streamed in frum east to
west. Their principal settlements were in Lincolnshire
and Holderness, and are to be traced by the names of
towns and farms ; such, for instance, as possess the
suffix of by^ an abode, and of toft^ a homestead.
Thus, between Ripon and Thirsk, on the other side
of Blackstone Edge, over an area of less than ten miles
square, are the following villages :—Firby. Gatenby.
IMannby, Sinderby, Ainderby, Kirkby, Newby, Roxby,
Crosby, Sowerby, Birkby, Norby, Melmerby, Ealdersby,
Southerby, Leckby, and Asenby.
No name of this kind is to be found in the vicinity
of Rochdale. But what we do find, instead of by, are
some older forms of the same word. The- O.N. byr or
boer, for instance, is probably represented in Bearshill,
Bear Hill, Byrome, Burton. Buerton, Thornber, Bamber,
and Greenber.
Booth, too, which has affinity to by^ is from an ante-
cedent form, O.N. bud^ a dwelling. The forest of
Rossendale contained eleven vaccaries or cowpastures,
which were called Booths, from the huts of shepherds
and cowherds ; such as Cowpc Booth and Bacope
Booth. For the personal name see also' pages 87 & 90.
• Th'. hamlets of the Danes were sometimes designated
so
thorps ; and a high authority says that this term is not
met with in Lancashire. Thorpe means 'a gathering
together of people as into a village, and is the same
word as troop, a company. It gets contracted into trop
and trup, as Wilstrop, near York. We have a Thorpe
by Royton, and Trubsmithy may be a corruption of
Thorpsmithy. All the same, thorp, though not absent,
is very rare.
The conclusion, then, of the matter is, that the
Scandinavians who settled here, and to whom this
neighbourhood owes so much of its nomenclature,
invaded Lancashire not from the east but from the
west. The names they gave to their farms are older
in structure than those of Danelagh, and are not to be
found in the Danish district.
They were the vik-ings or baymen of the deep
fiords of Norway and Iceland, So remote and com-
plete was their occupation of the Shetlands and the
Orkneys that every name in this archipelago is pure
Norse.
Scotland was their south, and they called it Suther-
land ; and the Hebrides to them were southern islands,
or Sudreyjar, an appellation which survives in the title
of the Bishop of Sodor and Man.
In the mainland of the Orkneys is a vast tumulus,
which looks at a distance like a natural green hill. Asubtt^rranean passage leads to a chamber built of massive
stones and containing three alcoves or sepulchres.
51
The walls of the interior are covered with runic inscrip-tions, which number as many as one thousand,' and areof a highly archaic nature. These were carved by amultitude of sight-seeing Norsemen, who broke into thetomb, which seems to have been an ancient one even intheir distant day.
One writing has been thus translated :—" AVith thisaxe, owned by Kor, hewed the son of Traenil, alongsouthern shores."
Along southern shores they came. The Leivis ^vastheir Lyod-haus or wharf; a good anchorage in Skyethey called Broadford, after Brede Fiord in old Iceland;and they bestowed the names now borne by almostevery headland from the Western Hebrides to the Isleof Man.
There they established a powerful colony, and fromthat base they made incursions into Cumberland, West-morland, and Lancashire.
Amid the forests that covered the country, theywrought clearings with the axe. The open places thusrid of trees they called rod, rode, ridding. Blackrode,for instance; Greenrod, corrupted into Grindrod; andRaw-riddmg. Ellenrod is a clearing among elder-trees,just as Oakenrod is one among oaks, In the time ofHenry III., mention is made of -an assart (or wood-clearmg) called Akinrode."
As the borders of Yorkshire are approached. Ridding,Rod ^ and Rhodes, become Ryding, Royd, and Royds.'
52
We find Raw, or rough, Royd; Stony Royd; Blythe,
or smooth, Royd ; Ellen Royd, and Green Royd.
Huntroyd is a clearing for the chase; Holroyd, a path
through hollies; and Ackroyd, one through oaks.
Heyrod, now corrupted into Herod, is the way to the
enclosure; John del Heyrod, 1422 ; Heyroyd Farm,
near Colne. Murgatroyd is the way to the ?^Ioorgate.
Near Todmorden is a farm called Murgatshaw.
Rawcliffe is a corruption of Rodecliff; and Riddell
and Ridehaugh are similar words.
The Norsemen often called these forest clearings
after their own personal names ; names sometimes
totemic. Thus, Brotherod is the clearing of Broddr,
who also gave his name to Brotherton ; Ormerod, that
of Ormr ; Collinrod and Golynrode those of Kollr, and
Swaindrod that of Sweyn. Broddr signifies a spear,
Ormr a serpent, and Kollr a helmet.
Urmston was formerly Ormston, and we have
Ormshaw and Ormskirk.
Other names are Clegg, cleg the horsefly ; Buthor
the bittern, in Butterley Hill, Butter's Bottom, and
Butterworth, formerly spelt Botworth and Botesworth,
1270; Grima, a helmet, one of the titles of Odin, in
Grimshaw, Grimscar, and more compounded in Grim-
baldston ; Broc, the badger, in Brocklebank and
Brocklehurst.
Gaukr, the cuckoo, in Gauxholm; Forseti, the judge,
oiie of the Norse deities, in Fawcett and Facit. or
53
Facid, 1781 ; Skuli, the splitter (of stones or \Vood for
houses) in Scholey Head ; and Oddr, a dart, in Oddy.
Thwaite is a cleared place, a field or farm ; as
in Slaithwaite, Haghthornthwayt, Thistlethwaitc, Lin-
thwaitc, tlie field of the sloe, the hawthorn, the thistle,
the linden-trees. The word is much more abundant
in Lonsdale than with us. The A. S. has tJiweotaii, to
lo].) off.
(kirth, which corresponds to the Saxon worth, is
from O.N. gardr, a fence. We have sucli names as
Cart Side, Garside, Garstang, Garswood, and Garland.
Hogartii is hogardr, a yard for hay. Iinitek is an
enclosure. In the form of Intake, the name is fretjuent.
O.N. beii, a pasture, gives us Baitings, a farmliouse
on Ulackstone Edge, Sidebeet, or large ])asture, and
l)erliaps Eeater Clough.
Aj-gJi or arf, Lat. arvum (Sansc, root ai'v, to
desolate and hence to plough up) signifies an arable
farm. I'he word is not found close to Rochdale, but
near Ivirkham are such places as Grimsargh. Anglezark,
Aulezargh, and Goosnargh, the farm of G]"im, cf Angel,
a hook, of Ula, an owl, and of Gusan, the powerful
wildgoe)se of the Northern seas. With this may be
comj^ared Genserich the name of a Vandal, and
Sasfugel, that of an Anglo-Saxon chief.
O.N. skali, a hut or house, is from ^tlie Sansc. root
skal. to split. The huts were built of split wood, and
roofed witli sJiak or split stone. A stair made of sione
54
slabs is the Italian sca/a^ with which may be (:oni]jarcd
our scaling-ladder. Shell and scale are from the same
root, and we read of a horse caparisoned with
" scholes under shankes." We have such ])!a(:es as
Brinscall, Scoles, Scales, North Scall, Scole Car Edge,
Scholefield, and Schofield : John del Scolfield, 132 1.
Shawcross probably comes in here : Richard Shal-
cross, 1550.
O.N. bol, a dwelling, is generally corrupted inio I'ou'.
We find Bowstede, Bow Lee, Bow \Vood, Bowstone
Hill, and Bowland, formerly Bolland.
O.N. byggiiii^\ is a building. On Blackstone Edge is
a place called Eong Biggin.
Erom O.N. hlada, to heap up, to store, comes the
w^ord laith, a barn. We have High Laith, New Eaith.
Hey Laithe, Ear Ing Laith, Lathebutts, and Claviger
Laithe. Lately Common, Lady Lees, Lady Bridge,
Lady Barn, Lathome, and Latham I take to be from tlie
same word ; and there are a Latus, or Laith ELouse, in a
neighbouring parish, and a Ladhouse in Cumberland,
to which the Ladyhouse at Milnrow bears a suspicious
resemblance.
Side, O.N. sida, is a distinctively Norse name for a
settlement, as in Ormsidc and Rampside, the settlement
of Ormr and of Krafn. -
The Norse Jwl, a hill, is too intermixed with the
A.S. hyl, to be easily distinguished. It also mingles
with the Norse words how, hoy, haugh, haiigr, and hopt\
55
all signifying a hill. Further confusion is due to the
fact that in Scotland, as well as in the North of England,
Jiaugh and hope indicate valleys. It would seem, there-
fore, that there is an admixture of correlatives which are
probably some older forms of O.N. haugr, a mound,
and hop, a recess.
We have such places as Hough, How Gate, HowRoyd, How Royd Clough, Greenhow ; Langho was
originally Billango, and is in the same parish as Billing-
ton and Billinge Hill; and House End is a corruption
of Hough's End. Also, Haugh, Bulhaugh, Ridehaugh,
Ridihalgh, Broadhalgh, and Grcenhalgh, spelt in Dooms-
day Book Greneholf, and corrupted into Grenal.
Hulton was Haughton and Halghton: Aighton, too,
was Halghton. Kempnail was Kempnough, and origi-
nally Kempenhalgh. Withnell is a corruption of Withen-
halgh. Aspinall, Bramall, Nuttall, are similar corrup-
tions ; and Fernihollow was formerly spelt Fernihalgh.
The term haugr also signifies a sepulchral mound.
At Haulgh, near Bolton, a barrow was opened which
contained two Kist-vaens, in which were an urn of red
earth, a number of bones, a bronze spear-head, and
some armour. Rainshough is by an old camp.
AVe meet the word hope in Hopwood, Hope Fold,
and Hopley. Cowpe is a corruption of Cow Hope.
AViddup is probably Wide Hope; we _have AMddup
Gate ; and Stirrup, Mossop, Harrop, and Broxup I take
to be S',.arfhope, Mosshope, Harehope, and Brockshope.
Gale, O.N. geil, akin to gill, a ravine, is a site in the
hollow of a hill. There is a place of this kind and
name at Littleborough, and another in Castleton. We
have to look farther off for instances of the survival of
gill, a ravine; such are Brackens Gill, Cross Gills, Low
Gill, Admergill, and, perhaps, the personal names
Bowskill and Brunskill. For Fothergill, see page 98.
Dub, from the Norse diiip, depth, is a piece of water
on a hill. This seems to be the origin of Tab Road,
Debdale, Dobcross, Dobbrow, Dob Hill, Daub Hill, and
Dove Law. The common Saxon word for a dove was
culfra ; nnidu-culfre was a wood pigeon ; duva was rare.
In Scotland a duck-pond is called a goose-dub.
Dern, or Tern, from O.N. Horn, has a very similar
meaning: a small tarn. We have Turnley, Turnaugh,
Turnehill, Turn Slack, Tarnacre, and Darnhill.
Carr, O.N. kiarr, is a swamp, or a hollow with
water, as Horse Carrs, Broad Carrs, West Carr, The
Little Carr, ("The bottomless carr," in Durham,) and
many places called simply Carr.
In the Lancashire dialect carr-water is peaty water.
When car means a rock, it is a corruption of scar.
Starr is a word of Norse origin, and signifies strong
or coarse grass ; as in Starring, Starring Hill, and Starr-
garden.
Scow, O.N. skog, is a wood. The word survives in
the personal names Briscow and Haresceugh, and in
the places Thornscow, Scowcroft, and Burscough.
57
Mire, O.N. inyri, is a bog or i^^x^.. AVe have Red-mires, and Myrescough.
Grain, O.N. grein, is a division ; as in South Grains,on tie old parish boundary, Long Grain, Grains, Has-lingcen Grane, Grane Head, Grane Post, and Graining.
CIos2 to the last mentioned, is a place called Grey-stones
;as grey is not a distinctive colour for a stone,
this s probably grain-stones or boundary stones.
A holm meant first a small flat island, and afterwardsthe bw meadow-land, almost an island, the delta onthe Unks of a curving river. Such places, and socalled abound in this neighbourhood. Sidholm is thespaciais holm
; Mytholm is the middle holm, embracedby theCalder and the Hebden. Cowm is thought by
^some o be Cowholm
; but the character of the place
k ^ suggess the meaning given on page 63.
TheNorse word keld or kd, signifies a fountain.
Buclle is bfi, cattle, and kd ; " a place for watering
^
cattle." Cold Wall Brow seems to be keld well brow,a redupication. Beyond Burnley is Kelbrook.The .^odden is the valley of the Spot. This word
has afiflrty to spate, spit, and spout, and involves theidea of
. small body of water flowing swiftly. It is
likely thi the name of the stream is of Norse origin.
!
since in N^orway there is a Spyten Vand, and in "theIsle of Tv'an a river called Spooyt Vane.
Besidesraising a funeral mound, the Norsemen oftenerected aiuge stone as a memorial of the illustrious
58
dead. Places called Jordan are from C)iN. Jardan,
burial; the O.^ Jord is equivalent to the A.S. eorihe,
earth.
Boundaries were sometimes marked by stones, \\hich
in such cases would bear the owners' name.
Stones were also raised in adoration of a divine
person. Lund means a sacred grove.
Not far from Saddleworth are Thurstone, Thur;den,
Thor Clough, and Wamstone. Woden compounds into
warn. Thor and Balder were sons of Odin or Wbden.
There is a Balderstone on the Ribble ; and thisis the
oldest spelling of the place in Rochdale. Milks one is
probably the stone of Mioll, and Ravenstone iiat of
Hrafn, common Norse names; while near th( place
known as Ormistons, and formerly spelt Orm<stanes,
are a pair of tall stones called at the present tine "two
lads."
THE ROMANS. .
Though the Romans occupied Britain for abut 400
years, and intersected Lancashire with their military
roads, they seem to have left not a single nar.e in this
vicinity.
Dr. Whitaker says that on the Roman rad which
crosses Blackstone Edge was " a subordinate fort, still
called the Castle," whidi probably gave orgin to the
purely Saxon denomination of Littleborough
Harbour, as Cold Harbour and* Windy Hrbour, is a
irequently-occurring name in Lancashire. i:3mner says
59
" Hercberga is a station where the army rested in their
march." The Cold Harbours, numbering as many as
70 on the Roman roads throughout England, ^vere
unroofed enclosures, or caravansaries The word was
afterwards used to designate an inn.
" 1 saw nat this yere swiche a compagnie
At ones ill this lierbcrwe, as is now."
—
Cant. Talcs.
On the Britons themselves, however, the influence of
the Romans, who ruled them so long, must have been
very deep, as shov/n by tlie large number of Latin
words that have become incorporated into the 'Welsh
language ; so nmch so, tliat but for the advent of other
races, England would now have been the country of
"a Romanesque people, like the French or Spanish.''
THE CELTS.
Not a few of our local names are distinctly Celtic.
This fact, which at first seems a startling one, a little
consideration will show to be perfectly natural and
inevitable. By the incursions and settlements of
Norsemen and Saxons, the original British inhabitants
of this part of the country were not destroyed, and
were not even altogether driven away. The new races
lived side by side with the old. The entire population
of Cumberland, or land of the Cymbry, used the Celtic
language as late as the loth century \ and in the wilder
l)art.> of the district it was s])oken in the reign of Queen
6o
Mary. The Norman Survey of Lancashire and Cheshire
mentions among tlie tenants of the soil several persons
whose names imply a Welsh nationality, such as Grifin,
Owin, and Rees.
Choice and fruitful ])laces, that must have been
eagerly seized by new and unscrupulous comers, soon
lost their old denomination ; but unowned rivers and
uncultivable mountains, all over England, still retain,
with few exceptions, their ancient British designa-
tions. And so with us ; the names that have been
preserved and transmitted are not so niuch tliose of
woods and fields and (at lands, as of the far hills and
the lonely moors. These places were a sort of com-
mon jjroperty. The Saxon cared not to enclose th.em;
the Scandinavian did not covet them. They were as
the air or as the sea, free to all, the birthright of the
poor.
Tor, or frir, is a towerlike hill. Tor-hill, near
Haslingden, 1,114 feet in height, and Tor Stile seem
our only examples.
Bryn, a hill-ridge, and dron, a round hill. Underthese titles may be placed Bryn Farm, Brynsop, Brun
Edge, Brean Hey, Brown Wardle, Brund Hurst, Brand-
wood, Burnt Hill, Burnedge, Brownedge, Brunshaw,
Hollin Brown Low, Higfi Brown Knowl, Brun, a hill of
this name two miles to the east of Friar ^Mere : another
Brun, a hill near Mossley ; Brimrod, formerly sjielt
Brunrod ; Brown House, behind Rushh.ill reservoirs;
6i
Brinscall, and Brindle. Brindle is Bryn-hill ; of old it
was variously spelt, but in 1352 we find " Sir Peter de
Bryn of Brynhill." Brining was spelt Brune in
Doomsday Book.
Allt, a cliff, as in Alt hill, now corrupted into Ottle
and Otts.
Cnoc^ a hill or mound. Nockliffe Eaves : eaves,
A.S. efese, is a border or brink ; and perhaps Nick road.
Sliabh, a hill, may be the origin of Slipper Hill and
Slipper Low.
Drum is a ridge. Meldrum is the bald ridge.
Drummer Stoops ; stoops are posts fastened into the
earth ; Staups Moor, Stopes, and Locking Stoup.
