eis chapter 2 - energy
Post on 05-Feb-2018
213 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
1/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
2/118
World Energy Need Projection
http://www.nea.fr/html/pub/newsletter/2001/19-1-complete.pdf
Today
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
3/118
The different sources are:-
1. Fossil fuels
2. Hydro power plant3. iomass
!. "ind ener#y
$. %olar ener#y
&. 'eo thermal ener#y
(. )cean thermal ener#y
*. +idal ener#y
9. "a,e ener#y
10. uclear ener#y
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
4/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
1 TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Grave concern on harmful effects of technology onenvironment
Some pollutions are limited in effect but some are out ofcontrol
Some pollutions will go beyond national boundary andthus environmental issues are addressed at international
level Professional engineer must be sensitive of impact of
technology on environment
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
5/118
ir ollution
Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from wasteproductsParticulates: small bits of burned fuel, causingsmog
Ozone: nitrogen oide ! other gases react tocreate ozone near the earth"s surface
Sulfur dioide: causing acid rain
#arbon monoide: displaces O$in blood,deprives brain, heart, etc% of O$
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
6/118
ir ollution auses Health
roblems Short Term
#an irritate the eyes, throat, and lungs Bronchitis or pneumonia
#an aggrevate asthma
&ong Term #hronic respiratory disease
&ung cancer 'eart disease
http:((familydoctor%org(online(famdocen(home(common(asthma(triggers()*+%html
http:((www%edf%org(page%cfmtag-./0)01
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
7/118
ir ollution auses
n,ironmental ama#e2cid rain
3ill plants
3ill fish
Prevent fish eggs from hatching 4uin soil 5 nothing grows
.amage to buildings(monuments
#rop damage due to ozone 6O78
smog 9 billions(year Trees ;illed by acid rain
http:((upload%wi;imedia%org(wi;ipedia(commons(0(0e(rzgebirge=7%?pg
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
8/118
Fossil Fuel traction auses
n,ironmental ama#e2dverse environmental effects due to drilling,
lea;ages, and spills include Surface and ground water pollution
.rilling fluid 6called mud8 releases &and subsidence
&and and wildlife disruption
Oil spills
http:((www%newscientist%com(article(dn$7*1http:((en%wi;ipedia%org(wi;i(@ile:Oiled=bird=7%?pg
http:((www%masstech%org(cleanenergy(important(envother%htm
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Oiled_bird_3.jpghttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387 -
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
9/118
lean ir ct 4
"e5re #ettin# better6
#lean 2ir 2ct 9 resulted in significantimprovements in the A%S% Pollution $) cars today / car from C0)"s
>missions reduced: #O by 77D, sulfur dioide by7*D, volatile organic compounds by E$D, particulatematter by 1+D, lead by C*D
Overall air pollution reduction approimately
E*D 'ot spots of bad air pollution still eist
http:((www%dispatchesfromchina%com($))()0(pass=the=mas;%html
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
10/118
an 7ou ame +he 8ain'reenhouse 'ases
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
11/118
an 7ou ame +he 8ain'reenhouse 'ases
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
12/118
'H's in tmosphere
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
13/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>ngineers must ta;e leading role to search solution to theenvironmental problems
#ontinuous demand of energy is the root of mostenvironmental problems
Two most controversial sources of energy are fossil fuelsand nuclear fission
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
14/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
2 FOSSIL FUELS
What is Fossil ful
@ossil fuels are carbon9based fuels found in theearth"s crust that formed million years ago byanaerobic decomposition of plants and animals underintense hear and pressure
>amples5 coal, oil, natural gas
They are ma?or source of energy since industrialrevolution
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
15/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-t has been predicted that energy demand will beincreased by +)D from $))1 to $)7) and the ma?orityfrom come from the fossil fuels
Sources of energy in $))1 Petroleum 5 70D #oal 5 $+%7D Hatural gas 5 $7D 'ydroelectric 5 0%7D
Huclear 5 *%+D Others 6renewable energy8 5 )%CD
Thus fossil fuels / *E%7D
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
16/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
No!"#!$a%l E!#&'
@ossil fuels are non9renewable source of energy as itta;es million of years to form
4eserves are now depleting at faster rate than it is
being formed
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
17/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
#oal
#oal is combustible roc; and it occurs naturallyunderground and be etracted via mining
ore than *)D of coal etracted is used to generate
