economic development in ecological sensitive areas: an utopia or key to the future? prof. dr....
Post on 29-Dec-2015
244 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Economic development in ecological sensitive areas: an utopia or key to the future?
Prof. Dr. Patrick MeireTom Maris, Stefan Vandamme, Eric Struyf University of Antwerp Ecosystem management research group, Chair of Integrated Water Management
2
Intro
Nature Harbour
Ecology Economy?This conflict is clearly unsustainable, but unfortunately worldwide still very common!
3
Carrying capacity
Ecosystem services
4
5
Salmon mousse with corn salad
Fillets of Norman Sole with puree of potatoes
Jaffa-fondant cake
6
Ingredients
1 cornsalad
2 coriander leaves
3 celery leaves
4 shallots
5 cucumber
6 lemon
7 black pepper
8 olive oil olives
9 smoked salmon
10 sour cream cows
Ingredients
11 fillets of sole
12 broth of fish different species
13 white wine grapes
14 mussels
15 shrimps
16 mushrooms
17 flour wheat
18 eggs chickens
19 lemon
20 parsley
21 potatoes
Ingredients
22 sugar sugarbeet
23 cacao
24 maizena
25 walnuts
26 oranges
Salmon mousse on cornsalad fillets of Norman Sole with
puree of potatoes Jaffa-fondantcake
+ aperitif, coffee, etc. at least 30 species necessary!!
7Ingredients Price/kg/L
1 cornsalad 12 €
2 coriander leaves 1,5 €
3 celery leaves 1 €
4 shallots 1,5 €
5 cucumber 1 €
6 lemon 2 €
7 Black pepper 15 €
8 olive oil olives 8 €
9 smoked salmon 25 €
10 sour cream cows 2,5 €
Ingredients Price/kg/l
11 fillets of sole 30 €
12 broth of fish different species
2 €
13 white wine grapes 5 €
14 mussels 10 €
15 shrimps 20 €
16 mushrooms 4 €
17 flour wheat 1 €
18 eggs chicken 0,20 €
19 lemon 2 €
20 parsley 5 €
21 potatoes 1 €
Ingredients
22 sugar sugerbeet 1,5 €
23 cacao 7 €
24 maïzena 1 €
25 walnuts 6 €
26 oranges 2 €
8
1 Day
2 days
19 days
6 days28 days
Sole
9
• During different growth phases, the sole needs different types of food
• From phytoplankton to worms, shells and crustaceans.
Ecosystem services
10
DaphniaBosmina
11
• The diet of an average juvenile sole and schrimp consists of about 25 species, when adult sole needed more than 70 different prey species to get at that stage!
• All these species have specific requirements to the environment where they occur and need in their turn other species to feed on!
• Also different habitats are needed during the lifecycle
Ecosystem services
12
13
• Products with a high market value (eg Sole) are dependent on species WITHOUT market value and on specific habitats as well without market value
14
15
16
Ecological functioning versus Economy
“Goods and services”
(Costanza et al., Nature 1997)
17
17
18
18
As we goggle at the fluttering financial figures, a different set of numbers passes us by. Last Friday, Pavan Sukhdev, the Deutsche Bank economist leading a European study on ecosystems, reported that we are losing natural capital worth between US$2 trillion and US$5 trillion every year as a result of deforestation alone. The losses incurred so far by the financial sector amount to between US$1 trillion and US$1.5 trillion. Sukhdev arrived at his figure by estimating the value of the services — such as locking up carbon and providing fresh water — that forests perform, and calculating the cost of either replacing them or living without them. The credit crunch is petty when compared to the nature crunch.
19
Ecosystem services
Nature Harbour
Ecology EconomyEcosystemservices
20
Conclusion 1
• The carrying capacity of the earth for men is based on the “provisioning services” that we increased due to many different management activities.