Dol is a field ; so that Doldrum is the field on the
ridge, as Dalgarnock in Ireland is the field of the rough
knoll. The word has still a local use in the sense of a
field, as in Cote Dole, Doals, Dulshaw, Clay dole,
Sand-dole, Great and Little dole, Long doles, ]\Liy-gate
dole, and Broad dole.
We read of " freedom of turbary (power to cut
turves) upon that Mosse dole," 1663. We have a
Doldrum near Ogden, and another by Rooley Moor.
Pen is a head, but not always a massive one like
Pendle Hill. In Wales, persons at loggerheads are
said to be pen-hen. We have. Pen Moss^ Bens Toot,
Ben Cop, Bene Hill, Pendlebury Fold, and Penyghent,
or windy hill. The Saxon-looking Fcnniscowles is a
corrup'ion of Pen-ys-goil, head-of-the-cliff.
62
Maen, a stone, is thought to occur in Manstone, andHigher and Lower Pemmins, or pen-maen, stony head.
Cronk, a hill, is a word that abounds in the Celticparts of the Isle of Man, as Cronkyvoddy, the hill ofthe dog; Cronky urleigh, the hill of the eagle; andCronkyshinnagh, the hill of the fox. Recollecting thesituation of the estate called Foxholes, it is impossibleto avoid the suspicion that some such name as Cronky-shinnagh, the hill of the fox, has been corrupted intoour Cronkeyshaw. The usual explanation of this name,that it means a rough or winding wood, seems un-supported.
Eudan, a forehead, is applied to the brow of a hill, andis exactly suitable to Edenfield, formerly spelt Ayten,Ayden, and Adenfield. This place is too far from theriver to have been named from ea, water. The samestatements hold good with Higher and Lower Eden,near Oswaldtwastle.
In Ireland, Edenmore is the great brow.
Clack, or Clough, is a stony place.
"Scnde him to seche in clif and cl.nv."
Dedwin Clough: Dyduin, twelfth century, and Deduin,
thirteenth century, a personal name. Love Clough:LuiTe, a personal name, twelfth century.
Llech is a flat stone, or paved footpath. The highestpart of the road over Rooley Moor is called Top o'
Loach.
^3
CivJii is a hollow among hills. We have CowmLower Cowm, Combes, Combe Hill, and Holcomb.
The word survives in honeycomb.
Coed, a wood, corrupts into cat and chat, and is
rcrot^ni/ed in Chntioo-;';. (
"
'^''-.'th;"- ''\., :' ini
< 'W.
in stjnie \y.\xv^ vA the • v.ut.tr) tlie ;vord ;s Mill ^.v. use;
ash chats or beech chats are bundles of ash or beech
wood. In its diminutive forms chattocks means refuse
wood, and catkin is little twig.
The Gaelic fridh, a wood, Celtic (fridd, a forest, is
found in Iamv I'Vitli, ;uul i.-. the ori-in of ->(y\\\^ i>l.iccs
called Firth. It survives in local dialects in the word
frith, which means underwood. The O.N. vidr, a wood,
is ])reservcd locally in the term r.'////, a twig or stick:
and the A.S. lauidii, a wood, tree, or anytiling made of
wood, may now be a])plied to the smallest fragment of
timber.
These are further examples of a tendency mentioned
on page 14.
Pivl, a pool or marsh, as in Blackpool. We have
Pule Moss, Bule Hill, Palden, Polefield, and Pole Lane.
In Doomsday Book Poole is spelt Pol, and Welshpool
was formerly written Welsh Pole. Gorple, a moor from
which flows Gorple water,** is probably Gorpwl, gor
meaning moor, as in Gorcock, the grouse. The word
poo^ was borrowed by the Saxons.
64
FncJi is an island. A large portion of Inchfield Moor,
and of Inchfield Pasture, are almost perfect islands,
made, in each case, by two streams running into a third.
In Dooms-day Book Ince is spelt Inise, very much like
the present Welsh form. In a. d. 467, the Saxons, under
Colgrim, with their allies the Picts and Scots, were
defeated, according to Gildas, by King Arthur in four
great battles—"Super amnem quae nominatur Brittanice
Duglas quce est in regione Inniis." This is the Douglas
which falls into the Ribble, and the district is indicated
by two places still called Ince, near Wigan. Wigan is,
therefore, thought by some to be named from the A.S.
wig, war ; but this is highly improbable, as the
Saxons at this time had not settled here, and were
not only thoroughly routed by Arthur, but did not
return to the neighbourhood for, perhaps, a hundred
years. Moreover, ^Vigan is not mentioned in Dooms-
day Book.
Another of Arthur's battles was fought shortly after,
"super flumen quod vocatur Bassas," the Bashall brook,
which falls into the Ribble near Clitheroe.
It may be noticed that the Inches of Perth have
ceased to be islands in consequence of an elevation of
20 feet to 30 feet which the land has undergone since
the Roman period. In one of them an anchor has been
dug up, and a boathook was fount;! eight feet below the
jresent surface of the soil.
Baile is a dwelling. Balladen, for Balladun, is the
^>5
clwclliiii;- on llic hill; just as Ballagan, in Irelan(l,Js the
dwelling in the hollow.
Taith, a Celtic deity, corresponding to Mercury, was
widch- worshipped in Britain. There are Toot Hill
near Macclesfield, Cleeve Toot in Somerset, Mythe
Toot in (iloucestersliire, and Twt Hill at Carnarvon.
AVe have Tooter Hill, Toot Hill, 1^ode Hill, Toodlc
Hill, 'i'ottleworth Lee, Cow Toot, and liens Toot.
777//. ovtei/i, is fire. 'I'he IJeltane fire was fire offered
to a i^od. Tandle Hill, the d euphonic, may have been
a beacon hill.
A'r/. or Ilclin, the Celtic deity whose symbol was fire.
g;ive his name to many places in IJritain. In \'orkshire,
to the liaal Hills; with us, to the river lieil or Beale.
Belfield was formerly spelt Beilfield and Belefield.
Beal Key is in Crompton. The Ribble or Rybel was
called by Ptolemy Belisama.
The Rye of Blackstone Edge, the Roy near Oldham,
together with the first syllable o^ the Rybel and of the
Ribourne, are from the Celtic r/ie, switt (Gr. ofw).
Whether rivers called Leven are to be deri^•ed from
the Teutonic Jilaupeii, to leap, or from the Celtic Ueviiy
smooth, must depend on the character of the stream.
Diggle PJrook, which flows off Black Moss, is a
(•orrui)tion of d/in-ghis or blaclr-water. Douglas is the
same word. There is a river Duglas in Croston
parish.
Dic'^- is the Cymric for water (Or. vlu){,). The
I
»
66
Darwen means clear water, and the Calder is the cil
divr or winding water.
The word iam, spreading, or still, forms the name of
many rivers, as the Tame in Saddleworth.
The first appearance of Rochdale in writing is in
Doomsday J3ook, where it is spelt Racedham. \\\ r i 70it is written Rachdam. Soon after .1200 the lownshij)
of Rochdale is called Villa Castella Rachedham.Hence we may confidently conclude that the pro-
nunciation was Ratchdam. As it is j.retty certain that
the stream was named before the town, the hybi-id
term would indicate a Saxon hamlet on a British river.
In old document's, to within one huiulred years of tlie
present time, the spelling of the first s)l]ab!e is always
Ratch or Rach. The Celtic craig, a rock, and hrac or
IiViuh, are phonetically equivalent.
In Derbyshire the provincial name for broken stones
is raicJiel.^w^ a ridge of commanding cliffs is called the
Roches.
In Lancashire the local term for a rock is ratclu-r,
and Ave have places called Ratchers, and Old Ratchells;
while another Lancashire stream, the Rocher, flows
over rocks, and in its bed are Druidical remains
hollowed out of the stone. The. hill sides where our
own Roche rises are- rocky still ; and two thousand
years ago, before fields were cleared and walls andhouses built of scattered stonfe, the valley must have
\
been surmounted by imposing crags.I
67
From the water-shed of Summit, then, that whichtlowed eastward was yrlei)t Cal-dwr, or curving stream,
and that which ran to the west, Hrac-dwr, or stonv
stream.
When the Saxons built on the banks of the river thev
called their town Hrac-dur ham, ur Rachdam. TJiis
name was soon altered. In 129.- it was written Rakc-
dale. The transformation was due to Scandinavian
influence. Dale is a Norse term for a wide valley, and
is o^uite distinct from the Saxon dell.
Rock, too, is not a Saxon word ; it is the O.X. lockr.
A\'e may take it that Oamel the Thane was himself of
Norse extraction. Carnal, which means old, was muchmore common as a ])ersonal name among Norsementhan with the Saxons. In a grant of land, dated 1051,
litteen years before the con(juest, occurs the name of
(lOuse (iamelson, and the patronymic is unmistakably
Norse. When (kimbleside was one of the vaccaries of
Rossendale Forest it was spelt (lamulside, and again
rhe suffix is distinctivelv Norse.
So Rochdale the Norse name of our valley sup])lanted
Rachdam, the Celto-Saxon name of our town. But in
spite of the lapse of years, and the change and 11 ux of
nxes, Rachder, the truest and oldest pronunciation, is
still to be heard.
68
CUMULATIVE NAMES. -
In diMAving to a conclusion the first part of tliis essa)-,
the oi)portiinity has come to adduce cases of cumuhi-
tion, one of the most interesting parts of onomatolog\
.
Wlien the original significance of a word is lost, it
becomes necessary to add to it one that is understood.
1'he doubling of the feminine suffi.\ in songstress, and of
the plural sign in children, are commor instances. It
is the same Avith the names of places.
Ness, as in Sheerness, is a nose or pointed headland,
and was used generically. When its m.eaning was for-
gotten, the term was treated as specific, and a generic
name was added. Of this process we see an example
in Shari)nesspoint. A better illustration has been used :
the mountain at the head of the Yarrow is called
Mountbenjerlaw. The original British name was Pen
Yer, or Yarrow Head, to which the Saxons added Ian\
and tlie Nomans mouiif.
The following are some local instances of this
reduplication :
—
Dunhill.
Hameldon Hill.
Law Hill.
.Snoddle Hill.
Hollin Blown Low,
Brindle.
Slipper Hill.
Tor Hill.
Bull .^cout Hill.
Low I low.
Whittle Hill.
C.'xdshaw.
(."lOodshaw.
Hurst Wood.
Holt Wood.
Shaw Wood.
C alder Brook.
!)ijj[gle Jhook.
Buckley Pasture.
Lady Barn.
69
Spa Well.
Cold Wall Brow,
Pule Moss.
Prickshaw Brook is a kind of reduplication, and is
like Turton Tower, where first the village was called
after the stronghold, Tower-town, and then the strong-
hold Avas called after the village, Tower-town-tower.
PART II.
)hALlN'(; MOSTLY WITH 'IHR Pi'.KSONAL NaMKS NOW
FOUX!) IX THi: r>OROl^C;H or RoCHDAr.K.
IHAT portion of Doomsday Book which relates
to Lancashire and Clieshire contains a com-
plete record of the tenants at the time of the Conquest.
Of all the names thus given, it is strange to see that
only a fifth part are yet employed, while of these full}-
two-thirds have merely a prenominal use. As surnames,
for instance, we still find traces of Grim, Orme, Ulf,
Warin, Brun, and Godwin ; and, as Christian names,
we meet with Osmund, Radulf or Ralph, and Goisfrid
or Geoffrey. Of the rest, it is interesting to notice that
(Jodid, goodness, LuveJe, beloved, and Ulvene, pet
wolf, not less fond than our Ursula, arc the names of
ladies, who held an independent and honourable
)Osition.
Before going further, it is well to repeat wliat has
licen urged before :— ist, that there is always a strong
tendency to assimilate strangely-sounding names to any
familiar ones they may happen to resemble ; and 2nd,
that to give one etymology is not to exclude others.
Names from Places, o)- Natioiialify.
\Ve have already met witli plentiful i)roof that persons
are often called after the place in which they lived. But
they are also called after the country from which they
came. The following is a list of the instances in this
town :
—
A man of the Boii,
a CelUc tribe.
(.\)IIin;^'c, or 1 )e Chalons (sec
nls(. pai,^es ]z -'^"^1 9j)-
l^ywell,
Pywcll,
Pyman,
Dania, a Dane.
England
.
English.
France, >j
Frank,
Frankell, ^
Fallon, a Falian.
Frazer, A.S. Frysa, a Frisian.
Fleming.
Holland.
Ireland ; in some cases this
is a corruj)ted Norse
name. Eriand, which n^eans
foreii-aer.
Franks.
jancw.ay, old s[)elliii<; J:\n-
wayes, a Genoese.
Kent.
Lancashire.
Lincoln.
Morris, or Moorish, perhap.s -x
crusader; IMontmorirc came
over with the Conqueror.
Norris, leNoreys, a Norwegian.
l\.aines, de Rennes (see page
105).
Saxon.
Scott.
Snowdon.
Tansey, a member of liie tribe
of Danduti.
Wales (see also page loS).
72
Pat} onyviics.
Some personal names are patronyini'': : they arc
structurally indicative of descent.
The Welsh form is ap : Parry or i^arry is Ap Harry,
the son of Harry ; Hevan, Price, Prodger, Pritchard,
liowen, IJetliell, Pugh, rowcll, are the son of Iv.aii,
Reece, Roger, Richard, Owen, Ithell, Hugh, and
Howell. Hoel was tlie name of the Celtic prince of
Armorica, who came to the assistance of King Arthur,
when he fought his Lancashire battles.
The Scandinavian tbrm is se)i, or son^ as in Nansen,
Smithson, Dixon. At'ter some competition with, it
finally superseded the Saxon form about the time of
the Norman invasion.
The Saxon form is ing^ inge, or iuger. This suflix is
cognate with our word young; and, when attached to a
personal name, is taken to indicate descent ; and S(; has
sometimes the wider sense of nationahty, as the 1 )ancs,
for instance, were called Skioldungar, the Skioidings or
descendants of Skiold, son of Odin, the first King of
Denmark.
It has already been remarked that uig is to be
distinguished from the word that means a meadow :
moreover, it is sometimes jiierely a phonetic addition ;
and now and then it has the force of a diminutive.
It also enters into compounds-; Birmingham was
formerly written IJeorm-inga-liam, the abode of the
7.3
sons of lieorm. Some of the neighbouring e.i^amples
are
—
Uxown Brining.
Cole (Kollr) Collinge, Collingwuod.
! );inii Donying.
Kndr (as in EiKleii')') Ending.
Earr Faningion.
Heap Hipping.
Hill Illingvvorih.
Holling- worth, spell with a
•
^^'>>'^i ^inl546.
IVnn Pennington.
Some existing surnames are said to be derived from
female baptismal names ; as Parnell or Pownall from
L^etronilla, Cousons from Custance, and Letts from
J >ietitia.
Bodily CJiaractei-,
Names derived from personal peculiarities, such as
Beard, are not nearly as numerous as is commonly
supposed.
Thus Pedhead. 8th cent. Eadheit, means literally
counselhood ; and Whitehead, 9th cent. Withaidis.
means understandinghood.
The following are found Avith us:— Bland is blond:
x\.S. hlanden-fcax is light-haired. Sellers, perhaps also
from a trade, and Sala are from a stem, common in
ancic' r names, salo, dark or sallow. Baynes is white
74
or fair. Blinkhorn, Fr. Blanclicron, means literally
whiteraven. Gough is red ; Read also is sometimes
red. Calow, A.S. calo is baldheaded, (see page 94).
Gross, Mutch, Little; Schunke and Shanks: Swifr,
and Speddy speak for themselves.
Mental Cliaracter or Affection.
The following are instances of names given for some
quality of mind or manner :
—
Bright and Burt are the A.S. henrJit, illustrious, of
which Albert is an intensitive. Gaskell is the Gaelic
gais^cil, valiant. Stark and Starky are the A.S. sta?r,
strong or fierce. Noble, beside what it seems, is also
from 0.(i. nibui, mist; Nibelung is the patronymic of
Nibel.
Torks, old spelling Torcht, means illustrious.
Curtis, is courteous ;" Curteis he was, gentil and
affable," {Chancer). Bonar and Bonnar are gracious,
(see also page 89}. Joyce is a corruption of jocose;
Jocosa. Jolly and Jolyffe—"jolif and amorous."
Agnew is the A.S. agnu, own. Soar, the A.S. snr/i,
sorrow. Pratt and Bratt, the A.S. prwt, craft. Ogle
is the diminutive of Ogre, A.S. oga, terror ; hence the
word ugly. Huxley is the A.S. Jiuxlic, disgraceful; and
Wild is obvious.
AHcknaines.
In a few cases names were bestowed in iest ; or
75
because the original owner held some office or ^ took
some part in " sjjorts, jvageantries and plays, wakes,
quintels and mummeries."
Sucli names were used by the ancients, as Basilius,
and Archias. Among ourselves we find King, Prince,
Baron, Lord, Legatt, Bisho]), Abbot, and Priest.
Namesfrom House Si'^ns.
Many odd personal names, such as Crabtree. Talbot,
and Sparrow, originated in the custom of using signs
t() distinguish houses, now almost abandoned exce])t in
the case of Taverns. Sparke or Sparks is a cc>rruptior.
of Si)arrowhawk.
Professional Names.
Personal names terminating in ^r often indicate some
masculine employment. Er, is the A.S. iver^ a man;
so that Salter and Saltman are the same. In like manner
sier is the A.S. form of feminine nouns of action, and
so we have the correlated names Tapper, l)ar-man, and
1'apster, bar-maid ; Webber and Webster, Baker and
Ikixter. One form of Seymour, a word generally
derived from St. Maure, is the A.S. seamere, a tailor,
and seamstress is a duplicated feminine.