electricity Balance is used in production of plastic and tetiles
Total world reserves 5 *E1 billion tons
Sufficient for another 0E years
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
18/118
F7
Coal &asifi(atio! is th )#o(ss of )#o*u(i!& (oal &as+ at') of s'!&as,a -i.tu# of (a#%o! -o!o.i* /CO0+h'*#o&! /H20+ (a#%o! *io.i* /CO20 a!* $at# a)ou#/H2O0,f#o- (oal a!* $at# Coal &as+ $hi(h is a(o-%usti%l &as+ $as t#a*itio!all' us* as a sou#( of
!#&' fo# -u!i(i)al li&hti!& a!* hat %fo# th a*!t ofi!*ust#ial"s(al )#o*u(tio! of !atu#al &as+ $hil thh'*#o&! o%tai!* f#o- &asifi(atio! (a! % us* fo#a#ious )u#)oss su(h as -a3i!& a--o!ia+ )o$#i!& ah'*#o&! (o!o-'+ o# u)a*i!& fossil fuls Alt#!atil'+th (oal &as /also 3!o$! as 4to$! &as40 (a! % (o!#t*
i!to t#a!s)o#tatio! fuls su(h as &asoli! a!* *islth#ou&h a**itio!al t#at-!t ia th Fis(h#"T#o)s(h)#o(ss
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
19/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Oil
Oil is liIuid fossil fuel composed of delayed organicmatters that occur naturally underground
>tracted as crude oil and separated in oil refinery as
;erosene, diesel, petrol and aviation fuel a?ority of oil is used in power generation and
transportation
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
20/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Hatural Gas
Hatural gas is a miture of hydrocarbons, mainlymethane 6#'E8% Others are ethane, propane, nitrogen,carbon dioide
-t is etracted from reservoirs of gas stream or can beseparated from other crude oil during refining process
-t can be used in gas form or compressed intoliIuefied natural gas 6&HG8 for transportation
2pplication 5 transportation, industrial, commercial,residential
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
21/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
5 Nu(la# E!#&'
What is Nu(la# E!#&'
>nergy produced by splitting one atoms into $ or moreatoms5 nuclear fission
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
22/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Two typical fission reactions are shown below withaverage values of energy released and number ofneutrons e?ected:
>nergy produced > / #$
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
23/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
24/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
2s at $))1, nuclear power provides *%+D of world"senergy and +D of world"s electricity
AS2, @rance and Japan amounting to 0)D of nucleargenerated electricity
-n $))1, there are E7C nuclear power reactors inoperation in 7 countries
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
25/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Nu(la# 6o$# 6la!ts
ain application of nuclear energy is powergeneration
-n $))*, AS2 has )E nuclear reactors that provides$)D of the nation"s electricity
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
26/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
4eactor will have automatic and manual system toshut down the plant if unsafe conditions are detected
2 cooling system is designed to remove heat fromreactor core and transfer the heat to another system
to produce electricity
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
27/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
A*a!ta&s of Nu(la# E!#&'
There are many positive environmental effects ofnuclear energy
-t does not produce any greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioide, sulphur dioide and nitrogen oidewhich are normally produced by burning fossil fuels
Thus will not bring about greenhouse effect to ourenvironment
Huclear energy is the largest source of low9carbondioide fuel
Played important role in combating climate change
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
28/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-t is also one of most cost competitive among otherenergy sources
This is even more advantages in view of increase ofoil prices
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
29/118
2s we face the historically unprecedented environmental threat ofdevastating climate, triggered primarily by atmospheric #O$ emissions,the most important aspect of sustainable 6suitable8 energy sources isthat they deliver energy services without emitting #O$%
-f nuclear were merely one among many eIually suitable energysources for Iuantity of energy and for being #O$ emission9freed it
could be argued that, if we don"t employ nuclear power, we can alwaysuse one or more of the many #O$9free energy harvesting technologiesproposed these days from intermittent renewables li;e sunlight, windand tides, to continuous9supply renewables li;e li;e biomass andbiomass is not truly #O$9emission free%
Ket none of these alternative sources can supply energy in theIuantities that will be needed without unacceptable codicil problems%
So any realistic energy system that could, in time, achieve ma?orreductions in anthropogenic #O$ emissions, must employ nuclearpower as a ma?or contributor%
That"s because, especially with net9generation and breedertechnologies, nuclear can deliver effectively unlimited power%
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
