effective use of modern biotechnology and molecular ... · conventional approaches not ... 2009...

Effective use of modern biotechnology and molecular breeding and associated methods

as breeding tools

Usha Barwale Zehr

Prehistoric selection for visible phenotypes that facilitated harvest and increased productivity led to the domestication of the first crop varieties - the earliest examples of biotechnology

Breeding progress

• Improved varieties

• High Yielding Varieties

• Green revolution

• Hybrids

• 1980s- The plant biotechnology era begins -transgenic plants using Agrobacterium produced in 1983

• Molecular marker systems for crop plants soon follow to create high-resolution genetic maps

Application of Molecular tools to breeding procedures

• Molecular Plant Breeding Expands Useful Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement

• Molecular Plant Breeding Increases Favorable Gene Action

• Molecular Plant Breeding Increases the efficiency of Selection –improved Year-on-year gains

Molecular breeding • Backcrossing program

• MAS

• Genome recovery

• Genetic diversity/heterotic grouping

• Fingerprinting

• ……

Host Plant Resistance to BPH in Rice Germplasm

IRRI(IRRI)

NLRin12A1

PK1K2A4

rNBS5, r8

Pi-11(t)

7

RG769

RG511

RG773

Thaumatin1

RZ488

XLRin12I1

RG477

NLRin12I2

NLRin12I5PGMS07 PK1K2A1XLRin12A6S2AS3A3rNBS23r7

rNBS36

CDO59 RG711 Est9 RZ337B rNBS54 PK1K2I5CDO497 CDO418 Peroxidase POX22.3RZ978 CDO38 RG351

163.1 cM

8

Oxalate Oxidase-Like

S1AS1A3A18A1120

A5J560

TGMS12 A10K250 AG8-Aro RZ617 RG978 XLRfrI1rNBS53 rNBS52 rNBS28 RG1 S1AS1I2Amy3DE

S2AS3I4

RZ66

AC5

RG418B

Amp2 rNBS35

CDO99

118.5 cM

9

Pi 5(t)

rNBS24,XLRfrA10,

XLRfrI16

rNBS13

RG757 CDO590 S1AS1I3r15G103 RZ206

RZ422 Amy3ABC

PIC19RZ228 RZ12 RG667 RG451 RZ404 RZ792

91.6 cM

10

rNBS51

S2AS3I3

PIC12 XLRfrA2G1084 RG257

RG241 CDO93 CDO98

G2155

RG134 RZ500

XLRfrA5

XLRfrI3

77.7 cM

11M-Pi z

Pi-se-1

Pi-is-1CDO127 RZ638

RZ400

RG118 Adh1 S2AS3A1rNBS8 S2AS3I1RG1094 r6b

RG247 Npb44 XLRin12A4RG167 NLRfrA2ZmDRTSc r11r4r12r6aRp1dRp1eRG103 rNBS10ZmDRTSd ZmDRTSe RG1109 rNBS55r2, r3, r5, r10Npb186 rNBS38

OS-JAMybRZ536 XLRfrA6BBphen

153.9 cM

12

RG574

RZ816

NLRfrA6

S2AS3A2RG341 rNBS63b

PK1K2A2AF6 ZmDRTSb S2AS3A5

PK1K2I4

rNBS14

RG457

Sdh1

mRGH

CDO344 RG901 RG463 RG958 XLRfrI2RG181

Bph1

Bph9bph2

114.9 cM

Bph18(t)

Drought tolerance in rice

Field evaluation - Phenotyping Sources of germplasm

Drought

Molecular markers

Transgenics

B

A

Polar graphs representingcomparative transcriptomeanalysis of young (A) andmature (B) leaves

Why transgenic technology?No known sources of tolerance

Conventional approaches not successful

• First generation traits

– Insect tolerant crops

– Herbicide tolerant crops

– Disease resistant crops

• Looking ahead

– Drought

– Salinity

– Fertilizer use

– Yield per se

Insect tolerance

Virus tolerant crops

•Losses caused by the fruit and shoot borer alone is 50 to 70%

•25-80 pesticide sprays per season

www.heatherswain.net

• 900 m hectares of land affected by salt worldwide

• 33% of the world’s irrigated land is affected by high salt

• 50% of the arable land will be salt-affected by 2050

Salinity tolerance

With geneControl Plants

NHX Salt tolerant plants

16 days of 50mM Nacl stress

• Biotechnology is providing unprecedented options for enhancing plant breeding

• Molecular breeding and transgenic crops for improving productivity in a sustainable manner