eis chapter 2 - energy

7/21/2019 EIS Chapter 2 - Energy

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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY


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World Energy Need Projection

http://www.nea.fr/html/pub/newsletter/2001/19-1-complete.pdf

Today


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The different sources are:-

1. Fossil fuels

2. Hydro power plant3. iomass

!. "ind ener#y

$. %olar ener#y

&. 'eo thermal ener#y

(. )cean thermal ener#y

*. +idal ener#y

9. "a,e ener#y

10. uclear ener#y


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

1 TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Grave concern on harmful effects of technology onenvironment

Some pollutions are limited in effect but some are out ofcontrol

Some pollutions will go beyond national boundary andthus environmental issues are addressed at international

level Professional engineer must be sensitive of impact of

technology on environment


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ir ollution

Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from wasteproductsParticulates: small bits of burned fuel, causingsmog

Ozone: nitrogen oide ! other gases react tocreate ozone near the earth"s surface

Sulfur dioide: causing acid rain

#arbon monoide: displaces O$in blood,deprives brain, heart, etc% of O$


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ir ollution auses Health

roblems Short Term

#an irritate the eyes, throat, and lungs Bronchitis or pneumonia

#an aggrevate asthma

&ong Term #hronic respiratory disease

&ung cancer 'eart disease

http:((familydoctor%org(online(famdocen(home(common(asthma(triggers()*+%html

http:((www%edf%org(page%cfmtag-./0)01


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ir ollution auses

n,ironmental ama#e2cid rain

3ill plants

3ill fish

Prevent fish eggs from hatching 4uin soil 5 nothing grows

.amage to buildings(monuments

#rop damage due to ozone 6O78

smog 9 billions(year Trees ;illed by acid rain

http:((upload%wi;imedia%org(wi;ipedia(commons(0(0e(rzgebirge=7%?pg


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Fossil Fuel traction auses

n,ironmental ama#e2dverse environmental effects due to drilling,

lea;ages, and spills include Surface and ground water pollution

.rilling fluid 6called mud8 releases &and subsidence

&and and wildlife disruption

Oil spills

http:((www%newscientist%com(article(dn$7*1http:((en%wi;ipedia%org(wi;i(@ile:Oiled=bird=7%?pg

http:((www%masstech%org(cleanenergy(important(envother%htm
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Oiled_bird_3.jpghttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387


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lean ir ct 4

"e5re #ettin# better6

#lean 2ir 2ct 9 resulted in significantimprovements in the A%S% Pollution $) cars today / car from C0)"s

>missions reduced: #O by 77D, sulfur dioide by7*D, volatile organic compounds by E$D, particulatematter by 1+D, lead by C*D

Overall air pollution reduction approimately

E*D 'ot spots of bad air pollution still eist

http:((www%dispatchesfromchina%com($))()0(pass=the=mas;%html


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an 7ou ame +he 8ain'reenhouse 'ases


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an 7ou ame +he 8ain'reenhouse 'ases


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'H's in tmosphere


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

>ngineers must ta;e leading role to search solution to theenvironmental problems

#ontinuous demand of energy is the root of mostenvironmental problems

Two most controversial sources of energy are fossil fuelsand nuclear fission


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

2 FOSSIL FUELS

What is Fossil ful

@ossil fuels are carbon9based fuels found in theearth"s crust that formed million years ago byanaerobic decomposition of plants and animals underintense hear and pressure

>amples5 coal, oil, natural gas

They are ma?or source of energy since industrialrevolution


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

-t has been predicted that energy demand will beincreased by +)D from $))1 to $)7) and the ma?orityfrom come from the fossil fuels

Sources of energy in $))1 Petroleum 5 70D #oal 5 $+%7D Hatural gas 5 $7D 'ydroelectric 5 0%7D

Huclear 5 *%+D Others 6renewable energy8 5 )%CD

Thus fossil fuels / *E%7D


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

No!"#!$a%l E!#&'

@ossil fuels are non9renewable source of energy as itta;es million of years to form

4eserves are now depleting at faster rate than it is

being formed


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

#oal

#oal is combustible roc; and it occurs naturallyunderground and be etracted via mining

ore than *)D of coal etracted is used to generate

electricity Balance is used in production of plastic and tetiles

Total world reserves 5 *E1 billion tons

Sufficient for another 0E years


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F7

Coal &asifi(atio! is th )#o(ss of )#o*u(i!& (oal &as+ at') of s'!&as,a -i.tu# of (a#%o! -o!o.i* /CO0+h'*#o&! /H20+ (a#%o! *io.i* /CO20 a!* $at# a)ou#/H2O0,f#o- (oal a!* $at# Coal &as+ $hi(h is a(o-%usti%l &as+ $as t#a*itio!all' us* as a sou#( of