30/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
6#o%l-s of Nu(la# E!#&'
.espite above advantages, growth of nuclear energyhas been modest due to various problems such asfollowing
Huclear reactor accident 4is;s of human life by eposing to radiation
>nvironmental problems in treating radioactive wastes
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
31/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
E!i#o!-!tal I-)a(t
#oncerns over the environmental impact of nuclearenergy, from meltdown of reactor core to minoraccidents that release small amount of radioactive
substances -t also reIuires huge amount of water to transfer the
heat produced and cooling 5 1,C+) gallons of waterper million BTA of heat produced
This is a huge amount of water used9 though most ofthe water is returned to the source
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
32/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Dis)osal of Nu(la# Wasts
General
4adioactive wastes are produced in all stages ofnuclear fuel cycle, from mining and preparation ofuranium ore to its use and reprocessing in nuclearpower plants
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
33/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Gaseous and liIuid nuclear waste normally containlow levels of radioactivity and they can be releaseddirectly into atmosphere or sea
These radioactive substances will be diluted and
cause no harm to humans @or solid waste, there are classified into 7 classes 5
low, intermediate and high level
They are generally more radioactive than gaseous
and liIuid waste Thus need to ta;e great care when disposing the solid
nuclear waste
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
34/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGYfssionproducts
Solid waste mainly consists of: Anconverted uranium Transuranic actinides 6mostly Plutonium and #urium8 Transuranic elements/elements with atomic number
greater than C$ 2ctinides / elements with atomic no between *C 5 )7
and they aare all radioactive
The actinides are responsible for long termradioactivity
@ission products 6uranium fragments8 account for theshort term radioactivity
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
35/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
&ow &evel 4adioactive
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
36/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-n AS2, nuclear wastes from hospital, researchinstitutions and industries normally store the waste onsite
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
37/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-ntermediate 4adioactive
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
38/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
'ydrology of buried site must be studied carefully sothat nuclear waste will not enter into water level andalso affect food chain
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
39/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
'igh &evel
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
40/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Two options to handle and store the spent fuel: 4eprocess the fuel and to etract remaining energy and to
separate out fission products, actinide elements andfissionable materials
Storage and final disposal without reprocessing
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
41/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
2 typical ))) < nuclear reactor produces about $)m7 of spent fuel each year
2ll spent fuels produced by nuclear power plants inAS2 alone can cover a football field to a depth of m
Spent fuel is very highly radioactive ust be handled with great care
'owever it will reduce over time
2fter E) years, CC%CD of radiation will be dissipated
But this )%Dis still dangerous to human beings -t will ta;e ),))) years for the radioactivity to fall to
level which will not cause any harm to humans
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
42/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
6a8 Storage @irstly spent fuel rods are stored in shielded basins of
water, usually located on site The water provides both cooling for the still decaying
fission products and shielding from the continuingradioactivity 2fter some times 6about + years in AS28, they are
stored in steel and concrete containers and normallystored at the site while permanent disposal methods are
discussed and eplored 2s of $), AS2 has stored 1$,))) tons of spent
nuclear fuel
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
43/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Permanent underground storage has been proposed tobe in Kucca ountain nuclear waste depository
But this pro?ect has been effectively cancelled in $)due to political problem
Thus AS2 currently has no permanent storage site andall spent fuels are now stored on9site at various nuclearfacilities
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
44/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
6b8 4eprocessing Spent fuels can be reduced by reprocessing the rods% >ven so, the remaining waste will remain substantially
