endofyeargeneralrevision2 ndeso

Talking and writing in the present, the past and the future.Making suggestions, giving advice and opinionsand expressing prohibitions.

by Eva Hugas

DO YOU REMEMBER???

The present simple

FORMAffirmative Negative

Question

I SPEAKYOU SPEAKHE SPEAKSSHE SPEAKSIT SPEAKSWE SPEAKYOU SPEAKTHEY SPEAK

I DON’T SPEAKYOU DON’T SPEAKHE DOESN’T SPEAKSHE DOESN’T SPEAKIT DOESN’T SPEAKWE DON’T SPEAKYOU DON’T SPEAKTHEY DON’T SPEAK

…DO I SPEAK…?…DO YOU SPEAK…?…DOES HE SPEAK…?…DOES SHE SPEAK…?… DOES IT SPEAK…?… DO WE SPEAK….?… DO YOU SPEAK…?… DO THEY SPEAK….?

The present simple

In the 3rd Person Singular:We add –s to most Verbs: walkS, playS, …We add –es after –s, -x, -sh, -ch, -o:goES, pushES, kissES, …We change the Y to –ies after Consonant + y:studIES, worrIES, …

The present simple

USES1. HABITS: Actions which happen regularly.

For example: I go to school everyday / He

smokes a lot2. STATES: Things which do not often

change (for example, opinions and conditions)

Paul lives in Florida / He has short hair The Simple Present usually goes with: A.- Frequency Adverbs andB.- Other Frequency Phrases

The present simple

Frequency Adverbs:

ALWAYS- sempreUSUALLY-casi

sempre/normalment

OFTEN- sovintSOMETIMES- de

vegadesHARDLY EVER /

RARELY / SELDOM -quasi mai

NEVER- mai

Frequency Adverbs go BEFORE the Main Verb:

He usually speaks English at home

He never goes to the cinema

Except with BE, when it is placed right AFTER

He is always lateI am often a lazy boy

The present simple

Some Frequency Phrases:

Once / Twice / Three times a week/day/month/year- una vez / dos veces / 3 vegades a la setmana/dIa/mes/aNY

Everyday- cada dia Every week- cada

setmana Every month- cada mes Every year- cada any From time to time – de

vegades At weekends – el cap

de setmana

These expressions go AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE:

I go to the cinema ONCE A WEEK

HE plays the piano EVERYDAY

She studies French TWICE A

MONTH

EXAMPLESWe use it to

describe people and to

talk about their routines.

To describe pictures

TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE

We use the verb TO BE and HAVE GOT.

1. She has got long, brown, curly hair and small, brown eyes.Her nose is ordinary and her mouth is big.She’s smiling.

Describing pictures

In this picture I can see…

There’s /There are…

Where in the picture?

In the foreground

In the background

At the bottomAt the topOn the rightOn the leftIn the top left

corner

What are they wearing?A tieA white shirtTrousersShoesSocksA watchA striped t-shirt

He is wearing:

She is wearing:

Compare people

What are they doing?They’re reading. They’re writing.They’re studying. They’re taking

notes for a research paper.

They’re working late in the library.

Note: for actions, use the "be + V-ing" form.

The present continuous

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUSFormAFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I AM SPEAKINGYOU ARE SPEAKINGHE IS SPEAKINGSHE IS SPEAKINGIT IS SPEAKINGWE ARE SPEAKINGYOU ARE SPEAKINGTHEY ARE SPEAKING

I’M NOT SPEAKINGYOU AREN’T SPEAKING HE ISN’T SPEAKINGSHE ISN’T SPEAKINGIT ISN’T SPEAKINGWE AREN’T SPEAKINGYOU AREN’T SPEAKINGTHEY AREN’T SPEAKING

…AM I SPEAKING…?…ARE YOU SPEAKING…?…IS HE SPEAKING…?…IS SHE SPEAKS…?…IS IT SPEAKING…?…ARE WE SPEAKING…?…ARE YOU SPEAKING…?…ARE THEY SPEAKING…?

The present continuous

The –ING FORM:We usually add –ING: waiting, studying,…If the verb ends in a consonant + e: we drop

the -e: livING, havING, dancING, …Verbs ending in 1 Vowel + 1 consonant

usually DOUBLE the consonant: siTTing, plaNNing, traveLLing, …

The present continuous

USE1. To refer to something that is in progress

NOW:It is raining (now)

I’m working (at the moment)2. To refer to actions that are in progress in the

Present, not necessarily at the time of speaking:

I usually walk to school but this week I’m taking the bus.