This termination in fr .haslo be distinguish.ed, not
always without difficulty, from the er, to be presently
noticed as abounding in true compound Teutonic
name::
76
The names in Rochdale which sprini^ frpiii trade,
office, or occupation are now given.
Bailey, a bailifr.
]-5annister, the keeper of a bath.
Barber; may also be a surgeon.
bJarker, one who procures bark
for the Tanner.
Hellhouse, i»ne who had charge
of a monaslie or other bell.
Brewer^
Bracer, its old form, and )
IJrewsler, its feminine : >
all brewing used to be \
(lone by femalc>. '
Bowes, a bowman; A.S. /v^vz
a bow ;
Pogson, its patronymic.
Boardman, a tenant of bord-
sci-i!tcc, in which rental was
paid in kind.
Butler, is Boieller.
" Boiler schalle sett for each a inesse
A pot, a lofe, withouten distress"
Caiman, a dealer in calls or
cowls.
Calvert, a calf-herd.
Campion, see Kempe.
Carter, or Charreler, a driver
of the Charette, a chariot or
carriage.
Cariwright, see Smith.
Ch.eseman, (see also page 92).
Coke, a cook.
" A coke they hadden
lie coLidc ros'.e and sethe."
(C/ui!,cr>).
Coleman, a maker (.>( charcoal,
(see also page 93).
Comber.
Cooper.
Coward, a cowherd.
Cropper.
Crowder and Crowther, one
who plays on the cr«)wd. the
\Velsh crwth, a stringed in-
strument. "The pipe, the
taljor, and the iremliling
croud " [Spencer).
Cryer.
Dawber, a plaster-er, '' Ruddle
and Daub," or stones and
clay and "Wattle and Dau1»
"
or twigs and clay, consti-
tuted the filling-in of "post
and pan " houses.
Driver.
Dyer.
Farmer, one who gave food,
goods, or sul "Stance, A.S.
fcon/ie, by way of rent ior
land.
Faulkner, a falconer.
77
Franklin, a freeholder.
" A Frnnkclein was in the com-
pagnie ;
At sessions ther was he lord andsire.
Fill often time he was knight of
the shire" (Chancer).
I-'crris, a farrier ; holli nameand trade were introduced
1)}' the Normans.
Fewer, Fr. fevre, a smith.
J''l€tclier, one who makes, or
fledges, arrows,
Fislier.
I'"ilter, (see also page 9S),
I'or.ster)
,, y a forester,I'..ster> .
J'"()wler.
l-'ulltr, A.S./////<?r<', see Walker.
Gardner,
firainger, the overlooker of a
grange, or granary.
Glazier.
Glover.
Gothard, or Goatherd.
Hatch, see Vatcs.
I larjjer.
I fawker.
Horner, a maker of drinking
Vessels, &c.
I hintI
Ihnuor /a huntsman,
Ja-.er )
Kemne, and Campion. A. S.
<v7w/>, war, at'd* cniifa, a
champion. T'rovincial Kng-
lish, champ, a scuftle.
" I'ut in did ccr.e the Kin^e of
Spayne
With Kcmpcs many a one."
Henci.', a blustering fellow,
"a kempy lot." Here,
loo, is the explanation
of Kempenhalgh and Kcmj)-
stone.
Kidman and Kidder, from
Goth. /n>fa t.» hav.k, are
olisolcle nanK> for a huxter.
Kilner, one who minds a mali
or other kiln.
Kitchen, " Ro!>ert de la
Kechen."'
Kitcheman.
Lardner antl Ladner, a swine-
herd, or one who looked
after pannage and fattened
swine.
Leach, a physician.
Lorrimer. a maker of bits for
horses, Fr. lormier, Lat.
lorum.
Lister, or Liitester, a dyer
;
"Clalhis that are littede
ofdyverse coloures" (/'/Vrv).
(See also page loi).
Marlor, a marh-r ff soil.
78
Marshall, A.S. i/iurc-scea!e, a
horse-seivaiu or groom.
Mason.
Mercer, a i^eiu'ra/ dealer in
merchandise.
Naylor, a maker of nails, or
one who drives them in.
Page, and iis diminutives
I'agei, and
I'atchetl.
I'almer, a pilgrim or crusatler.
Paynter.
Pimley, a diminutive of I^ym :
Pymma, /Ji'. /7/. : A.S.
byniere, a irumiiclcr.
I'inder, one who impounds.
Pollitt, a puletcr <.^x iioulterer,
(see also ])age 90).
Porter.
1 Vector.
Reeves, a Reeve, A.S. ^ercfa,
was a judicial othcer, inferior
in rank to an earl. There
was one in every borough.
His judgements were to be
according to the domboc.
Kimmer, or Kimoure, a poet,
or story-teller.
Roper.
Rutter, a cavalier. "A garde
of ruffelynge rutters."
Sager and Sagar, a sawyer,
from A.S. saga, a saw.
.Sawyer.
Sayer, an assayer of metals ;
also a fooil-tasier.
Salter.
Slater.
Sheriffe, a shirir-reevc, .1 gov-
ernor of a shire.
Steward and Stewart.
Seller, and Sellars ; a ri'.akerof
seals; also a maker of sells ir
saildles. (See page 73).
Shepherd.
Shearer.
Sergeant.
''riic serjcam I hcfoicr llu: jayli.r
luinie.
Because he is the clog that inim-
the game" (1630*.
Spencer, or De^pencer, the
Keeper of the Snence, a
buttery or pantry.
Seymour, a tailor, (see page 75
and page 106).
Slaughter, a butcher.
Stringer, a maker of bow-
strings.
( " Hysstajr-slyiij^crcbiim:
Shnger -> other with bcheeK'c-
(. and speres"
Swire, an old form of es(.[uire.
"The swyer's sv/yre-banc
(neck) he swapjie^ in
somire."
79
Souter, and Sowter, A.S. sittcrc,
a shoemaker.
Showier, a shoveller.
Stuttard, an oxherd.
Smith, from A.S. s.'in'laii, to
smite, is any kind of artificer
in metals. A.S. myiici-
smidhthe, a money-smithy,
or mint. Wright, is any
other kind of artificer, as
Cartwriqht, Wainwright and
Arkwright, a maker of meal-
chest-;.
Taberner, an innkeeper.
Taylor.
Thane, an Anglo-Saxon noble-
man. The rank was not
inherited, but was attainable
by all, even by the servile.
It could also be claimed as a
right by any one who had
. possession \i^ five hides of
land, a church, a kitchen, a
bellhouse, a judicial seat in
the borough gate, and a seat
in the witenagemot. Gamel,
thane of Racedham, had only
two hides of land.
'IVavis, and Traves. A trave
is a place enclosed with rails
for shoeing an unruly horse.
Travers, and Traverse, the
ccdpation thus imj^lied.
Telfer, I'r. taillefer, irun-
cleaver. (See also page 96).
Tucker, a fuller ; see ^\alker.
Turner.
Topper, and Tipper, the maker
of the points of arrows.
Viles, and Vowles, a player <<n
the \\()\.
Walker, A.S. -vealcerc, a fuller,
a tucker.
" Clotli that cometh fro the weuying.is iiougt comly to were
Tyl it is fulled under fotc- ytoiikcl
and ytented."
l-"r. fouler, to tread upon.
/ a walk mill is a
Walkden 1 fulling mill, also
Waugh j corruptly termed
^ waugh-mill.
Waller, a builder of walls.
(See also j'age loS).
Webber, a male weaver.
Webster, a female weaver.
Wheeler.
Woodruff is wood-recve, and
like
Woodward is a head forester.
Vates, and Hatch, an occu])a-
tion involved in living by the
gate that crossed the rornl
for the j)urpose of confining
deer. Hatch is related to
tlic word hedge.
8o
Strangely Spelt iVanies.
Sonie surnames are obscure only from a mistaken
mode of spelling. Not all of the following are to he
found in Rochdale : the list is extended hecause of
the oddness of the thing :
—
l>acchus for Bakehouse. Musick, Ger. Musliaclce, J- r.
Balaam for Jialuin, (see page Mousac, (see page 103).
87). Pharaoh for l'anc)\\', (see page
Cupid for Cubitt. 97).
Enoch, Sth cent. Ennico. Physick, diminutive of T^ize.
Galilee, Vr. Caillclan. l^ilate for Piloi.
tierod for Heyrod, cir TTerrad, Poliphar, Er. Jioetefeur.
(page 99). ]\.hod,es for R-^ads.
ll(>mer for H.amer, (sec page Surplice for .Sharpies.
99). Venus, de \'enuse, Venice.
Heaven for Evan. Virgin, Er. \'ergeons from
MeUidy for Mellodew, (seepage rt'^r/;;;', a wolf.
102).
Naine-Bitildiug.
The Teutonic races began very early to join one i)er-
sonal name to another, in order to make a third. Amore frequent practice was to add to a personal name
a f[uahfying or distinguishing prefix. In these com-
pounds the stem luid always an original meaning of its
own, which by degrees v/as lost, so that the stem had
become nothing more than a proper name when addi-
tions were made to it. Thus it is that a literal transla-
tion of a built-up name does not always make very
i{Ood sense.
8i
Personal names, moreover, were exposed to a variety
of formal changes which it will be well to set forth, as
L^reatly elucidating the whole subject, before ap))roaciiing
tiie lon;j; list of instances that Rochdale affords.
Diniiuiiiives U'cre often attached; of which the chief
were—1.— T. k, as Garrick, the diminutive of Gare, a
spear; paddock, of pad, a frog ; or Simco.
of Sim, a peacemaker.
2. k-k, as AVilcock, Simcox, and "' ride a cock-
horse."
3. k-n. a> Simkin. This diminutive is of
Flemish origin. The diminutives of John
are Jonkin, Jocky, and lock; Jankin,
Jack}-, and Jack ; and Jenkins. Manikin
has corrupted into monkey, and dunkin,
the diminutive of dun, into donkey.
IT.— I. 1, as Bunnell, another diminutive of Dunn.
2. 1-n, as Tomlin.
3. 1-ng, as duckling, Dowling.
4. 1-t, as streamlet, Bartlett.
III.—n. as Willan.
I\'. — ns, as Willans.
\'.—s, as Willis.
VL—t, as WiUett.
82
Names received certain photietic additions ; such as-
1. Vowel sounds, by which means any common name
was transmuted into a personal one ; as Jur,
a journey ; Farrow, tlie travelled one. The
use of ey and ie as diminutives is alto.Li;ether
modern.
2. n, whereby Godulf became Godenulf and Good-
enough. In the same way Messager became
Messenger.
3. d, whereby Hanley became Handley. In the same
way the Peniltune of Doomsday Book h.ns
become Pendleton.
4. r, a very common addition, easily confounded with
the occupative suffix ; and with terminatioii
15 in the ensuing List.
5. s, the most frequent addition of all, because it
mixes with the possessive case : as Royds,
Peters, ]ones. Jones is the same word as
Johns.
S3
The following is a Taim.k of the princi])cil termina-
tions found in })uilt-namcs. The attached numerals will
be used for reference.
IVord. A/t-iVtiitg, Covipoundcd horiii.
1. Helm, A.S helmet nm, em.
2. Ando, O.II.S life, spirit and, ent.
3. IJeohrt, A.S. illustrious Lert, pert.
4. Bald, A.S bold bold, ball, ble.
5. Bjorn, O.N. bear burn, born.
6. Cof, A.S active cough, copp, cup.
Die, O.H.Ll .\ rd.ew, die, dy.
7. -(Thius, Goth ;- servant ^^thus, tuss, tiss,
/Fhcow, A.S. ...) ^thew.
S. Ead, A.S., Aud,
Goth prosperity (felicitasl
9. Heatho, A.S. Had, ( ci, ot, il,
O.H.G war [head, had
10. Had, A.S. Heit, "hood," comliiion, \^^^•
Ger (qualitas) J
11. Ferhth, A.S spirit (mens) ......... forth, ford.
12. Frith, A.S pe.ace fred, frey.
13. Gar, x\.S spear gar, ger, ker.
14. Gisal, O.H.G. ... hostage gils, gil.
_ niere, A.vS army )
^^'^ Hari, Goth warrior)
^i") t-ry-
16. Heard, A.S strong (ilurus) hard, ard, art.
17. Leof, A.S dear (gratus) love, lifie.
18. Mar, A..S famou^r. mer, more.
10. Mund, A.S protection (potestas
tutelaris) *. ... mond, meni.
20 Niw, A.S young, new " ney, ny.
2.. Red, A.S Civjnsel (sententia)... rad, red, rat, ret
8.1
U'ord.
22. Rice, A.S.
23. Stan, A.S
24. Weald, A.S. ...
25. Wealh, A.S. ...
26. Wulf, Ulf, A. S.
2j. Wig, A.S.
28. Wine, A.S.
20. Wudu, A.S.
.ffrafti/ii;: Coinpouitded Fonu.
powerful rick, rich, ridfre,
rigg, ry.
stone, firmness ston, stone, slin.
power (imperium) ... wald, old, well.
stranger well.
wolf olph, wool, well.
^\'-i^" way, wick, vcy,
vy, vig.
friend (dilectus) win.
wcod (silva) wood, with, white.
COMPOUND PERSONAL NAMES.
^\''e are now in a position to understand the origin
and structure of the large nuniber of Teutonic personal
names, surviving in Rochdale, that remain to l)c
considered.
Each of the ensuing groups is headed by the simple
forms; the compounds follow, and are niarked b\
numerals which refer to ttie preceding Table.
All the names are arranged, in a roughly alphabetical
order, under stems which Mr. Ferguson has compiled,
( hiefly from Forstemann.
^^5
A. E. 1. J. Y. O.
From Goth, ast, A.S. ct^sc, a spear, so called after
the ashwood of which the shaft was made. J-lsc, son
of Hengist.
Hasty llastlmg, ^/w. Askwiih ) _ ,
' /
From O.H.G. aro, A.S. earn, an eagle: 7th cent.
Aro.
Airey Avncti )^ ,. Arnold, T. 2^.
ArntJlt ) """ V.ww^x-xWy loia! siifjlx.
From O.H.G. ecca, A.S. ecg, edge: 4th cent. Acco,
\Hego, Aiko, Eyo.
I Haigh, when Acking 7 Hackney, 7". 20.
not local. Hacking S^ '
\From the Goth, stem atta, father: 7th cent. Atto,
',
Etti.
IAdkin ) ,. Atkinson, pat. Edsforth, T. 11.
iAuken 3 Adsnead, J . jo.
From A.S. aid, old: 7th cent. Aldo, Alto.
j
Allday Aldis, dim. ^ Aldrick \' Alton,///. (Haldisa, A.S.) Aldridge>" '
"^'
Allcard, ^'a;v/, protection. {.W\.\\\\y 6th cent. \
\ (Alcheard, A.S.) (Al-lwin, T. 2S.\
(Aldceord, Lib. Vit.)
86
From O.H.O. arc, acquisitive: oth cent. Avclio.
Aichii)ald, 7. 7.
From O.H.G. eber, A.S. efor, the boar: 6th cent.
Fbur, Ibor, Ivar.
Heber Everard, 7. 16. Kvery) _Heifer Everett, T. 21. Avery'
From Goth, aija, (alius) foreigner: 7th cent. Alj,
l<:ilo, Ella.
Ellis ) ,. Elliott ) ,. Alison, A7/. Elsdon, 71 ^^Alice 3 Alcocks) Elmore, /. iS. (Elstan, 1051.)
(Elesa, A.S.) Ehdon, !.v. siif.
From old s^xm Jug: Goth, jiika/i^ to combat, A.S.
gcoc. courage : Ancient name Jugo.
Tvulfre. lowles) t ,.i
Jewell riivn. jewison, pa/. \ ^ 7. 0.-
. \•
|o\vett>Jewiss -'
From O.H.Cr. tica, A.S. 7//, law: 9th cent. Fno, Jo,
Evo.Veo. Ewinj^, fat. I'^wart, 7*. z6.
(Euing, Dii.)
From O.N. as, A.S. us. (divus) hero, a prefix used by
all who claimed descent from Odin : 9th cent. Aso, Asa.
Osborne, 7'. 5. Osmund, T. ig. Osbaldi-stone, 7". 4.
Osgood, gaud, Goth, Oswald, T. 24. Oswin, T. 2S.
Ilosty, T. 7.
Atherton is Heatherton, a local name.
Arbucke is Harbottle,'see page 13.
Armytage is Hermitage.
Arundel, probably from the i)lace: A.S. earaidd is
i star.
8;
iMiimett (when not local, see page 25) is from A.S.
(c/neta, (luietness, or leisure. " Amese you ''is calm
yourself. Empty is from the same word. "MidAmothingum," with the sons of A moth. Empson,
pat. Emj)sall, sal, a hall.
Armistead is from the old personal name Ermin,
Arminius.
B. P.
From Goth, badu, A.S. beado, war: 6th cent. Bado,
Betto. Patto, Peto, Betho.
Katt
Peto
I'ate
Paddy
Petty
Katty
Pooth is a Norse form of bcado ; Bothulfr is the equivalent of
Beadowuir.
Padiham, formerly Paddingham, the abode of the sons of Paddi,
who it is known had possession of lands there.
From O.H.G. palo, A.S. bealu, bale, mischief: 8th
cent. Ballo, Pallo.