radioactive for at least 7)) years if the actinides are
removed or up to thousands of years if the actinides areleft inside
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
45/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
D(o--issio!i!& of Nu(la# Ra(to#s
The first generation of nuclear reactors was built in theC+)s and C0)s
How more and more reactors are reaching their
design life and need to be decommissioned Huclear decommissioning is dismantling of nuclear
power plants and decontamination of the site so that itis safe to the public
The plant is ta;en down to pieces to remove anyhazardous materials and to dispose any debris safely
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
46/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Huclear decommissioning is very epensive
-n A3 5 estimated will cost 1) billion pounds todecommission C sites
-n @rance 5 decommission of a small 1) < plant
costs 1 million >uros -n Germany 5 decommission of a )) < plant costs
E7 million >uros
.ecommission of nuclear plants also ta;e time due to
radioactivity in reactor structure and need to becarried out in stages
Generally will ta;e + 5 ) years
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
47/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Nu(la# Ra(to#s A((i*!ts
Public very concerns over nuclear accidents
Two earlier serious accidents and lately another
catastrophic mishap in Japan Huclear power plants have good safety record but
when they fail, they will fail catastrophically
#onseIuences of nuclear accidents:
.amages to reactors 4is;y to site personnel 4elease of radioactivity into environment
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
48/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Three iles -sland Huclear Power Station 6AS28 $*()7(C1C 5 several water pumps stopped wor;ing in
pressurized water reactor $
4eactor core was badly damaged
4adioactive fission products escaped into environment any suffer from depression, hostility and other psychological
disorders due to fear of radioactivity
The plant is only re9operated 0 years later
4easons for the accident:
echanical error 'uman error -nstitutional error 6AS Huclear 4egulatory #ommission89
fail to set acceptable safety level
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
49/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
#hernobyl Huclear 4eactor 64ussia8 ost serious nuclear accident in history 5level 1 -H>S
$0()E(C*0 5 reactor E eploded due to human error
>plosion severely damaged the core
&arge Iuantity of radioactive contaminations were releasedinto atmosphere, which spreads much of urope
Total deaths 5 E,)+1
7)),)) people were evacuated
To contain the radioactive contaminations, over +)),)))people were involved with costs of * billion 4ubles
>stimated million people has died between C*0 and $))Eas result of radioactive contamination
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
50/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
#auses of accidents: Shortcoming of design of reactor Operators failed to follow standard operating procedure
5 they override protection devices 6safety valve8
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
51/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
52/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
53/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
54/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
55/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
56/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
57/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
58/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
@u;ushima Power Plant 6Japan8 ()7($)5 earthIua;e and tsunami hit east coast of
Japan
#ooling system failed to operate
>plosion and fire resulted due to overheating of reactor E),))) people within $) ;m radius were evacuated
4adioactive materials such as -odine97 and #aesium97E were released to atmosphere in Japan and rest of theworld 6AS2, #anada, 2ustria etc8
How rated level 1 -H>S ay ta;es )) years before melting fuel rods can be safely
removed from reactor
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
59/118
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
60/118
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
61/118
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
62/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
4easons for the accident5 Dsi&! faultsL .esigners focused only to overcome the earthIua;e but
not tsunami The plant was constructed $+ m below ground so that
the reactors can be grounded on solid roc;% The standby generator for supplying emergency power
was located at basement, hence flooded easily The wall built to overcome oceon wave is only 0 m high9
the wave created by tsunami is about + 5 0 m, hence
the wall is totally helpless
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
63/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Status of nuclear power pro?ects
.ue to potential disastrous problem to our environment, manycountries had adopted conservative policy in the development
of nuclear power plants:
7a)a!