!#&' fo# -u!i(i)al li&hti!& a!* hat %fo# th a*!t ofi!*ust#ial"s(al )#o*u(tio! of !atu#al &as+ $hil thh'*#o&! o%tai!* f#o- &asifi(atio! (a! % us* fo#a#ious )u#)oss su(h as -a3i!& a--o!ia+ )o$#i!& ah'*#o&! (o!o-'+ o# u)a*i!& fossil fuls Alt#!atil'+th (oal &as /also 3!o$! as 4to$! &as40 (a! % (o!#t*

i!to t#a!s)o#tatio! fuls su(h as &asoli! a!* *islth#ou&h a**itio!al t#at-!t ia th Fis(h#"T#o)s(h)#o(ss


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Oil

Oil is liIuid fossil fuel composed of delayed organicmatters that occur naturally underground

>tracted as crude oil and separated in oil refinery as

;erosene, diesel, petrol and aviation fuel a?ority of oil is used in power generation and

transportation


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Hatural Gas

Hatural gas is a miture of hydrocarbons, mainlymethane 6#'E8% Others are ethane, propane, nitrogen,carbon dioide

-t is etracted from reservoirs of gas stream or can beseparated from other crude oil during refining process

-t can be used in gas form or compressed intoliIuefied natural gas 6&HG8 for transportation

2pplication 5 transportation, industrial, commercial,residential


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

5 Nu(la# E!#&'

What is Nu(la# E!#&'

>nergy produced by splitting one atoms into $ or moreatoms5 nuclear fission


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Two typical fission reactions are shown below withaverage values of energy released and number ofneutrons e?ected:

>nergy produced > / #$


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

2s at $))1, nuclear power provides *%+D of world"senergy and +D of world"s electricity

AS2, @rance and Japan amounting to 0)D of nucleargenerated electricity

-n $))1, there are E7C nuclear power reactors inoperation in 7 countries


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Nu(la# 6o$# 6la!ts

ain application of nuclear energy is powergeneration

-n $))*, AS2 has )E nuclear reactors that provides$)D of the nation"s electricity


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

4eactor will have automatic and manual system toshut down the plant if unsafe conditions are detected

2 cooling system is designed to remove heat fromreactor core and transfer the heat to another system

to produce electricity


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

A*a!ta&s of Nu(la# E!#&'

There are many positive environmental effects ofnuclear energy

-t does not produce any greenhouse gases such as

carbon dioide, sulphur dioide and nitrogen oidewhich are normally produced by burning fossil fuels

Thus will not bring about greenhouse effect to ourenvironment

Huclear energy is the largest source of low9carbondioide fuel

Played important role in combating climate change


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

-t is also one of most cost competitive among otherenergy sources

This is even more advantages in view of increase ofoil prices


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2s we face the historically unprecedented environmental threat ofdevastating climate, triggered primarily by atmospheric #O$ emissions,the most important aspect of sustainable 6suitable8 energy sources isthat they deliver energy services without emitting #O$%

-f nuclear were merely one among many eIually suitable energysources for Iuantity of energy and for being #O$ emission9freed it

could be argued that, if we don"t employ nuclear power, we can alwaysuse one or more of the many #O$9free energy harvesting technologiesproposed these days from intermittent renewables li;e sunlight, windand tides, to continuous9supply renewables li;e li;e biomass andbiomass is not truly #O$9emission free%

Ket none of these alternative sources can supply energy in theIuantities that will be needed without unacceptable codicil problems%

So any realistic energy system that could, in time, achieve ma?orreductions in anthropogenic #O$ emissions, must employ nuclearpower as a ma?or contributor%

That"s because, especially with net9generation and breedertechnologies, nuclear can deliver effectively unlimited power%


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

6#o%l-s of Nu(la# E!#&'

.espite above advantages, growth of nuclear energyhas been modest due to various problems such asfollowing

Huclear reactor accident 4is;s of human life by eposing to radiation

>nvironmental problems in treating radioactive wastes


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

E!i#o!-!tal I-)a(t

#oncerns over the environmental impact of nuclearenergy, from meltdown of reactor core to minoraccidents that release small amount of radioactive

substances -t also reIuires huge amount of water to transfer the

heat produced and cooling 5 1,C+) gallons of waterper million BTA of heat produced