Pall Bayliss, ///. Paler) _ Ballbarrow,/tV. jv//.
Beale Balaam ) Polorf '
-''
P.eton 1
88
From O. H.(t. ha)\ a man: loth cent. Parq.
Harr Parkin)
Parkin-son,/^/. Parker, 7.jj.
Parr Barlow ) i/iiii. Ixnrrctt, 7'. 2/. liarfonl, 7". /y.
Barry Parling) Purdie, 7'. 7. Barracloiigb, A;^ . ../.
Parry (l^erkins is a Purlove, 7'. 77.
I^^arrow corruption of
Peterkin.)
From CM. basa, and /vV^?, to strive: 7th cent. IJasso,
9th cent. Piso.
Bass Pascoe ^ Passman,
Passey P>assill( _
Passmonds, 7! 19.
Jiessey l>esley f
I'aslow )
From A.S. brytJiian, to break, and brytta a ruler: yih
cent Briddo, Britto.
Brett Briddon, ///. Prettyman
Pride Pridmore, T. jS.
Priddy
. Pretty
From Goth, brican. A.S. braca/i, to break, beat, bra\ :
6th cent. Brachio.
Briggs Bracken, ph. Briani, T. 3.
Bragg Braceweli, T. 2j.
Bray
From A.S. b/r/Jie, renowned: nth cent. Brimo.
1^'ime P)ramall^
Bremridge, 7. 32.
Bramble?" <//w.
Bramley-)
89
From O.N. broddr, a spear: Old Eng. brode^ to prick:
1 3th cent. Broda.
Broad Rradock, dij/i. Ikoadhead, T. 9.
Brodie Ikoderick, T. 22.
From O.H.G. harta, an axe: 9th cent. Bardo, Parto.
Bardy I'ardslcy, dim. Bardolph, T. 26.
Pardee
From O.H.G. pichau, to slash, A.S. becca, an axe,
Old Eng. pink, to stab : 8th cent. Bicco, Picho,
Becco, Begga.
I'.igt,' Pinck ^ !!igS^^r ^ Piggol, T. S.
Pick liing >//•. Bicker-staft> 7. /j. (Pigota, yj//- <va'A^
Beech Pinkerton) Picker-ing ) Beswick, T. 27.
Pickles^
]5eachman Bex\\7k,okl spell-
Pick ells (^ dim. Pickard, 7. 16. ing.
Beckell
)
(Piichil, Z/^. Vit.)
From O.N. heysta, to beat.
Besl. (Beste, Ger.) (Best, Fr.)
From A.S. ^5'^//^' and bona a slayer, and A.S. ben a
wound (-giver) : 8th cent. Benno, Penna, nth cent.
Panno, Bono.
\ dim. ^°"".^''' ^- '^-
J Bannisier, jr/tv- oj
Boon. Banns,///. BonneU.
Benyon, ph. Bennett
Penning-ton, /<?/. liiennett is also station,
a corruption Bancroft, loc. snj.
of Benedict.
90
From M.H.G. buole, Old Eng. bully, a 'jomradc : 8th
cent. TUiolo, Poulo, Polio.
IJull Pollitt \ ^^.^^^I'Lilman
bullock SBoal Bullock 3 Pollard, 7'. i6.
]'oole Eulcock
J 'owell
Bulley
i^ooley
From O.N. bodi, A.S. boda, an envo)-, messenger, or
|;reacher : Sth cent. Bodi, Budo, Butta, Fotho.
r.ucld Boden, ;>//. (Pudding. A/A Vit.) pat.
Booth Bodley \7- .
Potts Boodle)
From O.N. //>-, swift, O.H.G. bibcu and A.S. bifian,
tremere, in the sense of activity : Sth cent. Bil)0, Pipp-
Bihb Biffin, dim. Bib!)ing-t(Mi, pat.
Bibhy
From O.N. barn, A.S. beam, child.
Bains Parnell \
Burnell \dim. Barnard, T. lO. P.arnelt, 7'. 8.
Barnish )
Thorburn is the child of thunder ; Thorbeorn,
r3th cent.
Pagan and its contraction Payne, mean peasant.
Peverley and Beverley, formerly Beverlache, from
the beaver, are originally local names. The English
beaver became extinct in 1200.
Bellerby is from the Norse bdia, a <o\v, and by a
village. (Johannes Bellirby, Lib. Vit.)
91
C Ch. K. (r.t
I'Voin Cioth. JiatJi, O.H.C. had, A.S. IteatJu. Oldi
'
Frankish chad^ Celtic cad and catJi, war. Cat, the most
I
ancient form of the root, is found in tlie Calumer and
Catualda of Tacitus. The Old Celtic Cathmor is the
])recise equivalent of the Old German Catumer and
he more recent Hadamar. Hoedhr, the Norse god,
is cognate. Hedda, Ha^dda, or Chad, was liishop of
Ii
Wessex, 676.
Head
From O.H.G. chunni, A.S. cyun, race, lineage; Iro.nwhich are lormed, in the sense of nobility, O.H(;chuning, A.S. cyning, king: 8th cent. Chuno, ConoCyni.
'
Chine Keenan ) , Cumrfl T jA r^^^ j ^r-
Keane kenyon> Kinii.^Tv 7' rr- t; f 'vinii(.ai./.75-. Kcnnaway, /or u<rKenny Connell )^.^^^ CunlilTe, 7: 77.'
King Cunley j"''•
((junleif, 131)1*
cent.)
Kenrick, T. 32.
Kennedy, Z! 7.
From O.H.G. ...mv, O.S. ,»,?, country: 8th cent.Gawo, Keio.
^^'' ^^'^''^ pn^^•"^^'^' "^^^'- ^^-r^S-^. ^ ^^. Oo^vc^ 7! z^.Kay Ga/e) ^ •• -^ •- - ^ .„ . .
-*
(Jow'"'"^'
I /<i/.(^"'-''i^^^' 7tk Coward, T:/^^.
K'Kay) cent.)
^Front 0,t\r. ,vtv>-, A.S. ,.,?,-, .. spear: 7t!t cettt. Cero,
Kero,
Kerr Goran, ///.
(Jare Gairick
(leere Carroll )
Carft)rilr('arf^)rl!l^
CarkiL !
lot r<4 J
Kerfo
Corman.
T.ri^^arstang, jA<v/.., a ])oK-.
Ciore Girl - <^Vw. (jmf^C.^arey Garroity) ^ -arrclt, 7'. o/,
Currey .M'Gany, paf. Carve)-,' 71 37,
Ckarlick, iac, sptjrt.
Corlcss, Id's, Icariu
(Carihaldi, 7. y.)
Garwood >
\'arwood )
r. 29.
From an older form of <w, the Goth, and Celt,(g^esum), a javelin
: 6th cent. Gaiso, Geeso.
k''dli
Cass
Ca.^h
Casey
Gazey
Casson, ///.
Cassell, Jim.
Cascman
Cheeseman
93
From O.N. kollr, A.S. col^ a helmet : Qtli cent.. Colo.
divi.^vj.uui, y./j,. CuIUim, 7: /.Cole Collins
Coley Colenso
Colley Collinge, fat
Collier, T. IJ,
(Collier, Fr.)
Coleman
From A.S. cof, active : 6th cent. Cuppa, 9th cent.
Co]ipo.
Cnff
94
From O.N gic/a, A.S. i^alan, to sing, to rcjoi' c: ;ilso,
A.S. A''<^A pride, .v«/, i)leasant, gol, a song, and ^y/ia//,
to shout for joy: 8th cent. Gailo, Gelo, Cailo, loth
cent. Gillo, Oilla.
(.:all jells X Gilbert 7".J. Kchcy, 7. 37.
Gill Jcllicocj
(Jalligher, r. /^. Gilfrcd 7. /.?.
Cnlow Jealous|
Galloway, 7'.27. (Galfrid, A.S.)
(iillow (Galilee) I . Killman (Gaufrid, A.S.)
Kelly (Caillclaii, Fy.) ^ '' Gilliiian Geoffrey T. 12.
Kell JN.illicl< I Gilniore 7'. j8. Gilchrist, //r/j/^j,
(.'ahill Gillott|
lo shake.
Kale /
From O. H. (t. geheit, A.S. gifciii, to irivc : 8ih cent.
Gabo, Gcbbo, Jcbo, Kyppo.
Giljbs-k Gibson, /rt/ The British name for IJolyhe.nd
Capes) -^' Gabbott, T. 8. is Caer Gybi, the fortress of
Gibbon^
Giffard, T. 16. Gybi.
Gavin \ dim (Jafney, T. 20. Gibfield 1 ^^. ^.^.
Kiplino; ^ Keb Coiei
Costello is from O.N. I'/f/isf, art: 6th cent. C:ostiln.
Gumberbeach and Gumberbatch are from A.S.
cumbor, a standard, and heag, badge.
Kelsall, in Doomsday IJook, is Code : tliis is the
diminutive of the 6th cent. Cogo, and Guga, Lib. J 'it.
Goggeshall, in Fssex, is a corruption oi (iwgan-sal.
Congleton is a corruption of Cogeltone : so that Kelsall
is Gogel-sal. In the same way, its neighbour Kels-
l)orough would be Cogelsborough.^
Gapstick is the Ger. kopfstikh, headpiece.
Craven is, of course, frcMii the Yorkshire district.
95
famous for the caves in its limestone, which are. indi-
cated in its Celtic name, screfau. Gamble is a corruption
of Gamel.
D. T.
From an old stem dan^ connected with the Danes :
8th cent. Dano, Tanno, Tenno.
Dain Denning \ Tennant, 7'. .?, Denton, /t^t, j/.y.
Dean Tennyson ^^''^ ' Tanner, T. 75.
Dana (Tanneur, /•>.)
Dania
From an old stem tai^ and tot, father : 6th cent.
Tado, Daddo, Tata, Datto, Tedo, Todo.
Tate
J)ate
Teat
Todd
] )odd
J )o\vd
(Diidd, l)isho]) of
Winchester.)
Dutton, pJi.
Tad loo > ,.
> dun.Tetlow >
Tatham, in Doomsday Book Tat-haim, old
spelling Tateham, loc. siif.
Dedquene Clough, Zl 28.
(Dedwin was 9th bishop of London.)
Dodman Dothwell, 71 24.
Todman Tattersall, sal, a hall.
Doddridge, T. 22. (Tethard 9th cent). T. 16.
Tellock, lac, sport.
Tiuing, pat.
I
From O.N. duhba, to beat: 9th cent. Dubi, Tujia.
' Tofi.
Tipper, 7. 15.
Tiipi) Do] )el, (///// Tipping) Topper, 7', 75.
Tiihb Topping) ' Topham, lor. suj.
Tibbs ]3evine 7". 2S.
Tufiy
J)u*i"y
96
From Goth, drahan, A.S, drepan, to beat :^ Sth cent.
Drebi.
Trapp Trippier »
Tnpyear
)
-^
From O.H.G. telen, A.S. di/gian, to destroy: 8lh
cent. Dilli, Thilo.
Dillon, //i Tillison ) ^ Telford) _ Dihvorth, /^r. .y///.
Tillett, dim Tillotson T^'^''-
Telfer ]^^^-
(Dylleword, 1292.)
(Tilfiiih, I2thcent.)
(Tilferd, 13th cent.)
From Sane, tar, to penetrate, O.N. doen; a spear:
9th cent. Tarro, Terra, Torro.
Terry Darrens ^ Darwin, T. 2S. Terrier, T. r^.
Dorrell > dim Dormer, T. iS. Derrick", T. jj.
Turley J Tarrant \
Torrence \
''^"'^' ^'^^^^^'•
From O.H.G. dau, A.S. //uurrc, morals, O.H.G. fuga//,
A.S. diigan, to be virtuous : Sth cent. Tugus, Tukko,
Docca.
Tuck Dowell -j Tiier •\ Tucker^
Tuke l^owlinS > divt Tower >- T. jj. Ducker y '^^'
Dew Tocock J Duerr J Toogood, is A..S.
r)uke duguiJi, honorable.
From Goth, deis, wise : Sth cent. Disso, Tiso.
Dicey. Dyson^
Tyson \^
From Goth, tr/ggics, O.N. tn'ggr, A.S. treowe, true :
Trj-ggo, King of Norway.
Trigg Trickett, dim Tr;ielovc, T. ly.
Try Drysdale, loc. suf.
Dr>'
97
From O.N. dcegilegr, beautiful, A.S. c/(C^ia;/, to shine:
6th cent. Dago, 'I'acco.
I »ay Tncon,//^ Dakin) D air, 7". 75.
Tec Daily)' (l)aihcr, 9th cent.)
Tag-
Dacy
1 )oasy
Tipple and Tippet are corrui)tions of Theobald ;
'I'ipples (Ireen, in Sussex, was formerly spell Theobakrs
(Ireen.
I )a\vkins is the diminutive, and Dawson the patro-
nymic, of David.
Tickle is Diggle. Twigg is Atte Wick, as Tabby is
Atte Abbey. Tlirelfall is from the i)la( e spelt in
Doomsday T.ook Trelefelt, which looks like \'illage of
the Fylde.
Deegan is from A.S. t/iegrn, a thane: 8th cent.
The2;an and Deuan.F. V.
From O.N. fara, A.S. faran, to travel, A.S. /r;-. a
joiH-ney, and from O.'^.farth, voyage : 7th cent. Fara,
Pharo, Farnus, Forti.
Farrell ?
N'arley 3
(Fairy) Fearnley, r///;/. (Forthheri, 12th cent.'
(Pharaoh) (also local.) Farrer, T. 1=;.
I-\-rn Furlong, dim. Varker. 7\ /j.
I'crnie (Ferling, A.S.) Fartand, T. 2,
Fnnl (Fehrlen, Ger.) (also a corruption of
I'orl I'crdinand.)
l''aranay
(Fen , Kr.)
f;
Farr Farrell \ P'arrington, pat.
!''arr<i\v N'arley J^''''
P'order, T. i^- \. \\\xhy,loc.!:uJ.
98
From an old stem fred, K.^. frith, peace : 9th. cent.
P>iddo, Fritto.
f'read Kreel)Ocly, bod^ envoy.
Firth (Frithabodo, 9th cent.) Fothergill, T. 14.
Frederick, T. jj. (F'riothugils, 12th cent.)
Freestone, T. 2j. (Frithugils, 13th cent.)
(Frithestan, A.S.)
From an old 9>\emj7d, faith : nth cent. Fidis.
Fitt Fitton, ///. iMtter, /: //.
Fidoe
Fenton and I-'enwick are of local origin.
H.
From an old Gothic stem alhi, man : 51)1 cent. Abho.
Flebo, FIcppo.
Heape Hibbott'*^ ,. Ilepplestone, Hibbert, 71 ,\
lieapey Abbott ) T. 3j.
(Hepay, temp. Hepplewhite, Hepworth >_ ,
Ali!gJo/iii.) T. 2g. Habbeshaw)
Happy (Heppewal,
lord of Chorley
and Bolton,
1320, T. 2j.)
From O.G. i77iO, an ancestor, comate with ('eltic
//(?//, old : 5th cent. Anno, Henno.
Flanna Ilennessy 1 Hanson, Ai/. Ainsworth^ ,'I '^. /ft-. S/i/.
Haynes Hanlon I (Hahnemann) Unsworth >
Hans is (Enoch )-diiii. Ainscough, 7". 6.
also an Henoc,/"^.) I
abbrevi- Hanc(^cl^ Jation c)f
fohannes.
99
From (ioth. /iaii/i<, A.S. //<?/;/, home: ytli cent. Aymo.
(llama, ^..S'.) lIcmminL^s^ ^ Henry, 7". j3.
Emock. ^'7;//. Ilampson ) ( Ilaimiricli) ' r, ,
Hemingway, T.jy. (Ileinrich) )
Hamer, 7'. ij.
I'Yom the Oothic stem Iiari, warrior : 8th cent. Hario.
Hare Harris ~^ Herl^ert, 7". ?. Harridfie ) --,
Harry liarley I Harrold, 7'. i'^. (Haric, S/'/Wv;//'.))
IHarling )-diiit. J larvey, T.2j. Harwin)
I
Herron, (Herelin,j
Merely, T. j. Irvine r T. 2S.
I///. Sth cent.) ' Irving )
I
Herring, pat.
Herod \ Harvard ^ , Harland ) loc.
(Herrad • 7'. ^/. Hercward ^ ,• Hargreaves \ sn/^
I (^guardian. ^ -' -^
/,-//'/ (V///J .' lli)\vanl ) Harker. 7'. /j.
From O. H.(i. /it/aa, A.S. /i/t/c', hehiiet : Sth cent.
Hiibo, Hufo.
I H<)l)l)s HoiDkins) ,. Hubson 7 ^ ,Hohchurch,
>' > dim. y pat.
! Hope Hol)ley ') (H(>!)l)esime, Dd.)) loc. sitj.
I
Opie
From A.S. Jmird. strong, hardy : 9th cent. Hardo.
Hart Hartley, diDi. Hardman,
Hardy Harding, /rt/", Haixkacre, T. ij.
From O.H.G. huiiit. A.S. /(I'.i^v, mind : Sth cent.
Huga, Hughi.
Hughes Hitchen, //v. Hodgeson "1
^^'•^'iS.
Hodgkin-son^
Hods(m|
Hicks Higgins ,- (///;/. Hewson . } pat.