Huclear power 5 7D of total power supply
Total 5 +E nuclear reactors
7+ reactors had stopped operation
C reactors may be closed down by end $)$
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
64/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
F#a!(
Huclear power 5 1+D of total power supply 6highest in theworld8
@rance is world largest net power eporter due to its verylow cost of production
-ncome to the country 5 >uro 7 billion per year
Total 5 +* nuclear reactors
The General .irectorate for Huclear Safety and4adiological Protection was instructed to carry out safety
audit to all power reactors and to submit reports
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
65/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
G#-a!'
Huclear power 5 $0D of total power supply
Total 5 1 power plants
* power plants shut down by end $)
0 power plants to be shut down by $)$ 7 power plants to be shut down in $)$$
Germany will abandon nuclear policy completely
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
66/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
S$it8#la!* Huclear power 5 E)D of power supply
Total 5 + nuclear reactors
Ho new nuclear power plants to be constructed
>isting nuclear power plants to be shut down: plant 5 $)C plant 9 $)$ plant 5 $)$$ plant 9 $)$C plant 9 $)7E
Thus by $)7E 5 all nuclear plants to be shut down
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
67/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Ital' -taly has had E nuclear reactors but all closed down in CC)
after #hernobyl accident
-taly is the only G* country without any nuclear power plant
The country proposed in $))* to build nuclear power plantswith goal of $+D power comes from nuclear plants by $)7)
But this proposal was re?ected in a referendum held in June$)
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
68/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
S)ai! Huclear power 5 $)D of total power supply
Total 5 * nuclear reactors
Spain had stopped construction of new nuclear power
plants
Belgium Huclear power 5 +ED of total power supply
Total 5 1 nuclear reactors
Government is considering to shut down all power plants by$)+
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
69/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
U9 Huclear power 5 *D of total power supply
Total 5 * nuclear reactors
-n October $)), government had given go9ahead toconstruct * new nuclear plants
USA
AS2 is the worldMs largest producer of nuclear power,accounting for more than 7)D of worldwide nuclear
generation of electricity% Huclear power 5 $)D of power supply
Total 5 )* nuclear reactors
Plans to construct new nuclear plants will carry on
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
70/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Chi!a Total 9 E nuclear power reactors in operation
Ander construction 5 $0 and * more about to startconstruction soon
@ollowing the @u;ushima accident in arch $), the State#ouncil, announced on arch 0 that it would suspendapprovals for new nuclear power stations and
conduct comprehensive safety chec;s of all nuclearpro?ects, including those under construction
-t also suspended wor; on four approved units due to startconstruction in $)
2bout 7E reactors were already approved by the centralgovernment of which $0 were being built%
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
71/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Mala'sia #urrently 5 no nuclear power plant
Plan to construct $ nuclear power plants of ))) < eachand to be operational by $)$ and $)$$
Strong ob?ections from some environmental HGOs 6E ofthem8
Government is still studying whether to proceed with theplan
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
72/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
RENEWA:LE ENERGY
nergy
4enewable energy are energies come from natural
resources such as wind, solar, water, geothermal heat etcwhich are renewable, i%e% they can be replenishednaturally
They are derived from natural processes via sun, wind,
water $))*9 CD of total energy consumed are from
renewables
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
73/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>lectricity 5 *D from renewables +D global electricity come from hydropower
#ommon types of renewable energy: Solar energy
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
74/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
2dvantages of 4enewable >nergy Two main advantages
-t is free Sources are from the sun, wind and water
These energy are free and supplies are unlimited Ho need to import and pay for it
Ho pollution Some renewable energy such as wind ,solar and water do
not emit any smo;e or gases when used Biomass will produce much less carbon dioide as
compared to fossil fuels
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
75/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
.isadvantages of 4enewable >nergy Two main drawbac;s
#apital costs -nitial capital cost 6such as wing turbine and solar panels8 to
produce electricity is high as compared to fossil fuels 'owever if we will to consider future fuel cost6as the prices
will continue to increase8, future operating andmaintainance cost, decommissioning cost, then thedifference may be not so great
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
76/118
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
77/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Solar >nergy
Solar energy is derived from sun"s radiation and isenormous
>nergy from sun that reaches the >arth in one hour ismore than the global energy consumed in a year
ost common way to use the energy is to transform it toelectricity
