electrical resistivity in superconductors the electrical resistivity of many metals and alloys drops...
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Electrical Resistivity in
SuperconductorsThe electrical resistivity of many metals and alloys drops suddenly to zero when the specimen is cooled to a sufficiently low temperature. This phenomenon is known as Superconductivity.
Course Name: Superconductivity
Author/sAnura Kenkre
Sameer Sahasrabudhe
Learning objectives
After interacting with this Learning Object, the learner will be able to:
– Explain the meaning of electrical resistivity in superconductors.
– Predict the effect of temperature changes on the electrical resistivity of superconducting samples.
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Definitions and Keywords
The electrical resistivity of many metals and alloys drops
suddenly to zero when the specimen is cooled to a
sufficiently low temperature. This phenomenon is known
as Superconductivity.
The temperature at which the transition to the
superconducting state takes place is called the critical
temperature(Tc)or the superconducting transition
temperature.
Add more slides if required
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Sample placed in cryostat for
cooling
Constant current supply
0.00
0.00
T=4.4K
mA
µ
Master Layout:A: Circuit diagram
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1Ammeter
Temperature
Control Voltmeter
Ammeter reading
Voltmeter
reading
Temperature
reading
Slide only for reference::NOT TO BE ANIMATED
Master Layout:B: Visual representation
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:electrons
:atoms of the lattice.
Fig2
Path on which the electrons are moving
Slide only for reference::NOT TO BE ANIMATED
Master Layout:C: Graph
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Blinking red dot denoting:
Temperature
Slide only for reference::NOT TO BE ANIMATED
Sample placed in cryostat for
cooling
Constant current supply
0.00
0.00
T=4.4K
mA
µ
Instructions/ Working area
Credits
Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07Introduction
Graphical representationChange the temperature and observe the motion of electrons in the Microscopic view
Microscopic view
Electrical Resistivity in
Superconductors
1
mA
0.50
60
Voltmeter
Superconducting Sample placed in cryostat for coolingT=4.3K
Instructions/ Working area
Credits
Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07Introduction
Graphical representation
Microscopic view
Electrical Resistivity in
Superconductors
2
mA
0.50
50
Voltmeter
Superconducting Sample placed in cryostat for cooling
T=4.2K
Instructions/ Working area
Credits
Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07Introduction
Graphical representation
Microscopic view
Electrical Resistivity in
Superconductors
3
mA
0.50
0.00
Voltmeter
Superconducting Sample placed in cryostat for cooling
T=4.15K
Instructions/ Working area
Credits
Tab 02 Tab 03 Tab 04 Tab 05 Tab 06 Tab 07Introduction
Graphical representation
Microscopic view
Electrical Resistivity in
Superconductors
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Analogy / Scenario / Action
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2A Mechanical Analogy of Resistance- Visualize the orange balls as electrons, flowing through a normal conductor. The nails in the board are like the atoms of the conductor, and the tilt of the board represents the voltage applied across the conductor (gravitational potential represents electrical potential). Obviously, these orange balls are going to bounce around a bit on the nails (like a pachinko machine), rather than simply falling straight through. This bouncing is analogous to electron interactions with conductor atoms which is the cause of resistance.
Slide only for reference::NOT TO BE ANIMATED
Step 1:
Audio Narration (if any)
Text to be displayed (if any)
(DT)Description of the Action / Interactivity
T1: Title of the step, to appear as heading of the screen (if any)
Screen as shown in Slide 7
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31. Show the Animation design screen (Slide 7)2. The temperature meter shows T= 4.4K as shown.3. The electrons are seen moving in the 'microscopic view
window. (They are at their fastest speed at this setting)4. A pop up will appear on the ‘Click to change the
temperature'– If the user clicks on ‘click to go to lower
temperature',go to Step 2 (Slide 8)
– If the user to clicks 'click to go to higher temperature', show the feedback pop-up 'Making it more would be...so try to lower it'.
Click on these buttons to change the temperature
Step 1:
Audio Narration (if any)
Text to be displayed (if any)
(DT)Description of the Action / Interactivity
T1: Title of the step, to appear as heading of the screen (if any)
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31. Display this if
the temperature is lowered:If the temperature is lowered, you can se that the electrons move slower.
1. Show the changes in A, B and C as per the slide numbers:8, 9, 10
2. Keep the unit of change to 0.5, and decrease the speed of the electrons respectively.– Ex: 4.4, 4.35, 4.3, 4.25, 4.2, 4.15, 4.1, 4.05, 4.0,
3.95, 3.9, 3.85...etc3. Show the appropriate feedback, based on the
temperature selected by the user– Ex: for all the settings above 4.4, display:-------– For all the settings below 4.15, display:------
Screen as shown in Slide 7Screen as shown in Slide 7
Step 1:
Audio Narration (if any)
Text to be displayed (if any)
(DT)Description of the Action / Interactivity
T1: Title of the step, to appear as heading of the screen (if any)
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31. Set the specific limit for the interactivity to --- attempts.