Hickey Hewitt ) Hutchinson|
(HychoiS( V, /jttt (,•;.". 1 J
TOO
From O.N. hallr^ stone, also in the, sense of
weapon : 8th cent. Halo. Wada ruled the Hcelsings.
Hall Ilallam, T. i. Hnlsten-l ^
iralfud, T. /^. Ilcilpin
Ilalshaw
Halsall
llallfol.I
Hal! Can-
( loc. suf.
Hesket and Hesketh are from O.N. /icsf, horse, and
cot ; horse-cote.
Horsefall is a corruption of Horsefold, or Horsefield.
Holgate is sometimes derived from Helgot, a Norman
chief.
L.
From A.S. la?id, country : 8th cent. T.ando, T.into.
J.anno, Lenzi.
Land Lambert )
Lant (Landbert, O.G.) \ ^' -''
From O.H.G. /////, A.S. /eod, people : 4th cent. I>iudo,
Lutto, Luith.
Lyde ?iIcLeod, y\7/. Lucre- 7 y. ^ Luca?, livz. Goth.
Lloyd ? Looker \
Lett (Leodegar, Ludger, Lotlgard, (^ard, protection.
Ledgar, and Luger,
6tfi cent.
)
Froni O.H.G. /dd, A.Sr//'///, hateful : 5th c cni. Ledi.
Letha.
Lady Ladyman Leader )
Laidmau Leather ^' -'"
101
From O.H.C. Hub, A.S. Icof, dear: 6th cent. Ljuba,
Liuf, Leupo, Liebiis.
Life Lul)bock \ Lipirod ) /;///, ) Lever)Liptrott] dear.
(LipdrudjSthcent-
Lovett, T. lo.
>T. /,-.
r l-overy
*) Loveriilge, T. 22.
Liverseeife ?
T , • 1 r -^'i"'' victory.Loversidge )
Love Lobley
, Lovekirij
Livsey
(Leofsy, ]diin.
Saxon
Bishop
of Wor-
cester) /
From O.N. locka, to beguile : Loki, a Norse god.
Lock Locker, 7"/J. Locketl, 7. 9. Lockwood, T. ^.;.
Lo-an,//;. (Loc.ir, A.S.) Lockney. T. i'a Luckwhittles ?
I'>om A.S. /rt'.^, hah. law : 9th cent. Lago, Legi^M. ''
Legg Laycock, dim. Layard, T. 16. LaymanLaw Lawson, pat. (also Lawless) laes, LowmanLee from Lawrence) Legless | learned.
Lahee
From O.N. laes, learned, A.S. //>/, science, A.S. laer
lore: 8th cent. Lezzio, Lista, Lira, Loria.
Lacy Larkin, dim.
Leary
Laurie (also from
Laurence)
Lesser 7
T • > ^- ^S-Lister )
From GeT.^r^/i';/^r^;/, to prosper: nth cent. Lingo.
Lingard, T. i6.
Lyn. 0, when not local, is from O.H.G. Iwch, U'nx.
I02
M.
From A.S. viann, man : ytli cent. Manno, Meni,Mann Manley ->> Manning, pat. Manfred, 7". 12.
Manns, //i. Mansley , Mensforih, 7".//.
Mandle ,.
Manock[
(Manniko, 9th
cent.) J
From Goth, luaijan (])Osse), to be able, A.S. uuTgin^
strength : 6th cent. Mago, Macco, Maho, Megi.
May Megln ^
Mayhew Makin I
Maysj
MasseyJ.
(/
Maisey
(Megizo, loth
cent.)
V)l.
Mayer, 7"./J.
Maynard
(Maginliard
Mainhard,
7th cent.^
. 1 .„T. 16.
Mayrick,
T. 22.
From O.N. mola, to bruise; A.S. myll^ and mylen, a
mill ; A.S. inyl and molde, dust, mould ; A.S. melew,
meal; compare also "to maul," "to molly-criiSh," or
to beat severely, and " a mill " in the sense of a fight
:
8th cent. Malo ; loth cent. Milo, Millo.
Mill MaloneMills } , MolyneuxMiles ^ Millikin \
Tbe place Meols, or MoUock (
Mele, Dd. Mallacl; CMale Milk j
di)}i.
Melia
Millie
Mellow
Malley
Mai en
MelHngs
(Melinge, Dd.)
Mallison
Moulding
>paL
JMullard, T. 16
UMoIlard, Fr.)
MelLidew
Melody
Malthus
Malutheus,
6lhcent.)
Mallinder, T. 13.
cuph. d.
Mellaliew, loc.suj.
7.7.
lO
Mould
Mullins
(Des Moulin;
Milne
7:9.Ma let
Millet
Melbnd, T. 2.
Malim, . T 1.
Moles worth, /(?6-.j«/!
The place Mellov
was formerly
spelt Milncr.
From O.H.G. vwt, A.S. niod^ courage: 6th cunt. Mot.
Moda, Moza.
Mott
MoodyMuzzy
Moss
(Mutton, ///.)
Motley I
(Musick) S
dil/l.
Muspratt
(Mutbraht, 9th cent.
Mossam, T. /.
(•/:..
From Goth, inizdo, A.S. vicd^ mead, reward ; inter-
mixed with A.S. math^ honour : Sth cent. Mieto, Mizo,
Matto, and Math.
Maddock ^
Madock
Matlley
Medley
Matchin
Midgeley
Medli-cot
Maitland
Medland
(Madoland, 7th cent.)
>dim. Medforth, T. 11.
Mather, T. iS-
(Misery, T. 20.
(Mizery, Fr).
Midge Hall, be.
From O.H.G. 7?iafi, illustrious; w^zris a very ancient
Teutonic stem, and is found in names of the ist cent.,
as in Maroboduus : 9th cent. Maro, Mer.
r Merrail^ _
Marland
..Merrick J^^'''-
( Marrick, Priory of.)
Marferth, 7\ 11.
From O.H.G. mt?ina^ A.S. myn, love: 9th cent.
Minna.
Minn Minzey, dim. Minnett)
Mening, pat. Minnitt \
T. no.
I04
N.
From Sansc. nava^ O.H.G. iia7v^ fmcn, A.S. unce^
new or young: 7th cent. Niwo, Nivo, Nibo.
New Newall, dim. Ncwcomb, aon, a Xewmanstranger or guest. New.-^ome,
(Neucum, Z></.) j.vw, a person.
Newlove, T. ly.
From A.S. notJi^ daring: 8th cent. Noto, Nuti.
Noad Nutlall, dini. Xutter, T. /j.
Nutt McNaught, pat.
Nologh
From (ioth. neiths, A.S. //////, strife.
Need Needhani, T. /. Needless, lus, learned.
From Norse iwk, Ger. nickel, water-sprite: nth cent.
Niko, Nigellus, a Norman knight, received land in
Salford Hundred at the time of the Conquest.
Nick Nealan,//^. O'Niel \ *
^^iel Nixon { ,.,.,,„ ^^, , ^/af. Niekl,.7: S.Nelson (
-^ '
McNeal )
Noar is north ; Fr. Naury. AVe have also the com-
plementary names South, West, and East.
R.
From O.H.G. ra/, A.S, /rd, counsel: 6th cent. Rado,
Radi, Rato.
lleid Rattray, T. 22. Redhead, T. 10. Reader, /'. i^.
Ready Redman Reddett, T. 10.
!
105
Rooth
Kuth
From Goth, ragin, (shortening into rain) counsel:
f 8th cent. Ragan, Regin, Ragno, Raino.
I
Regan Raines,///. Reynold, r..?-/. Reynard, r. /6.
,! Rainey Rayner, T. /j. (Keginold, 6//i (Raynhard, So'i ceiil.)
I Rayne cent.) The fox was so called
fron\ his craftiness.
5 From O.N. hrddhr, glory: 8th cent. Hrodo, Chrodo,
\Rodi; Rudda, Ruth.
\ Routh Rudman Rudolph, 7". .?6. ?^
Rutter, 7\ /j. ^(Hrothwulf) ^
(Rudher, O.G.) ^Rowen 1
Routley, f//;;/. (llrodhari, 7/// r<7//.) ) Rowan, 'J\3S.r
Rothwell, 7\24. } Rolland \ (Rodwin) )
(i]rothuald,7_V//,v///'.)i Roland(_
This is belter
Rodger, 7". /j. IRowland '
f than the deriva-
(llrodgar, ////av/A 3 (Rodland, St// aviL) ) tion Irom the
Rodrick, T. 22. ) Robert, T. j. Imountain-ash.
(llr.xlric, <?/// c-mt.) S (ITrodebert, yf/i rcj!t.)S
From O.H.G. r/c/ii, A.S. rhr, powerfuF. 8th cent.
Rico, Richo, Riho.
Rigg Richard, T, 16. Ridgeway, T. 2j. Rigby, loc suf.
Richey Richmond, 7'. ig. (Ricwi, O.G.)
Wrigley) ,.^ ^ V (I I in.
Riggall )
From an old stem rob, O.H.G. ranpan and raban.,
O.N. hrapa, A.S. reafan, to plunder : 8th cent. Ruabo.
RuIjo, Tith cent. Raffo, 9th cent. Hripo, Hriffo.
Rofe Robley \ Roper")_
Rough Ripley ; -• Raner) '
""'"
^ ',
-^ V dim. '^
Cribb Revill (
Raby (Raphel, /^r.))
io6
From an old stem ros, red.
Rouse
\ 107
I' oni A.S. seviai'., to meditate, and scrfia.d peact
-
maker : 9th cent. Simo, Syme.
Syme Simco ) ,. Simpson) Shim well, 7'. <?f.
Simms, ///. Simkins) Mr.xim )^
Simpson, a place in Bucks, is a corruption of Sevinesione.
From O.H.G. zila, zeal: 8th cent. Zilo, Zello.
Seeley Silitoe ) y,
Shilletoi'^'
From O.H.G. sfairi, A.S. sfiui, stone, also in the
sense of firmnes.s : loth cent. Steina.
Stone Standring, ri>?^, combat. Sianwonh -|
Siandeven, T. 28. Standvvorth I
Stanwcll, T. 26. Stansfield )- loc.suf.
(Stanwulf, A.S.) Standish, ^//V, adyke.
cf. Dish Stont-; J
From O.N. star, A.S. star, great: 9th cent. Stur,
Stori.
Store Stors, //j. Storer, 7*. /j-. yStorey
From O.H.G. scarf, A.S. sccarp, sharp, acute.
Sharpe Sharpies\
Sharpellsj
From O.H.G. sta/ial, A.S. styl, steel : Sth cent.
Stahal, Stal.
Steel Stallard, T. 16.
Stell •
Staley
TOS
From O.H.G. scora^ a s])ade, or cutting instrinncnt,
A.S. sccarian^ to cut : 13th cent. Scoro.
Shore Sharrocks) • Sheiratt, T. q.
Scarr Shorrock ) Sherman
Sherry Sherwin, T. 2S.
The place Shore, which seems scooped out of a hill.
From A.S. strndan, to destroy : 8th cent. Strode,
Strut.
Struthers, 7'. /j.
U. W. Qu.
From O.N. vig, A.S. 7c>ig, war : 9th cent. Wigo,
Wico.
Wike Wyatt, T. S. \ \'ickcrs, T. ij.\
(Wihad, 8th cent.) > (Vikar, O.N.) S
From O.H.G. warjaji^ to defend, and A.S. i^<a>)\
defence : 7th cent. Warin, \Verno, 8th cent. Waro.
Ware Warren //;. Worrell \ , Waring, /«:/. Warner, 7'. /j.
Wurr Warnock 3 Wa^ringawic, now W;"irwick.
From O.H.G. luart, A.S. u<eard^ guardian : 6th cent.
Warto, AVardo.
Wanl Wardell, dim. Wardman
Vardy Warder, 7'. /j.
From O.H.G. wala/i., A.S. 'tueal/i, d. foreigner: 7th
cent. Walach, Walco, AValo, Gualo.
Wall Wales Walker, 7; 75-.^ Walihews ; ^,
Walchere. > Walthew SWalch Wallis ) ,. (Walchere,,v mm. ^ '
(Juayle Wallace > Saxon bishoj;
WJIen, ///. Walling, pat. Waller, T. /,-,
109
From O.N. vili, A.S. ivilla (voluntas), will : 5th cent.
Willo, Willa, Wilia, Guila. At the creation of the
world, Odin acted in conjunction with Vili and Ve.
Wills Willis-, Wils.-n, ;^<7/. William, r. /.
)
Quill WillonI
Wilhcn, r. j.^ (Wilhelm, 6th>-
Willans ).dim. (Uilherct, I2th|- from Woden)
^
^VilcockI
cent.) ) Willetts, T./o.
Wilkin-son J Wilman
From O.H.G. ^uafan, A.S. wadan, to go (swiftly) :
6th cent. Wado, Vato. A\'ada, wlio ruled over the
Helsings, a Scandinavian tribe, was the father of
Weland, the northern Vulcan.
Wat: WandellJ
^^.^^^Watsuu
^Wadsworth, loc. suf.
Uade ^^alkIn S Wadding-ton)^ Watmore, 7: /(!?.
^^'i^^lf'y.
Whatmough ?
From O.N. vippa, to move rapidly: Hippo, a
mythical Frank ish king.
Whipp. •
From A.S. linne, friend : Sth cent. ^Vino, Wini. nthcent. Quino, Wine,, 3rd bishop of London,
Wynn (^uinlan] ^^.^^^
Winning) ^^'im^l]e, 7. 4.
Quin Quincey ^' Winsun > ' Wincuji, T. 6.
Q»<^t-n Wynstanley
From (roth. indiis, A.S. luiidu, wood, and in the sense
of usefulness : 6th cent. WidOj^yth cent. \Vudda.
Wood \\'oodicy ^ W'ocdhead, 7'. ro.
^^'ido\v Woodcock r divi.
Woodnll )
*-»
no
From O.N, ulf, A.S. wulf, the wolf: 5th cent. Vulf,
8th cent. Wolf.
The wolf was sacved to Odin, as the l)e.ir tv) Thor.
In English com])oimd names the/ is often lost.
Woolley Woolhead, T. jo. )I^andolph .
Wolfen-den. (Wolfhcid, 8th cent.) [Kali''! ', ,. ,,
I (Kaciuir) ' '
Wolstenholme, T.2j. \ Randle )
(Wulfstan, A.S.) )^
P>om A.S- 7C'/7it, a man, and 70//, knowledge : 6th
cent. "Witto.
Wihta was a son of Woden.
White Whittles, ./Vw. Wliitehead, 7'. /o. Wliiiehursf)
Whitlam, T. I. Whitaker, 7. 13. \\-]iiihani >"^'''
•
'"-f-
CONCLUSTOX.
In closing, at last, the long list of Rochdale names,
we see revealed the habits of our ancestors ; their love
of war, of friendship, of honour, of the gods ; and how
far, in any of these respects, we, at this time, have
fallen away, it is possible for us to perceive, and
])erhaps to deplore.
War may be the delight of the spoiler : friendship
might seem of little wortlT ; the value of honour can be
ascertained : and the gods,—they are forgotten.
INDEX.
A.
lAGK
Abl)oll 75- 9^
Abram 9
Accrington 22
Achinbv\lt 33
Acker 7, 21
Acking S5
Ackroyd 52
Acornley 3^
acre 21
Adkin ^5
Admergill 5^
A.lshead ^5
Agnew 74
Aighton 55
Ainscough 9^
Ainsworth 9^
Airey ^5
Aitken '^5
Albert 74
Alcocl^s ^6
Aldenshaw 40
Alderlia.ik 3^
I A<,i-:
Alder Forest 36
Alder Holt 36
Aldis ^5
Aldrick 85
Aldridge 85
Ald'win 40, 85
Alice 86
Alison 86
Allcard 85
Allday , 85
Allenden Slack 37
Allerscholes 36
Altham 9
Alt Hill61'
Alton 85
Ambleside 15
amese 87
Ancoats 9
Anglezark 53
Arlmckle 86
Archias 75
Archibald 86
11. INDEX.
Arkvvi-ighl 79
Arlecs 32
Arminius S7
Armistead S7
Armytage ^'J
Arnetl §5
Arnold 85
Arnott 85
Arundel S6
Ashbrucke Hay 37
Ashby 37
Ashclough 37
Ashenhottom 23
Ashenhurst 37
Ashes 37
Ashniure
Ashlon
Ashworth 1 1,
Askwith
Astin
Aspinall
Aspull
Asquith
Athcrton
Atkinson
Aulezargh
Aushaw
Avery
Ayscough
37
37
^5
55
37
S.S
sr.
K5
53
35
85
iJaal Mills 65
Bacchus iS, 80
Backhouse iS
Back of Behind iS
Backo'th' Low iS
Back o'th' Moss ... iS
Bacope Booth 49
Bacup 18
Badger Edge 43
Badger Slacks 43
Bagaley 4i
Bagden 43
iSagshaw 43
Bagslate 20, 43
Bailey 76, 87
Baitings 53
Baker 75
Balaam 80, 87
Balderstone 58
Ball 87
Balladen 1 5) ^'4
Ballagan / 64
Ballbarrow 87
Balum 80, 87
Bamber 49
Bamford 2S
Bancroft 89
Bannister 76, 80
Banns 89
Barber 76
INDEX,
i'AC.E
Barciofi loj
iJardoli^h 89j
Bai-dsley 47, ^9j
Kaidy S9 i
l:5ai"rorJ SSI
i
J>arham 10 !