Two common ways to generate electricity: Solar panels 6photovoltaics8
'eat engines
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
78/118
cti,e %olar +echni;ues
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
79/118
%olar
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
80/118
Sola# Th#-al E!#&'
'arnessing solar energy for thermal energy%
N &ow9temperature collectors for heating water for
residential and commercial use%
N 'igh9temperature collectors% #oncentrate sunlightusing mirrors or lenses for generating steam for
electric power production%
*)
http://www.makeitsolar.com/images/Solar_Panel_03C.GIFhttp://www.makeitsolar.com/images/Solar_Panel_03C.GIF -
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
81/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Two types of photovoltaic technology Photovoltaic Panels 6PF8
Photovoltaic #oncentrators
PF Panels
use photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy to electricity >fficiency 5 $ to $+D
2ssume +D efficiency and 1*+E million m$ of availablerooftop spaces in AS2 , this would generate %C trillion 3
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
82/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Photovoltaic #oncentrator -t reflects or focuses sunlight from a wide area onto a small
photovoltaic panels
-t moves with the sun and hence able to produce moreenergy
ore efficient than PF
'eat engine -t converts heat to mechanical wor;
>ample 5 steam engine
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
83/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
nergy
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
84/118
"ind ower
C 2 G
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
85/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
4easons for such fast growth rate: -mproved technology on wind turbine
'igher fossil fuel cost
#oncern over government action to reduce carbon
emissions
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
86/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
2lso surplus wind power cannot be stored -nteresting pro?ect:
Bahrain
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
87/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
88/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
89/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
90/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
91/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
'ydropower
-t is the largest form of renewable energy
-t represents about C)D of all renewable energy
generated The energy can be stored by constructing a dam
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
92/118
Hydropower
'ydropower+ hydraulic powero# water poweris )o$# that is *#i* f#o- th fo#( o#
!#&' of -oi!& $at#
Ti*al )o$#
Wa )o$#
H d F ilit l t
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
93/118
Hydropower Facility lant
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
94/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
&argest hydro 5 *,$)) < in Three Gorges .am6#hina8
&argest hydro in alaysia 5 $,E)) < in Ba;un .am,Sarawa;
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
95/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Benefits of 'ydropower a?or advantage 5 no emission of greenhouse gases
>ample 5 saving in gas emission by using hydro in CC1amounts to all the cars on the planet 6in terms of fossil fuelsgeneration8
Social and environmental impact of hydro #onstruction of dam will have social and environmental
impact -f the implementation of such pro?ect is carefully
planned, then can ta;e relevant steps to avoid, mitigateor compensate for the losses due to construction ofdam
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
96/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Social -mpact Social impact are:
&and is acIuired 5 compensation must be sufficient 4elocation of people living in reservoir area
4elocation has many challenges such as local culture,religious belief, burial sites etc
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
97/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>nvironmental -mpact #onstruction of hydro plant has many environmental
problems
Thus it is common that a study on the impact on the
environment to be done before the construction ofdam
-n alaysia, it is a reIuirement that an >nvironmental-mpact 2ssessment 6>-28 report must be carried outfor construction of dams
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
98/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
#ommon problems of construction of dams are: Sedimentation @ish protection
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
99/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
@ish Protection .am will have great impact on the fish Iuality,
availability and fish passage .uring construction of dam, fishes will reduce
tremendously
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
100/118
Dam Construction at Mekong
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
101/118
gRiver
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
102/118
The 79S 4iver Basin 6Se;ong, Sesan and SrePo; 4ivers8,borders &aos, #ambodia and Fietnam, and supports $)D of thee;ong 4iver water flows, ensuring food and water security formillions of people living in the basin% -t also contains some of theregionMs most uniIue and rare biodiversity including yellowchee;ed gibbons and 2sian arowana 6dragon fish8, among
many other endangered and charismatic species%
Principally our concern is for the people who rely on the waterflows of the lower e;ong 4iver for their food, health, incomeand other essential livelihood securities% This includes the