This is a huge amount of water used9 though most ofthe water is returned to the source


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Dis)osal of Nu(la# Wasts

General

4adioactive wastes are produced in all stages ofnuclear fuel cycle, from mining and preparation ofuranium ore to its use and reprocessing in nuclearpower plants


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Gaseous and liIuid nuclear waste normally containlow levels of radioactivity and they can be releaseddirectly into atmosphere or sea

These radioactive substances will be diluted and

cause no harm to humans @or solid waste, there are classified into 7 classes 5

low, intermediate and high level

They are generally more radioactive than gaseous

and liIuid waste Thus need to ta;e great care when disposing the solid

nuclear waste


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGYfssionproducts

Solid waste mainly consists of: Anconverted uranium Transuranic actinides 6mostly Plutonium and #urium8 Transuranic elements/elements with atomic number

greater than C$ 2ctinides / elements with atomic no between *C 5 )7

and they aare all radioactive

The actinides are responsible for long termradioactivity

@ission products 6uranium fragments8 account for theshort term radioactivity


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&ow &evel 4adioactive


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-n AS2, nuclear wastes from hospital, researchinstitutions and industries normally store the waste onsite


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-ntermediate 4adioactive


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'ydrology of buried site must be studied carefully sothat nuclear waste will not enter into water level andalso affect food chain


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

'igh &evel


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Two options to handle and store the spent fuel: 4eprocess the fuel and to etract remaining energy and to

separate out fission products, actinide elements andfissionable materials

Storage and final disposal without reprocessing


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

2 typical ))) < nuclear reactor produces about $)m7 of spent fuel each year

2ll spent fuels produced by nuclear power plants inAS2 alone can cover a football field to a depth of m

Spent fuel is very highly radioactive ust be handled with great care

'owever it will reduce over time

2fter E) years, CC%CD of radiation will be dissipated

But this )%Dis still dangerous to human beings -t will ta;e ),))) years for the radioactivity to fall to

level which will not cause any harm to humans


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

6a8 Storage @irstly spent fuel rods are stored in shielded basins of

water, usually located on site The water provides both cooling for the still decaying

fission products and shielding from the continuingradioactivity 2fter some times 6about + years in AS28, they are

stored in steel and concrete containers and normallystored at the site while permanent disposal methods are

discussed and eplored 2s of $), AS2 has stored 1$,))) tons of spent

nuclear fuel


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Permanent underground storage has been proposed tobe in Kucca ountain nuclear waste depository

But this pro?ect has been effectively cancelled in $)due to political problem

Thus AS2 currently has no permanent storage site andall spent fuels are now stored on9site at various nuclearfacilities


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6b8 4eprocessing Spent fuels can be reduced by reprocessing the rods% >ven so, the remaining waste will remain substantially

radioactive for at least 7)) years if the actinides are

removed or up to thousands of years if the actinides areleft inside


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

D(o--issio!i!& of Nu(la# Ra(to#s

The first generation of nuclear reactors was built in theC+)s and C0)s

How more and more reactors are reaching their

design life and need to be decommissioned Huclear decommissioning is dismantling of nuclear

power plants and decontamination of the site so that itis safe to the public

The plant is ta;en down to pieces to remove anyhazardous materials and to dispose any debris safely


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Huclear decommissioning is very epensive

-n A3 5 estimated will cost 1) billion pounds todecommission C sites

-n @rance 5 decommission of a small 1) < plant

costs 1 million >uros -n Germany 5 decommission of a )) < plant costs

E7 million >uros

.ecommission of nuclear plants also ta;e time due to

radioactivity in reactor structure and need to becarried out in stages

Generally will ta;e + 5 ) years


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Nu(la# Ra(to#s A((i*!ts

Public very concerns over nuclear accidents

Two earlier serious accidents and lately another

catastrophic mishap in Japan Huclear power plants have good safety record but

when they fail, they will fail catastrophically

#onseIuences of nuclear accidents:

.amages to reactors 4is;y to site personnel 4elease of radioactivity into environment


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Three iles -sland Huclear Power Station 6AS28 $*()7(C1C 5 several water pumps stopped wor;ing in

pressurized water reactor $

4eactor core was badly damaged

4adioactive fission products escaped into environment any suffer from depression, hostility and other psychological

disorders due to fear of radioactivity

The plant is only re9operated 0 years later

4easons for the accident:

echanical error 'uman error -nstitutional error 6AS Huclear 4egulatory #ommission89

fail to set acceptable safety level


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

#hernobyl Huclear 4eactor 64ussia8 ost serious nuclear accident in history 5level 1 -H>S