Barker 76 |
I
IJarlinij 88 ;
Bavluw 88 ^
liavnacre 21|
Barnard 90|
Barn J^iUs jjj
Barnett 90|
Barnish 90,
r.arn> 90;
'>^>"n 75I
Barr... 88 |
Barraclough 88 j
Barrett 88 |
]>arron 88 j
T.arr}' ..72. 88 j
Bartlett J; i
Barton 10
Bashall Brook 64
Basilius 75
Bass 88
Bassill 88
15ateman 87
Bate? Sy
Batley 87
Batt 87
Batty :.. 87
Baum, the 7
H
HI.
I'AGK
Baxter 75
Bayliss 87
Baynes 73
Beachnian 89
Beale 87
Beal Hey 65
Beard 73
lieardsliaw 47
Bear Mill 49
Bearshill 49
Beater Clough '... 53
Beatson 87
r.eckell 89
Beech S9
Beighton 9 87
Beil, K 65
Belfield 65
Bell 87
Bellerby 90
Bellew 7
Bellhouse 76
Bem>ha\\' 35
Bench Carr .. 22
Ben Cop 61
Benedict 89
]5ene Hill 61
Bennett 89
Bens Toot 61, 65
J-'ent Head 10
Bent Knowl iS
r.entley 22
I'.ent Meadow 22
Benvon 89
IV. INDEX.
Besley
Besssey
Best
Beswick
Beihell 72,
]3eton
Bevan
Beverley 25,
Bibb
Bibl)ington
Bibby
]-5ickersha\v
Bickerstaft"
Biddulph
Biffin
l^ii^g
Bititiar
88
88
89
89
S7
S7
72
90
90
90
90
35
89
87
90
89
89
l^ing 89
]>irchen Holts 36
]>ii"chen Lee 37
Bircle 37
JJirmingham 72
Birtwistle ;.. 28
Bishop nc
Bittern Pits 46
Black Earth 30
Black Hill 30
Blackley 30
lilackpool 63
Blackrode ci
Blackshaw 35
Blackstone Edge 30
1 lake 30
'•.\t;i.
Blakeley 17
Bland ? 7^
Bleak Holt 36
Blinkhorn 74
Blythe Royd 52
Boal 90
Boardman 76
Boarflat 43
Boarsgreave 14
Boarshawfold 43
Boarshead 43
Bodelford 13
Boden , 90
Bodley 90
bold 13
Bolton 13
Bolton-le-Moors 8
Bonar 74
Bong 32
Bonnar 74
Bonner 89
Bonnett 89
Boodle 90
Boon 89
Booth 49, 87. 90
Booth Hollins 40
Bootle 13
Borsden 43
Boswell 8
Bowen 72
Bowes 76
Bowland 54
Bow Lee !;4
wINDEX,
PAliK
iJcnvskill 56
Jiowstede 54
J'.owst one Hill 54
Iji )\v Wo(x1 54
IJracer 76
llracowell SS
Jlracken SS
I'.rackons Gill 56
]iradock 89
lirnHshaw 8, 35
Bragg 88
llramall 55, 88
I!rainl)le 88
Dramley 88
r.rard Wooil Co
luail 74
]5ray 70
Jlrean Hey 60
3]iearley ^j
Ijreniridge 88
jiiere-ridir.gs 41
I'.rett 88
Brewer 76
Brewster 76
])riant 88
Bricklon 88
Bride Slones 45
Jjridgewater \.
IJrierley 20, 4
1
IJrigg!^ ^''^^
Jiright 74
JJrightmet 21
Krii icroft 40
V.
rAi;K
lirimrod.^
60
Brindle 61, 08
Brining 61, 7 ^
Brinscall 54, 61
Briscow 56
Broad 89
Jiroadhenl 22
Broad Carr 56
Ikoad Dole 61
Broadford 51
Broatlhalgh 55
Broadhead 89
Broading 22
Broadorih 11
Isroad wood 35
lirockholes 43
Brocklebank 52
ihocklehurst 52
Broderick 89
Brodie 89
Brogden 43
Bromley 40
Brook Bottom 23
Broom Hill 40
Brolherod 52
Brotherlon 52
Broughton 43
Brown 5, 73
Brow nedge fio
Brownt^.eld jO
Brown PJill 3°
l]rown House 60
ihown House \Vhran ... 24
VI. INDEX.
I'AGE
Brown Moor 30
lirown Stones 30
lirown Wardle 60
thrown Willy 4
Hroxup ^^
I -run 60
Jirund Hurst 60
lirun Edge 60
Ihunshaw 60
Hrunskill 56
Hryn Farm 60
Urynsop 60
Huckearth 44
Huckhurst 44
1 Suckle 5y
•Buckley 17, 44
Buckley Pasture 69
Budd 90
Bud worth 4
Huersill 46
Buertou 49
l^ulcock 90
Bule Hill 63
P)u!haugh :c
Bull 90
l^uHey go
bully
BuUhaighe
l^ullock
Bull Scout Hill
Bulsnape
Bunkers Hill
Bunkhouse
Bjurchy
Burghill
Burghole
Burnedge
Burnell
Burnt Hill
Burscough
Burt
Burton
Busk
but and ben
Butterley Hill
Butters Bottom
Buttcrworth 44,
Butterworth Rake
Butler
Buxton
Byrome
Bywell
a<;k
90
12
90
6S
«7
32
32
37
I'')
16
60
90
60
56
74
49
36
33
52
52
52
27
76
39
49
71
c.
Cadeshead 47
Cadshaw 63, 6S
Cahill 94
' ain 91
Caldcr, R 66, 67
Calderbrook 69
Caldershaw 35
Calf Cote ^2
INDEX. VIU
ia(;e
Calf Hole i5
Caiman 75
^"''^^'^w 74,94Calvert 75
Campion 76^ 77Cane ^^
Cant Hill 26
cantle 26
Camle Well 26
<-'«'^pes g^
Capstick 04
car
Carey
Carnforth
Carr
0"
92
30
5tJ
Carroll y2
Carter7^3
Cartwright 76, 79car-water -5
• 92
92
92
92
92
92
27
Caseman
Casey
Cash
Cass
Cassell
Casson
Casson Cate
Catforth 28
Catholes ..: jO, 44catkin 5-,
Catleach f.^
Catley Lane 63Catlow..
f,-,
Caion^ Q,
Cat Stones mC'altley 9,
CaitJm ...
Catuakla.
12
91
9'
91
6;
Cat(91
91
91
Catumer ,,i
Caulfield
Chad
Chaddock
Chadwick 91
champ77
Chatham 63
Chatley 9J
Chat Moss 6^
chats(^
Chattock
chattocks
Cheetham 5^
Cheetwood 6 •>
Cheesden 2^
Cheeseman . , 76, 92
Chelbourne 25
Chequer Lent 22
Cherry Clough 39
Chesil-ridge 23
Chew Brook 46
Chew Clough 46
chewet 46
CTiew Moor 16
Chew Wells 46
Chine '.
92
chisles 23
Chislev Stones 2 ^
Vlll. INDRX.
''AGEI AC.K
Chiswick 23 ! Collier '. 9^
Chow Kent 46 ' Collingc 71,73,9.)
Chowley 46 | Collingwood 73
Church Slile 27;
CoUinrod 52
Cinder Hill 24, 35 I Collins 93
Cinder Land 35 Coliarl 93
Ciss Hill 47i
Colthouse 10
Clap Gate 27 Coliman 93
Claviger Laithf 54^
Combe 91
Clay dole 61| Coml.e Hill 63
C:ieeve Tool 65 I Comber 76
<^'legg 52 Combes 63
Cliviger 21 Comer o[
elough 62 Comins ()i
clow 25 • Condcv 01
Clowes 25 Condy 91
^(jady 93 ; Congleton 94
Cocker Hills 24;
Congrt'ave 14
Cockey Moor... 24 Connell 92
cockhorse SiI C'onrad 92
Cockleach 25 1 Coo Hill 45
Codling 93 I Cooper 76
Coffey 93 ;
Cooic 93
Coggeshall 94 ;Cope 1^,93
Coke 76 I coi^ng-slonc iS
cokyr 24;
Copley 93
Cold Harl'our 59,
Copple 18
Cold Wall Crow... 26, 57, 69 ' Cop Koad .. iS
Cole 73, 93 'i Copt Hill 19
Coleman 76,93 Coptrod ly
Colenso 93 Coptrod Ifead 19
Coley 93 ICo|)\\iih 36
Lolley 93 1Corles^ 92 |
INDEX. 1\.
C'ostello
cot
93
92
73
92
PAGE
94
32
Cole Dole 61
CoUam 92
Cotton ... 93
CouUate 93Coulter
'
i Coinage
'.| Cousiiis
Cow
COWCUI f)2
Coward 76, 92
Cowc^mmon, . 4c
Cowij:\te43
Cow lleys 12, 45Cowlaghton 20
Cow Lee Lane 45
Cowlii^haw 45^"^^''^^
57, 63
^-''''V^ - • 55Cowpe Booth 49Cowside 4?
Cow Toot 65
Ci'al)tr2e 7^
Cranberry Moss 40
Craveji 94Cmwshaw liooth 46
Cray 46
Cril 105
Cribdsn 15
Cric'den Moor 15
Criiable Brow 31
Ci( L ITerri., 10
Croft Hole .-
Croft House
Croke
Crompton
Cronkeyshaw
Cronshaw
Cronton
Crook
Crook Hey
Cropper
Cross Gills
Crowder
Crow Hill
Crow Lane
Crowther
Crow Thorn
Crow Trees
Crumberry Lee
Crumbleholme
Crumpsall
Crye, the
Crye Meadow
Cryer
Cubitt 80,
Cudworth
Cuerdley...
Cuft'
Cullum
Cumberbatch
C umberbeach
Cumberland
Cumes
Cuunnin'T
•a(;k
iG
10
31
31
62
40
46
31
31
76
56
76
4^>
46
76
v>
4t'>
40
31
31
45
46
76
93
93
20
93
93
94
94
59
91
9'
X. INDEX
I'ACJK
Cunarcl 92|
Cunclifie Moss 4s
Cunley 92 1
Cunliffe 92 i
Cunny Leach 45'
D.
DacL-y 97
l^aily 97I
Dain 95
Dair 97
Dakin 97 1
dale 67
iJalgarnock 61
Dnna 71, 95 ,
Dania 71, 95
Darnhill 56
Darwen, R 66;
J)arwin 96
^>'^te 95
(laul) 76
Daub Hill 56
Dawlier 76
l')a\vkins 97
Dawson 97
Day 97
DeacUven Clough, 47, 62, 95"*
l^tr^n 95
Dearden 44
DearnJey 20
')casy 97 ;
Cupid .* 80, 93
Curfoot ^)2
Currey 92
Curtis 74
Cut Gale .^.7
Debdale 56
Dedquenc 95
Dcdwin f2, 95
Dcegan ,. 97
Decjjlish 25
dene 15
Denning 95
Dentun -. 95
Derdale 44
Derrick 96
Devine 95
Dew 96
Dewhursi 44
Dewsnop 39
Dicey 96
l^iggle 55. 97
Diggle Brook 55, 69
Dillon 96
Dihvorth ... 96
Dirty Leach Wham 24
Dish Stones 107
Dix6n 72
Doals or
Doll-brow ^6
INDEX
I'AC.E
Dob Cross 5^
Dobcl 95
Dob Hill 56
Dodd 95
Doddridge 95
Dodman 95
Doc Hey Wood 13
Doldrum 61
donkey Si
Dormer 96
Dorre]l 96
Dothwc]! 95
Douglas, R 64, 65
Dove Law 56
Dowd 95
Dowell 96
Dowling 81, 96
Driver 79
Drummer Stoops 61
Dry 96
Drysdale 96
Ducker 9^
duckling Si
l^uckwonh 11
Duerr •'•. 96
Dutlus 10
Duffy ... 95
Duglas, R 64, 65
Duke 96
Dulshaw 61
dun '5
dun, the colour Si
Dunhill 15. ^'^
Dunkenhalgh 4
dunkin Si
Dunkirk 7
Dunn 73. '^i
I )unnell Si
Dunnish Booth 1'5
Dunnock Shaw LS
Dunscar "••• 15
Dunster '5
Dvirrens 9^^
Dutton 15, 95
Dyas Meadow ic
Dyer 7''^
Dyson 9^
E.
Eafield 25
Eagle Crag 45
Eagley Bank 25
Ealees 25
Earcrofi Fold 25
Earnshaw 45' S5
East 104
Eaton .' 25
eaves (^^
Eccleslon 4
Xll. INDEX.
I'AGE
Eden 62
Edenfiekl 62
Kdenmorc 62
Edsforihj^5
i^« 25
Ellen Brook 36
E 1 1enro
d
51
Ellen Royd 36, 52
j*>llerljcck ^7
Ellibank 37
Elliott 86
Kllis 86
i'^^'i" 39
Elnioic 86
l-^lsilon 86
Ellon II
iCmmett Sj
Emmott 25, 87
Emock 99
Empsall 87
Mmpson 87
empty * 87
Enderby 28
Ending 23
England 71
English 71
Enock 80, 98
Entwistlc 28
Erringdcn 45
Everard 86
Everett 86
Everilshau 43
Eversden 43
Every 86
Evorishaw 43
Ewart 86
Ewing 86
Ewood Bridge ^ 25
Extwi-stle 28
Eyebridge 25
Eyton 25
F.
J'acit 52
l-'aiflety 32
Failing Earth 22
Failsworlh 22'
I'airsnape 17
I'airy 97
/'alinge P'old 22
i'^alledge 22
Fallon 71
fallow 22
Fallowtield 22
Fallsworth 22
Fang 25
Faraday 97
Farbutb 33
Far Ing Laith S4
l''ail;i.iilvj J-\inii 32
I'armcr 76
Farpasiure 32
l'^'>" 73, 97
Kanaiv! 97
I'^aiTi'Il 97
Fanei" 97
Karrin-ton 73, 97
J-"an\)u- 82, 97
Karside 32
Kaulkncr 76
l-"auceit 52
Fawthurp 43
I'eam Head 10
r'earnlc)- 20, 97
I'c-alher Moor 32
Fealheistall 31
Fcaihersionehaugh 31
Fenniscowles 61
FciUon 98
Fcnwick 98
Fern 97
Fcrnie 97
F'ernihoUow 55
Ferris 77
Few er 77
Fidoe 98
held 12
Fieldini; 22
Firth 63, 98
i""i.sher 77
Fiswick 48
Fiti 98
I\DF:x. Ml).
;E vAi.i:
I'i^i^-'" 77, 9^
Fiiton 98
^"l^'»iinS 7, 71
Fletcher 77
Flow Moss 20
fold 12
Fold Head lu
Follyfield 22
lord 28
Ford 97
F'order .. 97
forfield 32
Forsler 77
Fort 97
forth 28
Foster 77
Fothergill -. 98
Foul Clouijh 2,j
Foulrake 27
Foulridge 37
Fourstones 31
Fowler 77
F"ox Gill 45
Foxholes 45
Foxstone Edge 45
France 7^
Fran'.c 7'
Frankell 71
F'nTnklin 77
Fra/er 71
Freail : 08
Frederic 98
Freeliody 98
XIV. FNDEX.
I'Af.F.
I'Veestone 31, 98
Frith 63
Fulledge 37
Fuller 77
Fulshaw 37
Fulthorpe 37
F\ihon *37
Fulwood37
Furbarn.
^2
Fvirby(^7
Furlong 97
G.
Gabbott 94
Gadding Cote 32
Gafney 94
Gahan 01
Ciale, the 56
Galilee 80, 94Gall 94
(jallagher 94
Galloway 94
Gamble 95
Gambleside 67
^^^'"el 67, 79, 95Gank, the 27
Gardner 77
Gare 92
Garfat 92
Garforth 92
Garibaldi 92
Garland 33'
Garlick 92
Garrett 92
Garrick 81, 92
(jarrotty 02
Garside^3
Garstang 53, 92
Garswood 55
(Jart Side 5-
(jarvcy 02
Garwood 02
Gaskell • 74
Gaukthorn 46
Gauxholme 52
Gavin 94
Gayner 91
Gaze 92
Gazey 92
Geere 92
Geldard 93
Geoffrey 70, 94
Gil)bon 94
Gibbs of-
Gibfield 94
Gil>son 94
Gifftird 94
<^igg 47
G'iggleswick 47
INDhX. XV.
PACK
Ciiliieil r)4
(lilclnisl At
(jilded Mollins 40
(;ill--'-s 47
^'illVtid 0^f'ill
94(iillinan
g^('''l<'t' 9^
C'iUow()4
('.iltnorc 04
'ill 92
( rO(!l)o!(l Q.,
Cloddanl n->yj(loddinc: (i-^•^ Vj<'<'dfi-ey oj
^'^^(ii^;^ 70, 93Ciodlcy 03
('^^dwin 70, 93( loing 02
( ;oldl)()urne ... 93(roldinj; 93
(iold^haw31^
C'lolynrode 52
Gomersall 91
Goodacre 93
Goodall 93
Cioodenough S2
Goodeve 93
Goodliead 93
(jootlhew 9^
Cioodshaw 63, 6S
Goodsir 9:^
Goose' 'Utts -^
I'Ac; 1'.
goose-dul) -5
Goosnari^di ..,, (;-
Goran q2
CJoic Q2
Gorman qt
Gorple ()-,
Gorsey Clough 40Gorsey Lea ., .q
Gothard .... -r- n>/ ' ) v.)
GotL (,-.