people who live in the 79S 4iver Basin, the % million peoplethat depend on the Tonle Sap and another 0) million peopleliving on the e;ong .elta%
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
103/118
Our economic concern is that dams on the &ower e;ong willli;ely reduce the productivity of the regionMs agriculture andaIuaculture industries, particularly in #ambodia and &aos, andplunge them bac; into even more severe poverty then theycurrently suffer%
-n #ambodia fish provide *+D of the populationMs protein needsand an essential source of fat% 4ight now the #ambodian percapita in9ta;e of fats is the lowest in Southeast 2sia and themost essential of these, the omega97 fats which come from fish,are the least available% -f there was a reduction in fishpopulations, nutrition and health will decline on a national scale
and further deepen #ambodiaMs current situation of severepoverty%
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
104/118
Before the construction of the Pa; oon dam in Abon4atchathani province, Thailand, the waterwaycontained over $+) species of fish%
This plummeted over *)D when the dam beganoperation, and a decade later, through etensivegovernment investment to restoc; the river, thespecies number is still less than half the originalamount%
ore than $),))) people have been affected by this
loss of fish% This dam was anticipated to have aproduction capacity of 70 megawatts, but it canbarely generate $) megawatts during high9demandmonths%
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
105/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Biomass
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
106/118
iomass
io fuel
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
107/118
io-fuel
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
108/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Sources of biomass Three main sources:
>nergy crops 4esidues of plant
unicipal ! -ndustrial wastes >nergy crops
Plants are grown specifically for energy use They are grown so as not to compete with or reduce
food production e%g% grown in marginal land, as double
crops etc Typical energy crops are trees and grasses
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
109/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
#rops 4esidue Typical crop residues are wheat straws and corn stover These are waste and can be burnt to produce electricity
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
110/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>nvironmental 4is;s Ase of biomass does produce carbon dioide when burnt
'owever this can be balanced out by planting new cropswhich will adsorb #O$
Overall, there is still a reduction of #O$
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
111/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Geothermal >nergy
This is obtained by tapping the heat from the earth core
The heat is etracted few ;ilometers deep into earth"s
crust in volcanic active areas% -nitial capital cost to build power plants that use
geothermal energy but the operating cost is low
Sometimes we can tap underground steam or hot waternear to the surface of >arth
Such geothermal power sources eist in certaingeologically unstable areas such as #hile, -celand, H,AS2 etc
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
112/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
RENEWA:LE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINA:LEDEVELO6MENT
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
113/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
Sustainable energy systems are integral to sustainabledevelopment and have great impact on >conomy .evelopment >nvironment
These 7 areas are main pillars of sustainable development
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
114/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>nergy .emand >nergy is lifeblood of modern society
'owever current energy system s are not able to cope withdemand in sustainable way
Thus we need to eplore and find new methods of producing
energy which are sustainable 4enewable energy is the ;ey elements
Growth rate for electricity demand is $%*D per year and totaldemand will double in every $+ years
This demand cannot be met by using fossil fuels Two approaches to address this:
To improve efficiency of use of energy To increase use of renewable energy
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
115/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>conomic 4eason for using 4enewable -n the past use of fossil fuels is seen to be cheaper than
that of renewable energy
'owever if we will to ta;e into account environmentalproblems and future cost of fossil fuels, the gap is now
narrowing Some renewables such as hydro and wind power are
becoming more competitive
-n fact mar;et for renewable energy is growing very fasttoday
These renewables are wind and solar energy
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
116/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
.evelopment reason for 4enewable 2bout $ billion people 6(7 of world population8 are still
without electricity today
4enewable energy will provide important social andeconomic benefits to these rural areas
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
117/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>nvironmental benefit of 4enewables 4enewable energy are environmentally friendly%
Some of them such as hydro, solar and wind power do notemit any greenhouse gases
The impact on environment, if any, is very small ascompared to fossil fuels
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
-
7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy
118/118
CHAPTER 2 ENERGY
>H.
top related