$0()E(C*0 5 reactor E eploded due to human error

>plosion severely damaged the core

&arge Iuantity of radioactive contaminations were releasedinto atmosphere, which spreads much of urope

Total deaths 5 E,)+1

7)),)) people were evacuated

To contain the radioactive contaminations, over +)),)))people were involved with costs of * billion 4ubles

>stimated million people has died between C*0 and $))Eas result of radioactive contamination


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

#auses of accidents: Shortcoming of design of reactor Operators failed to follow standard operating procedure

5 they override protection devices 6safety valve8


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@u;ushima Power Plant 6Japan8 ()7($)5 earthIua;e and tsunami hit east coast of

Japan

#ooling system failed to operate

>plosion and fire resulted due to overheating of reactor E),))) people within $) ;m radius were evacuated

4adioactive materials such as -odine97 and #aesium97E were released to atmosphere in Japan and rest of theworld 6AS2, #anada, 2ustria etc8

How rated level 1 -H>S ay ta;es )) years before melting fuel rods can be safely

removed from reactor


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

4easons for the accident5 Dsi&! faultsL .esigners focused only to overcome the earthIua;e but

not tsunami The plant was constructed $+ m below ground so that

the reactors can be grounded on solid roc;% The standby generator for supplying emergency power

was located at basement, hence flooded easily The wall built to overcome oceon wave is only 0 m high9

the wave created by tsunami is about + 5 0 m, hence

the wall is totally helpless


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Status of nuclear power pro?ects

.ue to potential disastrous problem to our environment, manycountries had adopted conservative policy in the development

of nuclear power plants:

7a)a!

Huclear power 5 7D of total power supply

Total 5 +E nuclear reactors

7+ reactors had stopped operation

C reactors may be closed down by end $)$


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

F#a!(

Huclear power 5 1+D of total power supply 6highest in theworld8

@rance is world largest net power eporter due to its verylow cost of production

-ncome to the country 5 >uro 7 billion per year

Total 5 +* nuclear reactors

The General .irectorate for Huclear Safety and4adiological Protection was instructed to carry out safety

audit to all power reactors and to submit reports


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

G#-a!'

Huclear power 5 $0D of total power supply

Total 5 1 power plants

* power plants shut down by end $)

0 power plants to be shut down by $)$ 7 power plants to be shut down in $)$$

Germany will abandon nuclear policy completely


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

S$it8#la!* Huclear power 5 E)D of power supply

Total 5 + nuclear reactors

Ho new nuclear power plants to be constructed

>isting nuclear power plants to be shut down: plant 5 $)C plant 9 $)$ plant 5 $)$$ plant 9 $)$C plant 9 $)7E

Thus by $)7E 5 all nuclear plants to be shut down


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Ital' -taly has had E nuclear reactors but all closed down in CC)

after #hernobyl accident

-taly is the only G* country without any nuclear power plant

The country proposed in $))* to build nuclear power plantswith goal of $+D power comes from nuclear plants by $)7)

But this proposal was re?ected in a referendum held in June$)


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

S)ai! Huclear power 5 $)D of total power supply

Total 5 * nuclear reactors

Spain had stopped construction of new nuclear power

plants

Belgium Huclear power 5 +ED of total power supply

Total 5 1 nuclear reactors

Government is considering to shut down all power plants by$)+


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

U9 Huclear power 5 *D of total power supply

Total 5 * nuclear reactors

-n October $)), government had given go9ahead toconstruct * new nuclear plants

USA

AS2 is the worldMs largest producer of nuclear power,accounting for more than 7)D of worldwide nuclear

generation of electricity% Huclear power 5 $)D of power supply

Total 5 )* nuclear reactors

Plans to construct new nuclear plants will carry on


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Chi!a Total 9 E nuclear power reactors in operation

Ander construction 5 $0 and * more about to startconstruction soon

@ollowing the @u;ushima accident in arch $), the State#ouncil, announced on arch 0 that it would suspendapprovals for new nuclear power stations and

conduct comprehensive safety chec;s of all nuclearpro?ects, including those under construction

-t also suspended wor; on four approved units due to startconstruction in $)

2bout 7E reactors were already approved by the centralgovernment of which $0 were being built%


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Mala'sia #urrently 5 no nuclear power plant