Ensure the correctness of the 'feedback' to be displayed for every attempt which is OUTSIDE the chosen range for this particular sample– Ex: 4.4 to 4.15
2. After the ---attempts. Display a box with: 'Answer the questions in the following questionnaire to test your understanding'
3. Change the screen to the animation design slide number XX and display the questionnaire.
Screen as shown in Slide 7Screen as shown in Slide 7
Step 1:
Audio Narration (if any)
Text to be displayed (if any)
(DT)Description of the Action / Interactivity
T1: Title of the step, to appear as heading of the screen (if any)
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31. Display appropriate feedback for the answers submitted
by the user.2. After the user finishes the questionnaire, display the
summary as given in slide XX
Screen as shown in Slide 7Screen as shown in Slide 7
Step 1:
Audio Narration (if any)
Text to be displayed (if any)
(DT)Description of the Action / Interactivity
T1: Title of the step, to appear as heading of the screen (if any)
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31. Display appropriate feedback for the answers submitted
by the user.2. After the user finishes the questionnaire, display the
summary as given in slide XX
Screen as shown in Slide 7Screen as shown in Slide 7
Instructions for the animatorInstruction
to the learner
Results and OutputBoundary
limitsInteractivity
type
Interactivity option 1: Step No: 1
Image/graphic for explaining the interactivity options
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1. Interactivity options in this animation is already explained in STEPS earlier.
2. Please follow them
Lowest for showing animation in 'B' is______
Highest for showing animation in 'B'is______
Questionnaire:
The questions along with the answer options are given in the next few slides
Justification is also provided for the incorrect answers, which has to be displayed in case the user selects incorrect answers.
APPENDIX 1
Links for further reading
Reference websites:
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms//tlplib/index.php
Books:
Introduction to Solid state physics-Charles Kittel(Chapter 12)
Solid state physics-MA Wahab.(Chapter 17)
Solid state physics-Ashcroft/Mermin. (Chapter 34)
APPENDIX 2
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Questionnaire1. At what temperature does the sample enter the superconducting
state?
Answers: a) 4.4K b) 4.3K c) 4.15K
d)4.10K
Correct Answers: 1)C
Feedback:If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display
“Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
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Questionnaire2. What happens to the resistivity of the sample as the temperature
decreases?
Answers: a) increases b) decreases c) remains same
d)becomes zero
Correct Answers: 2)b
Feedback:If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display
“Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
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Questionnaire3. What happens to the resistivity of the sample at the transition
temperature?
Answers: a)increases b) decreases c) remains same
d)becomes zero
Correct Answers: 3)d
Feedback:If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display
“Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
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Questionnaire4. What happens to the resistivity of the sample below the transition
temperature?
Answers: a) returns to normal b) decreases further c)it
is zero d)increases a lot.
Correct Answers: 4)c
Feedback:If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display
“Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
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Questionnaire
5. What happens to the number of collisions between the electron and the
atoms of the lattice as the temperature decreases?
Answers: a) increases b) decreases c)remains constant
d)becomes zero.
Correct Answers: 5)b
Feedback:If user clicks correct answer then display “Correct! Make sure you can explain the reasoning!” If user clicks incorrect answer then display
“Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
Questionnaire1
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6. What happens to the electrons when the material enters
the superconducting state?
Answers: a)each electron flows through the sample without
any resistance
b)each electron flows through the sample with lot
of resistance
c)Two electrons pair up and flow together through
the sample without any resistance.
d)Two electrons pair up and flow through the
sample with lot of resistance.Correct Answers: 6)c
Feedback:If user clicks on correct answer then display ”Yes !The electrons pair up and flow through the sample together. These pair of electrons are known as Cooper Pairs. Have a look at the animation on Cooper Pairs to get a better understanding of this concept.” If user clicks incorrect answer then display “Have a look at the animation and Try again!”
Summary
When you reduce the temperature sufficiently, certain metals conduct electricity without any resistance. This phenomenon is known as Superconductivity.
The resistivity of the metals goes on reducing as you lower the temperature and becomes zero at the superconducting transition temperature.
The temperature at which the transition to the superconducting state takes place is called the critical temperature(Tc)or the superconducting transition temperature.
When the metal enters the superconducting state, the electrons in the metal pair up and flow through the sample together. These pair of electrons are known as Cooper Pairs.
APPENDIX 3
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