effective use of modern biotechnology and molecular ... · conventional approaches not ... 2009...
TRANSCRIPT
Effective use of modern biotechnology and molecular breeding and associated methods
as breeding tools
Usha Barwale Zehr
Prehistoric selection for visible phenotypes that facilitated harvest and increased productivity led to the domestication of the first crop varieties - the earliest examples of biotechnology
Breeding progress
• Improved varieties
• High Yielding Varieties
• Green revolution
• Hybrids
• 1980s- The plant biotechnology era begins -transgenic plants using Agrobacterium produced in 1983
• Molecular marker systems for crop plants soon follow to create high-resolution genetic maps
Application of Molecular tools to breeding procedures
• Molecular Plant Breeding Expands Useful Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement
• Molecular Plant Breeding Increases Favorable Gene Action
• Molecular Plant Breeding Increases the efficiency of Selection –improved Year-on-year gains
Molecular breeding • Backcrossing program
• MAS
• Genome recovery
• Genetic diversity/heterotic grouping
• Fingerprinting
• ……
Host Plant Resistance to BPH in Rice Germplasm
IRRI(IRRI)
NLRin12A1
PK1K2A4
rNBS5, r8
Pi-11(t)
7
RG769
RG511
RG773
Thaumatin1
RZ488
XLRin12I1
RG477
NLRin12I2
NLRin12I5PGMS07 PK1K2A1XLRin12A6S2AS3A3rNBS23r7
rNBS36
CDO59 RG711 Est9 RZ337B rNBS54 PK1K2I5CDO497 CDO418 Peroxidase POX22.3RZ978 CDO38 RG351
163.1 cM
8
Oxalate Oxidase-Like
S1AS1A3A18A1120
A5J560
TGMS12 A10K250 AG8-Aro RZ617 RG978 XLRfrI1rNBS53 rNBS52 rNBS28 RG1 S1AS1I2Amy3DE
S2AS3I4
RZ66
AC5
RG418B
Amp2 rNBS35
CDO99
118.5 cM
9
Pi 5(t)
rNBS24,XLRfrA10,
XLRfrI16
rNBS13
RG757 CDO590 S1AS1I3r15G103 RZ206
RZ422 Amy3ABC
PIC19RZ228 RZ12 RG667 RG451 RZ404 RZ792
91.6 cM
10
rNBS51
S2AS3I3
PIC12 XLRfrA2G1084 RG257
RG241 CDO93 CDO98
G2155
RG134 RZ500
XLRfrA5
XLRfrI3
77.7 cM
11M-Pi z
Pi-se-1
Pi-is-1CDO127 RZ638
RZ400
RG118 Adh1 S2AS3A1rNBS8 S2AS3I1RG1094 r6b
RG247 Npb44 XLRin12A4RG167 NLRfrA2ZmDRTSc r11r4r12r6aRp1dRp1eRG103 rNBS10ZmDRTSd ZmDRTSe RG1109 rNBS55r2, r3, r5, r10Npb186 rNBS38
OS-JAMybRZ536 XLRfrA6BBphen
153.9 cM
12
RG574
RZ816
NLRfrA6
S2AS3A2RG341 rNBS63b
PK1K2A2AF6 ZmDRTSb S2AS3A5
PK1K2I4
rNBS14
RG457
Sdh1
mRGH
CDO344 RG901 RG463 RG958 XLRfrI2RG181
Bph1
Bph9bph2
114.9 cM
Bph18(t)
Drought tolerance in rice
Field evaluation - Phenotyping Sources of germplasm
Drought
Molecular markers
Transgenics
B
A
Polar graphs representingcomparative transcriptomeanalysis of young (A) andmature (B) leaves
Why transgenic technology?No known sources of tolerance
Conventional approaches not successful
• First generation traits
– Insect tolerant crops
– Herbicide tolerant crops
– Disease resistant crops
• Looking ahead
– Drought
– Salinity
– Fertilizer use
– Yield per se
Insect tolerance
Virus tolerant crops
•Losses caused by the fruit and shoot borer alone is 50 to 70%
•25-80 pesticide sprays per season
www.heatherswain.net
• 900 m hectares of land affected by salt worldwide
• 33% of the world’s irrigated land is affected by high salt
• 50% of the arable land will be salt-affected by 2050
Salinity tolerance
With geneControl Plants
NHX Salt tolerant plants
16 days of 50mM Nacl stress
• Biotechnology is providing unprecedented options for enhancing plant breeding
• Molecular breeding and transgenic crops for improving productivity in a sustainable manner