• These services are, however, completely dependent on the supporting and regulating services and these deteriorated due to the human activities. The consequences are much more far reaching than just the loss of habitat and species
• There is a clear link between ecosystem services and the economy
21
What does this mean for an estuary? The Schelde as an example
22
35853
42341
28,4
20,3
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
42000
44000
1900 1990
Year
Su
rfac
e (h
a)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% in
tert
idal
are
a
total surface % intertidal
-150
-130
-110
-90
-70
-50
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Dep
th (
dm
GL
LW
S)
Borssele Hansweert Bath Zandvliet
23Tidal evolution
Schelde
Weser
Elbe and Weser
Elbe
24Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
biodiversityhabitat for rare species or for global population nursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• water regulation and protection against flooding- Risks of flooding has increased significantly present management:
• Sigmaplan / Deltaplan- Heightening of dikes- Controlled inundation areas- Storm surge barrier
25
Slope , current speed marsh erosion
Continuing habitat loss
26Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
biodiversityhabitat for rare species or for global population nursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• protection against erosion- Many dikes are not protected by marshes, present managament:
• Reinforcement of dikes with stones and other forms of hard engineering
27Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
biodiversityhabitat for rare species or for global population nursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• sediment trap- Due to a lack of sedimentation areas, extremely high
rates present managament:
• Dredging (up to 500.000 ton DW.y-1 removed from the area)• NO link to sediment management in basin
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Aan
tal
soorten
ben
th
os
Zoet Brak ZoutFresh Brackish Marine
Expected number of species
29Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
habitat for rare species or for global population biodiversitynursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• trophic-dynamic regulations of populations• habitat for resident and transient populations• important habitat for global population• nursery• migration route
severely impacted present management:
• “classical nature management”- Juridical measures- Species oriented measures- Vegetation management
no impact at all on major problems like water quality
30
NIOO DaysVeldhoven, 5 Dec 2009
1968-2007 Observations• Annual FW averages
?
Increasing Chlorophyll a concentrations with decreasing nutrient inputs arecontrary to classical story of eutrophication
NEW PROBLEMS?
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Silicium (mg/l)
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
Afs
tan
d t
ot
Vlis
sin
gen
(km
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Dis
tan
ce t
o m
ou
th (
km)
FREQUENT DSI DEPLETION
32
Eutrophication
Phaeocystis sp. blooms:
“foam algae”
Gonyaulax sp. blooms
Toxic “red tides”
ES from past to present
33Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
habitat for rare species or for global population biodiversitynursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• Primary productivity- Reduced- No management
34
35Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
habitat for rare species or for global population biodiversitynursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
• regulation net transport contaminants to North Sea
• regulation net transport of nutrients to North Sea
- Strongly reduced!- Present management
• Reduction of imissions by environmental legislation no link to processes univariate approach
36Vigor Organisation Resilience
Supporting services
primary productivitynutrient cyclingwater cycling
habitat for rare species or for global population biodiversitynursery functionmigration route
soil formation
Regulating services
Air quality regulationclimate regulationWater purification and waste treatmentRegulation of transport of nutrients and contaminants
disease regulationpest regulationpollinationTrophic-dynamic regulation
Waterregulation (protection against flooding)Erosion regulation and sediment trapMaintaining habitat structure and features (eg. tidal characteristics) natural hazard regulation
Provisioning services
fresh waterclean air
FoodFiberFuelgenetic resourcesbiochemicals, natural medicines and pharmaceuticalsornamental resources
fresh water
37
• Increase of energy in the system Tides and discharge from the basin Organic material (chemical energy)
• Capacity of the systeem to cope with this has been strogly reduced (the resilience of the systeem decreased) Further habitat loss/degradationFurther loss of speciesLOSS OF ECOSSTEM SERVICES
ES from past to presentConclusions
38
An integrated strategy
• Requires:- Understanding of ecosystem services- Quantification of ES
39
HT
LT
Role of marshes
Tidalflat
Exchange betweenmarsh and pelagic
150 – 300 ton BSi
100 – 200 ton Si
Struyf et al. 2005
40
An integrated strategy
• Requires:- Understanding of ecosystem services- Quantification of ES
determine conservation objectives!• What biodiversity we need to have (structural
approach)?• Which and how much services the ecosystem
must deliver (functional approach)?
41
• Ecosystem services can be:- A volume of water that can be stored on marshes (
safety)- Amount of primary production needed to sustain the
nursery function- Retention of nutrients- Buffering tidal energy- recreation- = This are different ways to express a carrying
capacity of the system
An integrated strategy
42
Tidal marsh
mudflats
Shallow waterService :
Primary
Production
Si regeneration
Pelagic habitat
River
Zm/Zp
Phyto
plankton
Organic
Load/ Si
Regulation of nutrients
biodiversity
Habitat function
Regulation of nutrients
43
Final CO: Max (surface S1,..Sn; F1,…,Fm)
Habitat quality
Habitat
1
Conservation Objectives (CO)
Species 1
populationSurface S1
habitat quality
density
Function 1
habitat quality
volume
Surface F1unit
44
• Understanding and quantification of ES• Formulation of objectives• The calculation of habitats surface needed• Measures to maintain or restore habitats
An integrated strategy
45
46Small scale restoration during maintenance
Mai 2002Jan 2001
47
Ketenisse
Marsh restoration
Pilot studyLippenbroek
Lippenbroek
1: Ring Dike
2: FCA dike
3: Inlet sluice
4: Outlet sluice1
23
1
4
1
1
Management scenario Lippenbroek
10 ha of tidal nature developping since March 2006
Pilot project Lippenbroek
50
Ecology:
- Introducing estuarine ecosystem
- Tidal regime in area
- Two times a day!