Plan to construct $ nuclear power plants of ))) < eachand to be operational by $)$ and $)$$

Strong ob?ections from some environmental HGOs 6E ofthem8

Government is still studying whether to proceed with theplan


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

RENEWA:LE ENERGY

nergy

4enewable energy are energies come from natural

resources such as wind, solar, water, geothermal heat etcwhich are renewable, i%e% they can be replenishednaturally

They are derived from natural processes via sun, wind,

water $))*9 CD of total energy consumed are from

renewables


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>lectricity 5 *D from renewables +D global electricity come from hydropower

#ommon types of renewable energy: Solar energy


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2dvantages of 4enewable >nergy Two main advantages

-t is free Sources are from the sun, wind and water

These energy are free and supplies are unlimited Ho need to import and pay for it

Ho pollution Some renewable energy such as wind ,solar and water do

not emit any smo;e or gases when used Biomass will produce much less carbon dioide as

compared to fossil fuels


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

.isadvantages of 4enewable >nergy Two main drawbac;s

#apital costs -nitial capital cost 6such as wing turbine and solar panels8 to

produce electricity is high as compared to fossil fuels 'owever if we will to consider future fuel cost6as the prices

will continue to increase8, future operating andmaintainance cost, decommissioning cost, then thedifference may be not so great


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CHAPTER 2 ENERGY

Solar >nergy

Solar energy is derived from sun"s radiation and isenormous

>nergy from sun that reaches the >arth in one hour ismore than the global energy consumed in a year

ost common way to use the energy is to transform it toelectricity

Two common ways to generate electricity: Solar panels 6photovoltaics8

'eat engines


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cti,e %olar +echni;ues


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%olar


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Sola# Th#-al E!#&'

'arnessing solar energy for thermal energy%

N &ow9temperature collectors for heating water for

residential and commercial use%

N 'igh9temperature collectors% #oncentrate sunlightusing mirrors or lenses for generating steam for

electric power production%

*)
http://www.makeitsolar.com/images/Solar_Panel_03C.GIFhttp://www.makeitsolar.com/images/Solar_Panel_03C.GIF


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Two types of photovoltaic technology Photovoltaic Panels 6PF8

Photovoltaic #oncentrators

PF Panels

use photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy to electricity >fficiency 5 $ to $+D

2ssume +D efficiency and 1*+E million m$ of availablerooftop spaces in AS2 , this would generate %C trillion 3


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Photovoltaic #oncentrator -t reflects or focuses sunlight from a wide area onto a small

photovoltaic panels

-t moves with the sun and hence able to produce moreenergy

ore efficient than PF

'eat engine -t converts heat to mechanical wor;

>ample 5 steam engine


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nergy


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"ind ower

C 2 G


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4easons for such fast growth rate: -mproved technology on wind turbine

'igher fossil fuel cost

#oncern over government action to reduce carbon

emissions


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2lso surplus wind power cannot be stored -nteresting pro?ect:

Bahrain


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'ydropower

-t is the largest form of renewable energy

-t represents about C)D of all renewable energy

generated The energy can be stored by constructing a dam


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Hydropower

'ydropower+ hydraulic powero# water poweris )o$# that is *#i* f#o- th fo#( o#

!#&' of -oi!& $at#

Ti*al )o$#

Wa )o$#

H d F ilit l t


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Hydropower Facility lant

CHAPTER 2 ENERGY


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&argest hydro 5 *,$)) < in Three Gorges .am6#hina8

&argest hydro in alaysia 5 $,E)) < in Ba;un .am,Sarawa;

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Benefits of 'ydropower a?or advantage 5 no emission of greenhouse gases

>ample 5 saving in gas emission by using hydro in CC1amounts to all the cars on the planet 6in terms of fossil fuelsgeneration8

Social and environmental impact of hydro #onstruction of dam will have social and environmental

impact -f the implementation of such pro?ect is carefully

planned, then can ta;e relevant steps to avoid, mitigateor compensate for the losses due to construction ofdam

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Social -mpact Social impact are:

&and is acIuired 5 compensation must be sufficient 4elocation of people living in reservoir area

4elocation has many challenges such as local culture,religious belief, burial sites etc

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>nvironmental -mpact #onstruction of hydro plant has many environmental

problems

Thus it is common that a study on the impact on the

environment to be done before the construction ofdam

-n alaysia, it is a reIuirement that an >nvironmental-mpact 2ssessment 6>-28 report must be carried outfor construction of dams

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#ommon problems of construction of dams are: Sedimentation @ish protection