I often play tennis on Monday but today I’m playing football.

3. For PLANS in the near Future:We are going shopping this afternoon.

Mary is coming home next week.

Simple Past vs. Past Continuous

Use the simple past for:

1) action that happened in the past and is . . .

over, done, finished

Use the past continuous for:

1) action that was in progress at a specific point in the past OR

2) focusing on an action that continued for a long time in the past

Simple Past (Examples)

Action that was completed in the past:

Tom went fishing last week.

I worked until 2:00 p.m. yesterday.

My family came to visit me last year.

*Time Expressions frequently used with the simple past:yesterday, last ______, past dates (in 1990), _____ ago, etc.

Past Continuous (Examples)

Action that was in progress at a particular point in the past:

At 2:00 yesterday, Tom was playing soccer.

Sophia wasn’t home last night when I called her. I think she was working.

Lisa and her husband were visiting us last week.

Simple Past (Examples)

Action that was completed in the past:

Tom went fishing last week.

I worked until 2:00 p.m. yesterday.

My family came to visit me last year.

*Time Expressions frequently used with the simple past:yesterday, last ______, past dates (in 1990), _____ ago, etc.

Grammar Structure:

Here are some reminders about how to make the simple past and past continuous:

The simple past: structureEnglish has two types of verbs in the past tense: taught

walkedstudiedgavebecamecriedliveddid

Look at the following list of past tense verbs… which verbs are regular, and which are irregular?

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

For regular verbs, simply use the –ed form of the verb in a positive sentence.

When I was a child, I ___________ the piano.

Donna ______________ and _______________ in Paris when she was younger.

For irregular verbs, use the correct past tense form in positive sentences.

Last week, I ___________ you a letter.

The students _____________ a speech in

English. They __________ a great job!

The verb BE

Remember the forms of verb BE for the simple past tense:

I, He, She, It WASThey, We, You WERE

Simple Past (Negative)

For all verbs (EXCEPT be), use:

1) Sara worked yesterday.Sara didn’t work yesterday.

2) They had an argument.They didn’t have an argument.

3) Sam took classes last year.Sam didn’t take classes last year.

4) I learned how to sew.I didn’t learn how to sew.

VERB BE (Negative)

For this verb ONLY, never use didn’t. Simply ADD the word NOT after the verb.

I was tired. I was NOT tired.She was here. She was NOT here.They are happy. They are NOT happy.

The Past Continuous:

Don’t forget that VERB BE is part of this structure.

I, He, She, It WASYou, We, They WERE

Examples:

My mom was trying to call me last night, but I wasn’t home.

The kids were studying last night at 9:00.

I was cleaning my house all day yesterday.

Past Continuous (Negative)

For this tense, simply ADD the word NOT after the verb BE.

They were arguing last night.They were NOT arguing last night.

She was yelling at me.She was NOT yelling at me.

Important Note aboutPast Continuous!

Some verbs are NOT typically used in the continuous tense. Instead, we prefer to use these verbs in the simple tenses (simple present or past).

These verbs are called STATIVE (or non-action) verbs. Here are some examples:want like lovehateknow need seehearbelieve understand have (possession)forget remember belong

Examples:

I liked Rome.NOT: I was liking Rome.

She had a headache.NOT: She was having a headache.

I knew the answer.NOT: I was knowing the answer.

Using both tenses together:

Sometimes we use both the simple past and the past continuous together to mean . . .

That one action (simple past) interrupted a continuing action (past continuous)

1.Dan burned his hand while he was cooking dinner.=in the middle of cooking dinner, he burned his hand.

2. When Helen called, we were having dinner.=in the middle of eating dinner, Helen called.

We can use 2 verbs in past continuous to say that two actions were happening simultaneously in the past:

Ex. Jim was at the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading.

Rooffence

There is NOT just one future tense in English.

How to express the future then?

1. With the modal WILL. (Future Simple)

There are several ways to express the future. Let’s see two of those ways.

2. With BE GOING TO.

FUTURE SIMPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:

Subject + WILL + base form of verb

Your brother WILL become famous soon.

Will = ‘llYour brother’ll become famous soon.

FUTURE SIMPLE

NEGATIVE:

Subject + WILL + NOT + base form of verb

My friend WILL NOT marry that man.

WILL + NOT = WON’TMy friend won’t marry that man.

FUTURE SIMPLE

INTERROGATIVE:

WILL+Subj.+ base form of verb ?