Ring Dike Lowered FCA dike
FCA estuary
Outlet
polder
Concept FCA - CRTsafety, ecology and a new ecosystem
Safety:
- Lowered dike stretch
- Critical tides: whole storage capacity
- Only few times/year!
‘New’ ecosystem: Lippenbroek since March 2006!
- Area below high water level
- Separate in- and outlet sluices at different heights:
First CRT in the world with neap-spring tide cycle!
Ring Dike Lowered FCA dike
CRT estuary
Outlet
Inlet
polder
Pilot project Lippenbroek
10 ha of tidal nature developping: May 2008
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05
date
leve
l (m
TA
W)
Schelde (De Plaat)
Lippenbroek
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05
date
leve
l (m
TA
W)
Lippenbroek
Schelde (De Plaat)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
7/04 12/04 17/04 22/04 27/04 2/05 7/05
date
leve
l (m
TA
W)
Lippenbroek
Schelde (De Plaat)
Introducing macrotidal regime
Reduction of high water level by 3 meter No reduction of spring – neap variation
53Water Quality
NO3-N
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
tijdstip (uur)
mg
/lmeasurements 3/7/2006
instream outstream
54
SiO2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
time (hrs)
mg
/l
Water Quality
measurements 3/7/2006
55
56Managed realignment
1990 1998
57Paull Holme Stray Humber estuary
58
Hopper dredge
Pontoon with diffusor
Pontoon with diffusor
diffusor
Hopper dredge
“habitat maintenance”
59
Main goals to be achieved
• Increase the resilience of the system to dissipate the increased energy coming into the system- Tidal energy- Peak discharges from the catchment
60
Main goals to be achieved
• Increase the resilience of the system to dissipate the increased energy coming into the system- Tidal energy- Peak discharges from the catchment- “Chemical” energy
enhance biogeochemical functioning (source and sink function of habitats)
improve primary production
• Restore morphological structure
61
Required surface of different habitats
Habitattype opp (ha) Buitendijks brak 740 Buitendijks zoet 1040 Binnendijks bos alluviaal 570 Binnendijks anderen 370 Binnendijks grasland dotter (RBB) 840 Binnendijks grasland anderen 910 Binnendijks riet/ruigte 560 Binnendijks plas/oever 240
The integrated approach
Tidal habitats
Non tidal habitats
62
Spatial distribution of CO-Schelde:
The integrated approach
63
Controlled inundation + reduced tidal area
combined scenario XCIA RTA
Costs 132 139
Safety benefits until 2100 737 730
Other effects
agriculture -12 -14
forestry - -10
visual intruision -5 -5
Ecosystem benefits: regulating services - 53Ecosystem benefits: cultural services:
recreation/amenity9 9
net present value until 2100 596 622
Pay back perion (in years) 16 13
Structure
Fu
nct
ion
Return to pristine situationis impossible.
Sustainable solutions:
Restoring functions
Managed realignment? - Elevation often not suitable - Not always compatible with safetyplan
Flood control area: restoring safetyControlled reduced tide: restoring ecology
Schelde: solutions?
65
Goals-accessability-safety-ecology
Specific targets
Current situation
SYSTEM MONITORINGgeneral knowlegde
nutrient cycling
hydro/morfo-dynamics
Food web
RESEARCH MONITORINGKnowlegde gaps
PROJECT MONITORINGCausal relations
Projected measures-accessability-safety-ecology
LegislationEU HD, BR, WFDNational
66MONEOS
Basic system monitoring
time
Integreated system monitoring
Project 1Project monitoring
Project 2Project monitoring
Knowlegde Research monitoring
67
Upscaling in time
• large variability
Point measurementsspatial spreading
Continuous measurementsTemporal spreading
Models
68
upscalingin space
Remote sensing
Point and transect measurements
area covering spatial info
Models
69
Point measurementsSpatial distribution
Continuous measurementsTemporal distribution
Models
Transect measurementsSpatoial/temporal distribution
70
Bene
den
-ZS
Bene
den
-ZS
Bene
den
-ZS
Bene
den
-ZS
71
conclusions• Ecosystems deliver services to society:
- Ecosystem services• But are therefore dependent on the presence of
species and habitats and their performance.
not delivering these services has a high cost for society
• Restoration of estuaries should be based to a large extend on improving ES delivery
72
Thanks for your attention
top related