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@ish Protection .am will have great impact on the fish Iuality,

availability and fish passage .uring construction of dam, fishes will reduce

tremendously


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Dam Construction at Mekong


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gRiver


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The 79S 4iver Basin 6Se;ong, Sesan and SrePo; 4ivers8,borders &aos, #ambodia and Fietnam, and supports $)D of thee;ong 4iver water flows, ensuring food and water security formillions of people living in the basin% -t also contains some of theregionMs most uniIue and rare biodiversity including yellowchee;ed gibbons and 2sian arowana 6dragon fish8, among

many other endangered and charismatic species%

Principally our concern is for the people who rely on the waterflows of the lower e;ong 4iver for their food, health, incomeand other essential livelihood securities% This includes the

people who live in the 79S 4iver Basin, the % million peoplethat depend on the Tonle Sap and another 0) million peopleliving on the e;ong .elta%


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Our economic concern is that dams on the &ower e;ong willli;ely reduce the productivity of the regionMs agriculture andaIuaculture industries, particularly in #ambodia and &aos, andplunge them bac; into even more severe poverty then theycurrently suffer%

-n #ambodia fish provide *+D of the populationMs protein needsand an essential source of fat% 4ight now the #ambodian percapita in9ta;e of fats is the lowest in Southeast 2sia and themost essential of these, the omega97 fats which come from fish,are the least available% -f there was a reduction in fishpopulations, nutrition and health will decline on a national scale

and further deepen #ambodiaMs current situation of severepoverty%


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Before the construction of the Pa; oon dam in Abon4atchathani province, Thailand, the waterwaycontained over $+) species of fish%

This plummeted over *)D when the dam beganoperation, and a decade later, through etensivegovernment investment to restoc; the river, thespecies number is still less than half the originalamount%

ore than $),))) people have been affected by this

loss of fish% This dam was anticipated to have aproduction capacity of 70 megawatts, but it canbarely generate $) megawatts during high9demandmonths%

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Biomass


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iomass

io fuel


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io-fuel

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Sources of biomass Three main sources:

>nergy crops 4esidues of plant

unicipal ! -ndustrial wastes >nergy crops

Plants are grown specifically for energy use They are grown so as not to compete with or reduce

food production e%g% grown in marginal land, as double

crops etc Typical energy crops are trees and grasses

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#rops 4esidue Typical crop residues are wheat straws and corn stover These are waste and can be burnt to produce electricity


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>nvironmental 4is;s Ase of biomass does produce carbon dioide when burnt

'owever this can be balanced out by planting new cropswhich will adsorb #O$

Overall, there is still a reduction of #O$

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Geothermal >nergy

This is obtained by tapping the heat from the earth core

The heat is etracted few ;ilometers deep into earth"s

crust in volcanic active areas% -nitial capital cost to build power plants that use

geothermal energy but the operating cost is low

Sometimes we can tap underground steam or hot waternear to the surface of >arth

Such geothermal power sources eist in certaingeologically unstable areas such as #hile, -celand, H,AS2 etc

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RENEWA:LE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINA:LEDEVELO6MENT


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Sustainable energy systems are integral to sustainabledevelopment and have great impact on >conomy .evelopment >nvironment

These 7 areas are main pillars of sustainable development

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>nergy .emand >nergy is lifeblood of modern society

'owever current energy system s are not able to cope withdemand in sustainable way

Thus we need to eplore and find new methods of producing

energy which are sustainable 4enewable energy is the ;ey elements

Growth rate for electricity demand is $%*D per year and totaldemand will double in every $+ years

This demand cannot be met by using fossil fuels Two approaches to address this:

To improve efficiency of use of energy To increase use of renewable energy

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>conomic 4eason for using 4enewable -n the past use of fossil fuels is seen to be cheaper than

that of renewable energy

'owever if we will to ta;e into account environmentalproblems and future cost of fossil fuels, the gap is now

narrowing Some renewables such as hydro and wind power are

becoming more competitive

-n fact mar;et for renewable energy is growing very fasttoday

These renewables are wind and solar energy

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.evelopment reason for 4enewable 2bout $ billion people 6(7 of world population8 are still

without electricity today

4enewable energy will provide important social andeconomic benefits to these rural areas

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>nvironmental benefit of 4enewables 4enewable energy are environmentally friendly%

Some of them such as hydro, solar and wind power do notemit any greenhouse gases

The impact on environment, if any, is very small ascompared to fossil fuels

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>H.

eis chapter 2 - energy

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