Oough 7^
Goulden" n-*
Gow 02
Gower q2
Grailcy n^
( J rainger "7
Grains ;7
Grane Head 57
Grane Post 57
Graning c-j
grave 14, 29
graveleys 2q
Grayshan 95
Grayson 93
Grayston 93
Great Dole 61
Great Lever 41
Greave 13
J3reenber 49
Green Gate 27, 30
Greenhalgh 55
Greenheys 12
Greenhow -3
XVI. INDEX.
Green Middiiis 21
(irceii I'lats 22
(ircen Royd 52
(ireens 30
(jreenslade 19
( ircen Withins 38
f'^regi^ 93
^-'T^'i^^r 93
^^rcgson 93
Grenal 55
^-^r^T 93
(jrey St(;nes 57
llabbeshavv 98
Hacking 85
Hackney 85
Haddock 91
Hades Hill..... 91
Hadley 41
Hage Fold i^
Hahnemann 98
Haigh 12, 85
Haighfield 12
Half Acre 48
Half Fall 22
Halfird 100
Hall 100
1 1 allam 1 00
Hall Carr 100
1 lallf'.'ld 100
H.
Grinihaldstone 52
Grini-argh:;
;
Grimscar -2
(Jrimshaw -^
Grindle End 30
Grind rod ^j
Ciross -1
/ 4
Guild ,,'V,i
Gunn (ji
(juniiell (ji
Gunning iji
Gunier (ji
Halliwell 16
Halpin ico
Halsall 100
Halshaw ick)
Halsiead 100
Haniall 15
Hamblcdon Hill 15. 68
Hameldon 15
hamell <)
Hamer 99
Hamer Bottoms 23
Hampson 99
Hancock 98
Handley 46, 82
Hanging Ilridge ^r
Hanging Chadder 31
Hanging Lees 31
I'AGK
Haiij^ing Sliaw 31
Stanley4,3^ S2
Hanlon
Jlanna
Ilans
Hanson
^I'^ppy
harljour
Ilardacre
^J^rJing 99Harclnian
Hardy
Plarc
Hare Hill
} larescougli
I larestones... 1 >
Har-reave ...13, 14, 29, 99Harl;er
Harland
Harley ^yHarling
ygHarper -,-,
Harrid.ge 9c)
Harridge Pike 43Harris r)g
Harroj) 1^-
Harrop Edge 43Jfarrold 9t>
Harrygg
Jlarsendcn 43Harsnepp 43
Hart gcj
Harihill4.4
98
9S
9S
98
98
59
99
99
99
99
43
^6
99
99
INDEX.^.ii
^^''^'•t'^T 44. 99Harihhead ,,
^ f''i>"\'.ird
gg^'^^^ycy
09I^-'^^'^vin
y,^
Harwood4.-)
Haslingden ,^
Haslingden Grane -7
Hasney v-
Hastling<5^
i^'-^^ty S5
^^^^^'^ 28, 77, ;9Hatchford ,y
Hatfi-ld,j
Haihershaw ,j
Hatlicrsheir ^j
Haugh ...'
Haulgh c-
Hawcoatj 2
Hawker yj
Hawkshaw Fokl 4-
Hawkstones 1-
Hawksworth ji
Hawk Yard 4-
hawtJiorn 12
Hawtliornthwaite r^
hay bote j2
^•^y'e '.Z ,3
H^v Meadow 12
Haynesf,.s
Hayshaws 3-
Haysill f'arm 371 la/el IJotlor.i -^
;
XVlll. INDEX.
I'AGE
Hazel Dene 37
Ilazeltine 2S
llazle Edge 37
Head 91
heal 16
ITealey 16
^'eap 41, 73
Heap Cloiigh 41
Meape qS
Heapcy 98
Heap Hey 41
Hcarnshaw 45
Heath 91
Heathevton 86
Heatun 33
i leaven So
1 leber 86
Heeley 16
Heifer 86
Hell Beck 16
Helly-plat 16
Helm Shore 39
Helpei Edge 16
Hemingway 99
Hcmmings 99
Hempshaw Barn 9
Hencroft 46
Hendene 31
tienfield 46
Henfold 46'
Henheads 46
Ilenland 46
Henley 46
VM,}'.
Hen Moss ^1
Henncssy .- 9S
Henry ^... 99
Ilenshaw 31
Hensheads lo
Henihorn .. 31
Henwick 46
Hepplestone 98
Hepplewhite 9S
Heptonstall 41
Hepworth 9S
Herbert 99
Hereward 99
Hermitage 80
Herod ••••52, So, 99
Heron Knoul 45
Herrely 99
Herring 09
Herring Knowl
Herron ' 99
Hesket 100
Hesketh 85, 100
Hewitt 90
Hewson gq
Heybrook 12
Hey Head 10
Hey Laithe 54
Heyrod r^
Heyroyd 52
Heywood 12
Heyworth 12
Hib]*)ert 98
Hibbott 9S
i'A(;e
]Iickey 99
Micks 99
Iligghokl 33
Iligginbothani 23
lligglns 99
Higginshaw ^^
High l^rown 'Kiiowl 60
Jlighen Moor ],2
Higher Calf Cote 32
Higher Leaches 24
High Laith 54
Hill.. 73
hill 16
HinchclilTe 31
llindeburn 40
llindle 40
llindley 40
liinge 31
Hipping 73
Hipping Plolm 41
Hippings 41
llitchen 99
Hoar Stones 33
Hobbs... 99
Hobchurch 99
Hobley 99
Hobson 99
Hodgeson 99
Hodgkinson 99
Hodson 99
li"S 3^
^^(Jg-rtb 53
Hogg .. 90
INDEX. MX.
I'AGE
Hoggard ... 3S
1 loghton 33
Hoglow s^
Hogshead 33
Hogwic 33
Holcomb 63
Holden 16
hole 16
Holgate 16, ICO
Holland 7, 71
Hollin 47
Hollin Brown Low ...60, 6<S
1 lolli ngworth 73
Ilollins .. . ... 40
lloUowfonh 2S
Holm 57
Holroyd 52
Holt 35
Holt Wood 6S
Holyhead 94
Homer <So
honeycomb 63
Honey Holme 48
Hooden }}
Hoofstones 30
Hooley 33
Hope 99
Hope Fold 55
yopkins 99
'Hf'P'ey 55
Jlojnvood 55
liorbury 2-^
ilordern 33
XX.
I'AG K
Hore Withins 3
j
Horner 77
Horrocks 33
Horse Carrs 56
Horsef^ill 1 00
Horwick 33
Host}' 86
IIo"Sh 55
Hough Stone ^^
House End 55
Howard 99
How Gate 55
How Royd 54
Hoyle 1 5, 73
Hoyle Dene 16
Hud Hey lo
Illingworth 73
Ince 64
Indies of Perth 64
Inchfiekl 64
ing 22, 72
Ingham e2
Ing Hey 22
Ing Head 22
Jack 81'
J^Sg^->" 77
Taneway ..., 71
fealous 9^
INDEX.
J.
PACK
Hud Lee 10
Hughes Qf,
Hulton55
Hunger Hill 48
Hunt 77
Hunter 77
Huntroyd 32
Hurst 36
Hursted .. 3-^
Hurst Wood 6S
Husted 33
Hutchinson 99
Iluttock lo
Huxley 74
Hylewood 16
^3Intake
Ipswicli 4S
Ireland 33, 71
Irlam g
Irvine 99
living 99
Isherwood :!7
Jells 94
Jellicoe 94
Jenkins Si
Tcwell 8)
INDEX. X\l,
PAGl?
Jevvett S6
Jcwison S6
.K'wiss S6
Tocky Si
JocosaJA
Jolly 74'
Jolyfie 74
Jones .
lordan
fA'-.K
S2
5S
Jowctt SG
Jowles S6
Jt^yce 74
J"'1ge 86
K.
Kale ....
Kaj'
Kays
Ken PC
Kchcoic .
Kcenau .
Kell)rook
Koll
Kelly
Kelsall
Kelsl )orough .
Kelvey
Kemp
Kempenhalgh
Kempnall
Kem]>stone....,
kempy
Kcnnaway
Kennedy
Kenny
Kenrick
Kent ..
94
. 92
. 02
• 92
• 94
. 92
• 57
' 94
94
94
94
94
77
57
55
77
77
92
92
92
92
71
Kenworthy
Kenyon ...
Kerfoot ...
Kerr
Kcrsiiaw...
Kidder . .,
Kidman ....
Killick ...
Killman
Kilner
1-^J'^g
Kinnear ....
Kipling ....
Kirtley ....
Kitcheman .
Kitchen ....
Knave Hill..
I\roll Hill ..
Knott Hill .,
Knowles
Kuerden
'/:>
• 92
• 92
92
92
35
77
77
94
94
77
, 92
92
94
20
77
77
47
iS
4S
18
20
XXll. INDEX.
PACK
Lacy loi
Ladhouse 54
Ladncr 77
Lady 100
Lady Barn 54, 69
Lady Ikidge 54
Ladyhouse 54
Lady Lees 54
Ladyman 1 00
Lahee loi
Laidman 100
Lambert 100
Lanimack 24
Lancashire 71
Land 100
Langho 55
Lant 100
Lardner 77
Lark Hill 46
Larkin 101
Latchford Heath 24
Lately Common 54
Latham 54
Lathe Butts 54
Lathome 54
Lams 54
laund 2a
Laund Booth 20
Laurie iot
Lautburn, R 27
Law 101
fAl.K
Law Hill 6S
Lawless i o
i
Lawson 101
Layard 101
Laycock 101
Layman ici
Leach 77
leach 24
Leach Gate Field 2S
Leach, Top o" 62
Leader 1 00
Leary 100
Leasow 21
Leather 100
Leavengreave 13
Ledgard 100
Lee loi
leece 2r
Logatt 73
Legg ioi
Legless TOO
Lenches 17
Lenny Barn 39
Lenny Shaw 3S
Lesser loi
Lett 100
Letts 73
Leven, R 63
Lever 101
Lever Edge H
Levers Water 41
INDF.X.
PAGE
Lewis 151
ley 20
Leynes Clout,'h 3S
Litlget 21
Life loi
light 36
I-iijhi Azzle Edge 37
Light Birks ^y
Light Owlers 36
liml) 24
Limeiicld 24
Limy Water 24
Lincoln 71
Lindioii 3S
Lineham 38
Lingard iot
Linneyshaw 3S
Linsgicave 38
Linswithins 3S
Li'itinvaite 38, 53
Liptrod 10
1
Liptrott 1 01
Lister 77, loi
Little 74
Littleborough 58
Little Dole 61
Little Lefra 41
Liver Hill 41
Liversedge 41
Li versecge i o i
Livsey loi
Lloyd . 100
Lohdc'i, 27
XX HI.
I'AtilC
^^oi^i^-y 48; loi
lolis-/
Lock ,0,
Locker jq,
Locket t iQi
Locking Stouji Oi
Lockney ,01
Lockwood 10 r
Logan jor
Lomas 24
Lomax 24
Long Biggin 54
Longbottoin 23
Long Grain 1^7
Long Shut 26
Long AVham 24
Longwor th j i
Looker 100
L^^^^ 75
Lorrimer77
Love 101
Love Clough 27, 62
Lovekin i q 1
Lover loi
Loveridge 101
Loversidgej o i
Lovett 10
1
Lowes ij
tower Maw 21
Lower Twistfield 2S
Lower Weir 12
Lower Frith 6j
Low Gill 56
-XXIV. INDEX,
I'AGIC
Low How 68
Lowman loi
Lubbock I o I
Lucas 5, 100
Luckwhittles 101
Lucre 100
Lumb 24
Lund 5S
Lyde if,o
Lydgaie 21
Lyncli iQi
Lyne Edge 3S
Lylhc Skick iq
M.
McGarry 92
McHitterick 106
McKay 92
McKilterick 106
McLcod 100
McNaught 104
McNeal 104
^Ladd en 103
Maddock 103
i\] aden 103
JMaden Fold 21
Madge Road 24
Madock 103
Maiden 21, 103
Maiden Cross 32
Maisey 102
Maitland 103
Makin 1 02
Male lOT
Malcn 102
Malim 103
^lallack 102
Mallett 103
Malley 102
MaUindcr 102
Mallison 102
^L'^lune 1 02
^Lalthus 102
^LandJe 102
Manfred 102
manikin Si
^Lankin Hole 16
Manley 102
Mann 102
Manning ro2
Manock 102
Mansforlh 102
Mansley 102
Manstone 02
March HiV. 29
Mardyke 7
Marferth 103
margrave 29
ma^rk 29
Markham 29
M a rk 1ew 29
INDEX.
Marland 20, 103
Marlor 77
Marsden 29
marsh 29
Marshall 78
Marshaw 29
Mason 78
Masscy 102
Malchin 103
Mather 103
Matt 103
Mattley 103
Maw (Jrane 21
Maxim 107
May 102
Mayer 102
Maygate Uole 61
Mayhew 102
Maynard 102
Mayrick 102
Mays 102
Mead 103
Meadow Head 10
Mean Hey 12
Meanwood 35
Medcalf ;^2
Medforth . 103
Medland 1 03
Mediey 103
Medlicot 32, 103
Me^in 102
JVleldnim 61
Meli. 102
XXV,
r.u.K
Mclladew 102
Mellaliew 102
Melland 103
Mellings 1 02
McUor 103
Mellow 102
Melody 80, 102
Meniiit; 103
Meols 102
Mercer 78
mere 28
Mcrrall 103
Merrall Head 10
Merrick 103
Messenger 82
Metal Cote 32
Mettel Hole 32
Mickle Head 10
Mickle Hey 13
Micklehurst 36
mid 32
Middle Butts 33
Middleforth Hill 28
Middle Scars 3'
Middop 32
midge -4
Midgeden 24
Midge Hall 103
Midge Hole 24
Midgeley 103
Miles ....- ..102
Milk 102
Milkstone 5^
XXVI. INDEX
I'AOE
Mill I02
Millctt 103
Millie ic !
Millikin 102'
Mills 102 i
Milne 103|
Minn 103
Minnett 103^
Miunitt 103
Minzey 103 j
Misery 103
Mitchell Hey 13
Mitten 103 '
Mizzy 24
Molcswoith II, 103
Mollock 102I
Molyneux 102
monkey 81
Montmoiice 71
Moody 103
Moor Head lo
Moor House 10
Morley 20
Morris 71
N'iI>1j iS
Nabend iS
Na 1 > rod e i S
Nab Side 47
Nr den i-
N nsen 72
N.
lACiK
^^'•'^^ 103
Mossam 103
Mossop c-
Moss Rake
Motley
Mott
-7
103
103
Mould •.•103
Moulding,' 102
Moiildsworth1
1
^Tou^li)e^jerla\v OS
Miickileld 24
MulLiril 102
Mullins f03
MurL^airoyd :;2
-Muigatsliaw :^2
I^Iusick So, 103
Muspratt 103
Mutch 74
Mutton 10^
Muzzy 103
Myrescough 57
Mythe Tuot 65
Mythohn 57
Mythop \2
Naylor 7S
N c ;'. 1 au 1 04
Near Moor Hank 32
Need 104
Needhani 47, 104
Needless 47. I04
INDEX
lAGH
Nelson 104
Neiherley 31
New 104
Ncwall 104
NewboUi T3
Ncwco 1 11 1 ) 104
Newlove 104
Newman 104
Newsome 104
Newstcad nNick 104
Nickro.ic 61
Niel 104
NicM 104
Nii^ellus 104
Nighi Hill 47
Nixon 104
\XVll.
Noad 104
Noai 1 04
NoMo 74
NuLklilfe Eaves 61
Noiclen 15
Norris 71
North Scall 54
Notoi^h 37, 104
Nul1ialt;li 37
Nuthall 37
Nulluusi 37
Nulshaw 37
Null 104
Nuttall 37, 55, 104
Nutter 104
Nutlley 37
o.
Oak Ing Clough 22
Oakenrod 51
Oatshaw 32
Oddy 53
Ofla Hill 47
Ogt-len 38
Ogle 74
Ogre 74
Oken Holt 3S
Old Hear Hey 10
Oldhan-, 9
Old Holts -,6
Old Man 4
Old Sirs 39
Old Wham 24
Ollerton Fold 36
Opie 99
Ormerod 52
Orwistons 5S
Ormshaw 52
Ormside 54
Orniskirk 52
Orrell 43
Oslu' lis'.one 86
XXVlll. INDEX.
PAGK
Osborne 86
Osgood 86
Osmund 70, 86
Oswald 86
Oswaldtwistle 28
Oswin 86
Otter Lee 43
lAtiB
Otlle 61
Oulderllill 36
Out Lane Head 32
Out Wood 32
Over Houses 31
Owler Lane 36
Paddock
paddock
Taddy
Padiliam
Padon
Pagan
I'-ige
Paget
Palden
Paler
I'aley
Palmer
Palor
Palsgrave
Pardee
Parker
I'arkin
Parkinson
Park Lane
Parnell 73.
Parr
Parrock
Parr>- 72,
12 Pascoe 8S
81 Paslow SS
87 Passmans SS
87 Passmonds 9, 88
87 Patchett 78
90 Pate 87
78 Paton 87
78 Pattison 87
63I
Payne <)0
87 j
Paynter 78
87 Peanock 12
78 jPeat 87
87I
Peel Hall 22
29 Penimins 62
89 pen-ben 61
88 Pendlebury 6r
S8 Pendle Hill 61, 82
88 Pendleton 61, 82
12 Pen Moss 61
90 I'^'in 7i
88I
Pennington 73, 89
12I
Pennock 12
88I
Pen-y-ghent ()i
INDEX
AGE
88
82
^7
S?