WILL IT rain tomorrow ?

Short answersYes, it will.

No, it won’t.

Future Simple

We use the modal WILL + the base form of the main verb for:

1. Predictions.

You will get married and have 10 children!

2. Quick decisions.

I’ll have another cup of coffee, please!

3. Promises.

Ok! I’ll call you tomorrow.

I WILL (’ll) call

You WILL (’ll) call

He / She WILL (’ll) call

We WILL (’ll) call

You WILL (’ll) call

They WILL (’ll) call

“GOING TO”

I am (I’m)You are (You’re)

He is (He’s)She is (She’s)

It is (It’s)We are (We’re)You are (You’re)

They are (They’re)

going to(base form

of verb =Infinitive without

“to”)

AFFIRMATIVE:

“GOING TO”

I am not (I’m not)You are not (You aren’t)

He is not(He isn’t)She is not (She isn’t)

It is not (It isn’t)We are not (We aren’t)You are not (You aren’t)

They are not (They aren’t)

going to(base form

of verb =Infinitive without

“to”)

NEGATIVE:

“GOING TO”

Iyou

he /she /itwe/you/they

going to Base ?

INTERROGATIVE:

AmIs Are

Short answers

Yes, + Subject pronoun + am / is / are. No, + Subject pronoun + isn’t / aren’t.

*(Note: No, I’m not).

BE GOING TO

We use BE GOING TO + the base form of the main verb for:

1. Plans / Intentions.

I am going to practise hard to become a rock star!

2. Predictions based on clear signs.Look at those clouds!

It is going to rain! I am going to + V

You are going to + V

He / She is going to + V

We are going to + V

You are going to + V

They are going to + V

REMEMBER!

PREDICTIONS

QUICK DECISIONS

PROMISES

PLANS / INTENTIONS

PREDICTIONS BASED ON

CLEAR SIGNS

WILL + V BE GOING TO + V

PRACTISE!Choose the right way to express the future in the following situations.

SITUATION 1 SITUATION 2 SITUATION 3

You’re thirsty, aren’t you? I (get)

you a glass of water.

Oh no! He really (paint) the room that

colour?

ANSWER

I WILL (’ll) get you a glass of water.

(QUICK DECISION)

ANSWER

IS he really GOING TO paint the room that colour?

(INTENTION)

ANSWER

We WILL not (won’t) be back late. (PROMISE)

The film finishes at 10 p.m.

We (not be) back late.The film finishes at 10

p.m.

ANSWER

In Scotland it WILL rain tomorrow. In the south of England it WILL be sunny.

(PREDICTION)

SITUATION 4 SITUATION 5

ANSWER

I WILL (’ll) call the doctor.(QUICK DECISION)

You’re not well.I (call) the doctor.

In Scotland it (rain) tomorrow. In the

south of England it (be) sunny.

SITUATION 6

Ketchup or mayonnaise?

I (have) mayonnaise, please.

ANSWER

I WILL (’ll) have mayonnaise,please.

(QUICK DECISION)

Will / Be Going to

1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I (write)___________ a letter to my friends back home in Texas.

2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get)_________ you a cup of coffee. That will

wake you up.

3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I (turn) __________ it up so you can hear it.

4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) ___________Paris and Nice.

Am going to write

‘ll turn

are going to visit

‘ll get

Am going to write

‘ll get

‘ll turn

Am going to write

‘ll get

A monkey can jump.

ABILITY

A bear can walk.

A butterfly can fly.

A cat can dance.

70

M U S T We use must + verb to talk about obligation.

You must do your homework. You must speak English here.

71

M U S T N ‘ T

We use mustn’t + verb to talk about prohibition.

You mustn’t eat in the library.You mustn’t park here.

72

SHOULD

We use should + verb to give advice.

You should help your schoolmates.

73

SHOULD

We use shouldn’t + verb in the negative.

You shouldn’t eat so much cake.

FORor

AGAINST

Are you FOR something, or AGAINST it?

FOR: AGAINST:I agree with this issue. I disagree with

this issue.I support this issue. I don’t support

this issue.I am in favor of this. I’m opposed to this.

It’s good to have an opinion, but you should also be able to give a reason for your opinion.

For example:

“Are you FOR, or AGAINST smoking in public places?”

I am AGAINST smoking in public places, because it is harmful to those around you.

issue

reason

opinion

What is your opinion on:

Giving money to the poor?

What is your opinion on…

Free medicine for all?

To invite someone out…

Fancy going to the cinema?

Fancy a Coke?