^7
90
97
80
89
89
89
89
89
19
^7
46
S9
19
80
22
Pimley 78
Pinck 89
Finder 7S
Pinfold 12
Pingot 12
Pinkertoa 89
Piatt 22
Platting 22
Pogson 76
Polcficld 63
I'ole Lane 6^
Pollarct 90
PoUit! 78, 90
Perkins
Peters
Peto
Petrie
Petty
Peverley
Pharaoh 80,
Physick
Pick
Pickard
Picketts
Pickles
Pickering
Pickup
Pidduck
Piethorn
PigSOtt ; ••
Pike Low
Pilate
Pillinn;
XXIX.
Poole '•(ij, 90
Poolcy 90
Poot Hall 25
Porter 78
Potiphar So
Potts 90
Pout Clough 25
iVnvclI 72, 90
Puwnall 7^
Pratt 74
Pretty 88
Prettyman 88
Prestwich 48
Price 72
Pricksliaw 35
Prickshaw Brook 35, 69
Priddy 88
Pride 88
Pridmore 88
Priest 75
Priuie 88
Prince 75
Pritchard 72
Proctor 7S
Prodger 72
Pudding 90
Pugh 72
Pule Moss 63, 69
-Pulman 90
I'urdie 88
l^urlove ..'. 88
Pynian . 71
Pywell 71
xxx. INDEX.
Q.PACK
Quayle loS
Queen 109
Quick Mere 37
Quill 109
Raby 105
Raccdham •••9, 66
Radcliffe S
Raghole 16
Raike^ 27
Raines 71, 105
Rainey 105
Rainshough 55
Rakebvidge 27
Rakefoot 27
Ralph 57, noRampside 54
Ramsbottom 41
Ramsden 41
Ramsgreave 41
Raudle noRandolph noRaper 105
Rasbottom 23
Ratten Clough 44
^
Rattray 104
Knvtien ,.,,, .. ., 46Kavens Clough 46
Ravenspike Hill 46
R.
PACK
Quin 109
Quincey 109
Quinlan 109
Ravenstone 58
R.awclilTe 52
Rawriddint: ;i
Raw Royd -3
Rawsthornc io5
Rawtonstall 48
Rayne \o^
Rayner 105
Read 74
Reader 104
Ready 104
Reaps 47
Reaps Cross 47
Reddett 1 04
Redily Shore 30
Redhead 73, 104
Red Lunib 24
Redman 1 04
Redmires 30, 57
Red Shaw 30
RedSpaMo'ir 26
Kc«I Hill 47
Reed Mysies 24
Reeves 7.S
INDEX.
lAGE
Regnn 105
Reitl 104
Rcnshaw 46
Revidge 46
Revill 105
Reynard 105
Reynold 105
Rhodes ^o
Ribble, R 65
Ribourne, R 65
Richard 105
Richey 105
Richmond 105
Kiililell 52
kideliauLch 52, 55
Kidgcway 105
Ridihalgh 55
Ridley 47
Risi>y 105
I'^igg 105
Riggall 1 05
Rigley 41
Rigmaiden 21
Riley 41
Rimmer 7S
I^ingley 31
Ringlows 31
Ripley 47, 105
Rivington Pike 19, 46
Roasihwaite 106
Robert 105
RobinsVi w 46
Robley 105
X.\X1.
1'a<;h
Rochdale 7, 66, 67
Roche, R 66
Roclier, R 66
rock 07
Rodd lesw orth 30
Rodger 105
Roderick 105
Roe Lee 44
Rofe 105
Roland 105
Rohand 105
Rooley 17. 44
R'^i'th 105
Roi'cr 7S, 105
Rosboltom 106
Roscoe 1 06
Ross 106
Rossell 106
Rossendale j.7
Rostron 106
Ro thwel 1 1 o S
Rough 10^
lioiind Ing 22
Round Thorn jr
Rouse 106
Rouili loq
Routley 105
iV^wau 105
Ruwcrofi 44
Rowen ; 1 05Rowland 105
]\(\v, R n:;
Ri'yds q2, 82
XXXll.
I'ACE
Roylnnce 41
Roylc 41
Koylcy 41
Koyshaw 41
Royton 41
Riidman 105
Ruclolpli 105
Riiiiibuts 33
Riimwortli 11
Tvushworth 1
1
INDEX.
rA(;K
Russell loC,
I<"th ,05
^^"^t^"'- 78, 105
%--^n 41
Kyc, R 65
Rye Croft 4,
Rye Head 41
Rylance 41
Rylaiuls ^,
S.
Saddlewortli cum Quick 37
Sagar 78
Sa<;er 78, 106
Saighton 38
Saint Mary's Gale 27
•Sala 73
Sale 3S
Sales 38
Sale«;bury 38
Salford 38
Salter 75, 78
Saltman 75
Saltonstall 38
Saltridge 38
Salwick 38 -
Sanilesl)ury 47
Sand 'I'^Jg .»..» 61
.VHttkMK>n} ^0^'
.-•atchel I 1 06
Sanghton 38
Saundcr Clough 35
Saunder Ileiglu 35
Sawley 38
Sawyer 78
Saxon 71
Sayer 78
Scales 54
scar 56
Scarr 108
Schofield 54
wScholefield •. 54
Scholey Head 10, 53, 54
Schunke 74
Scole Car Edge 54
Scoks 54
Scoti 7'
scuttt f<7
Scowcroft 56
INDEX. XXXlll.
seamstress 75
Scare 106
Searey 106
Seator 106
Seckerson 1 06
Seildon 106
"Sedgewick 1 06
Seed 106
Seedall 106
Seelc) 107
Sellers 73, 78
Seneca Lane 31
Sergeant 78
Seymour 75, 106
ShadlM^Id 91
Shadewalk 35
Shanks 75
sharn-beetle 24
Shariieyford 24, 28
Sliarpe 107
Sharpies 107
Sharpnesspoint 68
Sharrocks loS
-"^h^w 35
Slia,\vcross 54
Shawforth 28
Shaw Wood 68
Sheare-butts ^^
Shearer 78
Shepherd 78
SherilV. 29, 78
S herman 1 08
Sherratt loS
Sherry ,oS
Sherwin loS
Shillelo 107
Shimwell 107
Shipwelbothani 23
Shore loS
Shorrocki oS
Showier 79
Showley 46
Shuffleboitom 23
Shuttleworth 26
Sibson 106
Sibihorp loG
Siddal! 106
Sidebeet
Sidebottom
Sidholm
Sieveking io6
Sigmund 106
Sikesbeck 2s
Silitoe 107
Silver Head 48
Simco Sr, 107
Simcox Si
Simkin 81
Simkins 107'
Simmons 106
Simms 107
Simondstone 47
Simpson 1 07
Skarfield S
Slack (/th' Moor 19
slade 19
23
57
XX XIV. INDi:
I'AGE
Slailen 20|
Slaithwaitc 53 '
Slater 7^
Slattocks 20I
Slaughter 7S,
Slences 17 ;
Slinj^er 7^
Slipper Hill 61, GS
Sloe Thorn l>arn 39
Smallshaw 35
Smehurst 36
Smethurst 36
Smith 79
Smithson 72 '
snaed 19
Snape Hill 17 i
sneap iS
Sniddle 19
snod 19
Snoddle Hill 19, 6S
Snoddorth iq
Snodgrass 19|
Snowdon 71 |
Snubsnai)e 17 !
Snydale Gate igj
Soar 74 I
Sodor and Man ;oI
Souter 79 I
South 104^
South Grains 57
Sowter 79 !
Soyland Moor 25
Spa Well 26.69
X.
rA(;K
Spa Wood 26
Sparke '.
75
Sparrow 75
Sparrowhawk 75
Sparrow Hill jO
Sparlh Rottonis 23
Spaw Lane 26
Spaw Sunday 27
Speddy 74
Speak Edge 1^3
SjK-ke Ben' 23
S])encer 7^
Spen I^each 26
Spenn 26
Sjicw Spout 26
sjjinney 26
Spodclen 57
Spotbins 33
Sprowell ^(^
Stacksteads 11
Staghills 44
Staley 20. 107
Stallard 107
Standeven 107
Standish 107
Standring 107
Standworth . . . .^10-
Sianedge 12
Stansfield 107
Sianwell 107
Stan worth 107
Stark 74
Starky 74
INDEX.
rAi;u
Siarr-^ardon 50
Suirring 56
Slaups M(.)or 61
Siaveley 21
Stead Ilcy 1
1
Stcancr l>otlimi 15, 23
Steel 107
Stcll 107
Sicword 7^
Stewart 78
Stid II
Stidfuld II
Stipcrden — 15
Sliper Stone>... 13
Stiiruj) 55
Slune 107
Stonehen^fc 31
Stony Royd 52
Sloodloy II
stoops ••• 61
Stupes 61
Store 107
Stover 107
Storey 107
Ta1)by 97
Tal)erncr 79
Table of Tcrminalion.^ ... 83
Tab Road 56
Tacon 97
T.
wxv.
IA<",K
Slolt 45
Stranj^c Common 48
Sirangeways 4S
Slrcencs 4S
Stivnesihall 48
Slrines 48
Siriiii^er 78
Slnilhtrs 108
Siuttard 79
Style 27
Sudden 15
Sudley l)r<x>k 15
Suinmerseal 48
Surplice 80
Sutherlantl 50
Swaindrod 52
Swallow Ibilc 16
Swifi 74
Swineroolings ^5
Swineshaw 45
Swire 78
Sycamme too
S)l.e 25
Syme 107
IJidloo 95
'^ags 97
Talbot 75
Tame, ]\ 66
Tandlc Hill 65
W.Wl. INDIilX.
''''^""^•''• 95 I Tl)recLo«Ls j,
'''I'l^^'y 71 I Thrcirall *.
07
'^'^IT^''' 75 ! Tluiixku ;s
'^^-'^P^l^-r 75I
ThursU.nc ";,s
^'''^''"acrc 56j
ThwaiLcs
^'''^'ranl .,6 TihI.s
T'^l^" 95 ' Tickle ,',7
''^^ham .,5,
Tillcii ot.
T'Utcr.all 95I
Tilli.M.n .„-,
T^^yl^' 79I
TilK.t.Mm \,C
'^"^^^ ^3;
tiMi„|4 ,0"^^^ 97
iTiniwi.ile 2S
'^'•'^^ '^'-^^;
.Til.pu- 79, c,5
I'^'lf^J'^l 9^I
Tifi.c-l ,,7
T^'""^nl 95;
Tii.pin^; 9-
'I'^ii")^"" ''5
j
Tipple 97'^^'"•icr 90
j
Tii)plL-> Green 971^^1'y 9^ I Tuad Can ,4
'I'^'^lock 95I
Toad Lane 14
Tc^l'J^'^ 95 I Toad Leach y^
Thane 79 i TMeook 9',
Thaich Lalch 2S[
y,,(l 45-
Thicvely Seoul 19; T^dd «,5
Thibileihwaiic 5^ ! Todellill 63
Thorbum 90 I Tudman 93ThorCl.Hi^di 3,s
\ T(nhi.nrden 14
'rii<^inhcr 49j
Tninhn ^ Si
Thorncy Lee 17 t TonacIilTe 10
Thorohnin o_,
T<.nyc Mnor 17
Thornley 20|
Toni( End 17
Thorn^c^v 36j
Tor-dle Hill 63
Thuniiun; I Tooi,'.;od ... 90
Thorpe 30 I Tooier 11:11='
IN 1)1
I'Ai;)'.
Tool Hill 65
Topham 0, 93
Ton of llealhor \o
Top of Kyc 41
Topper 79, 'P
Topping 05
Tor Mill Go, 6M
T'<r Stile 27. 60
Ti^rks 74
Toircncc </>
Totllewortli Iac 65
Tower ()(<
Townbcni 22
T-' Willi cad 1(1
Ti>wnliousc Ill
Townlcy 2Ci
1\>\teth II
Trapp 96
Travers 79
Travcs 79
Travis 79
Trawden 25
Trickett Qo
Tngg 9^>
'I'rippier .. 96
Tripyear 96
TroLjlulen Chase 23
Troiu;h Edge 25
Tro-.igli Sikc 25
Tronglilon 25
.X. xxxvu.
PAt;i£
Trows 25
Truli.iuilhy 50
Truelove 06
Try 96
Tubl) 95
Tuck 96
Tucker 79, 90
Tuer 96
TiUfy 95
Tuke 90
'I'lirley 96
Tun-hill 10
TuilsUMd II
Tupp '»5
riirnau;^'h 5O
TuriK-liill 50
'I'urncr 79
Tundey 56
'J'uinshaw 35
Turn Slack 5^j
Turton Tower ''9
Turing 05
'I'^vig- 97
Twi^-e Barn 2S
rwi':> Green 2S
iwistle 2S
'I'wo Studs 31
iwt inn 05
Tydesley 20
Tvson o'j
XXXVIU. INhKX.
HACF
"giy 74
Underbill iS
Unswoilh qS
u.
Urnision 52
I'llcnch Cin''i J2
Utilcv ",2
V.
X'^ardy loS
\'aiker 97
y^^r]ey 97
Vcnu'^ So
V-'iishuiic ;;
VickiTs 1 oS
Xilcs 7c>
Virgin So
\V>ss
\'o\vl(.> 71,
w.
Waddell 109
Waddinqton 109
Waddy 109
Wade I CO
Wadsworili 109
Wagfuld 12
Wainwright 79
Wailhlands nWakefield 12
Walcli iQi)
Waldegrave 29
Wales 71, loS
Walkden 79
Walker 79, loS
Wall loS
Wallace 1 08
\Vallen loS
Waller 79, loS
Wnlliiiij loS
Wallis 108
Wall Style 27
Walstlen 26
Walshaw 26
Walthew 108
Walthews loS
Walworili 4S
Wanistone 24, 5S
Warlnirton 1
Warcocklc Delpli 12
\^;l^(l loS
W.inU-ll 108
^Va^lcr loS
War.llc 1,
\V.irilIcy II
Wanlnmn loS
\Varc loS
Wnrcing jo
Warini; ... loS
W.arlaiiil ij
Warley Modi uWarlow 12
Warm Within^ '^s
^VariKT 108
\VariK)cU loS
^Varren loij
^Valkin 108
Waimore 109
^Vatson 109
\\'.Ut 109
^\'^»g1i 79
\'^'ebber 75, 79
^^'ebster 75, 79
Weets 48
weir 12
Welshpool 6^
Wenshead 10
wennel 10
West 81
Wc". Rake 27
Wha'iey 47
Whr...i 2.^
INDEX. xxxix.
iwr.v.
Whatmoiij^li 100
Whegler 79
Wheel' )n 26
Whelcrofi 26
Whewclls 33
Whinisey Hill pWhinherry Xa/e 40
Whinny Clout;h 40^Vliipp 109
Wliiiaker .21, no^Vhiie noWhiiehea.l 73, no^\'hileluu•s^ noWhile Lee> . 30
Whiteley^jj
\N hile Lowes i-
Wln'te Kidin^*^ 4V;
WhitrieKI 30
Whithani j iq
\\ hitlain1 jq
Whittle Hill 30, 68
Whittles noWhitw..rth 4S
Wliolaw^^
Whorlestones 47
Whor-low -^3
Whorlton 47
\\ horwelMlown 47
^^'hostones 33
Wickeiv Hall 37
W icken Lm-,v ^-.> /
W ickeiiherry 37
\Vit!.!ii|) ^5
\1. IN'DKX.
VAC,!.
Widow lOM
Wigan 3S, 64i
\Vi<;bn'l 3S I
Wigshaw 37 I
Wikc loS 1
Wilberls 9, 109
Williulls 23
Wilcock Si, 109
Wild 74
Wild Cn[ L'v .14
WirKiiT^on ..I0<)
Wilkin Si
Willans Si, 109
WillcU Si
Willolts 509
Willbni 109
Willis; 81, 109
Willon 109
Willowingc Coatcs 22
\Vil!s t09
Wilman 109
Wilson 109
Wilstrop 50
Wimble roo
Winchester 3
Wincup 109
Windy IIarl)c«uf .. 5S
Winning 109
Win>on loo*
WinlerbiUi Lcc 3,
Wirlaw 1-'
withen -kip] >! e . . 3S
HAGH
Wiihengrtavf ^ 14, 3S
with ... 36, 63
Withncll 55
Wolfcndcn 43, 1 10
WolfstonLs 43
Wiilstcnlu'Imo noWomack 24
Wood 109
Woodali 109
Woodcock IC9
Wood head 109
Woodley 109
WoodiutY 79
Wit.)d\v.ird 79
Witohki: 43
Woolhead 1 10
Woolley 110
Woolton 43
Worleslonc 47
Woiivll loS
Worsh-y 20
Worth 1 I
Wrenwood 46
Wright 70
Wrigley 105
Wuerdic i i
Wmr loS
Wyail i'»i>
Wyo.llcM- 30
Wynn 109
Wvii^'.anley io«,t
iNi)rx.
Y.
yai'i • 11
\ arwDod 02
Vulcs ' -ji)
^'ea Ihi'li^c 25
xli.
Vcinlk-y 20
Vdl..w IHII ;o
Vc. SO
\'cw Tn.c ',9
<A^.
e"2.so
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