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© OECD/IEA 2018
Energy Efficiency Indicators
Laila El-Ashmawy
14 December 2018, Beirut
IEA
© OECD/IEA 2018
What is energy efficiency?
Is this energy efficiency?
Consume LESS energy to provide SAME service
e.g. substitute Incandescent bulbs with LED
Consume SAME energy to provide MORE service
e.g. increased production with the same energy
Warm up:
Yes / No / Maybe
© OECD/IEA 2018
What is energy efficiency?
Is this energy efficiency?
Consume LESS energy because of CHANGE in service
e.g. economic restructuring
Consume LESS energy and provide LESS service
e.g. walk or bike instead of drive
Warm up:
Yes / No / Maybe
© OECD/IEA 2018
Overview
Why developing energy efficiency indicators?
What information is available from the energy balances?
What further data are needed to track energy efficiency?
How to collect these data?
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Why developing energy efficiency
indicators?
The importance of energy efficiency
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The importance of energy efficiency – Multiple benefits
Source: IEA (2014), Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency, OECD/IEA, Paris.
Environmental, economic and social
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The importance of energy efficiency – Emission savings
Energy efficiency reduced GHG emissions by 4 GtCO2-eq, or 13% of total CO2 emissions in 2016.
Avoided global GHG emissions from energy efficiency improvements
Source: IEA (2017), Energy Efficiency Market Report, OECD/IEA, Paris.
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The importance of energy efficiency – key to set targets and
monitor impacts
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The importance of energy efficiency – Untapped potential
“Currently, 70% of global energy consumption is not subject to mandatory efficiency standards targets”
Energy consumption covered by efficiency regulations, 2000-2015
Source: IEA (2016), Energy Efficiency Market Report, OECD/IEA, Paris.
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What information is available from the
energy balances?
Are available data enough to track energy efficiency?
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Most countries collect basic energy statistics…
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…which can be combined to build energy balances
ENERGY BALANCE
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The importance of energy balances
WORLD ENERGY BALANCE201
2
Supply
Transformation
Final
consumption
Efficiencies of
transformation sector
Shares of energy
consumption by
sector
Energy intensity,
Self-sufficiency
…
ENERGY BALANCE
© OECD/IEA 2018
WORLD ENERGY BALANCE201
2
The limitations of energy balances
What most
countries collect
on a regular basis
is aggregated data
Coal & Peat Crude Oil Oil Products Gas Nuclear HydroGeoth/SolarComb. Ren.&Waste Electricity Heat Total
OTHER SECTORS 136.42 0.23 425.87 633.44 - - 14.37 834.05 820.32 145.22 3036.92
Residential 76.58 - 222.89 418.55 - - 6.98 805.42 395.81 97.97 2024.19
Commercial (Services) 23.30 - 107.32 173.79 - - 1.15 16.33 338.31 32.47 692.67
Agriculture/Forestry 9.57 0.02 102.97 5.58 - - 0.16 7.02 36.20 3.36 164.88
Fishing 0.01 - 5.69 0.02 - - 0.03 - 0.36 0.06 6.17
Non-specified 26.96 0.21 14.00 35.51 - - 6.05 5.28 49.64 11.36 149.01
No breakdown by
end-use:
- space heating
- space cooling
- water heating
- lighting
- cooking
- appliances
No breakdown
by end-use
and
by service category
ENERGY BALANCE
© OECD/IEA 2018
Balances data example
Road transport is the most consuming.
How do we track road transport efficiency?
We need more detailed data:
- consumption by vehicle typee.g. cars, buses, trucks
- activity datae.g. distance travelled, passenger/tonne-kilometers
Data source: IEA (2017), World energy balances.
© OECD/IEA 2018
Energy balances coupled with macroeconomic data explain
overall consumption patterns
Data for IEA 20 (Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA).
Data source: IEA, Energy efficiency indicators.
x x+ 5 x+ 10 x+ 15 x+ 20
( years)
Residential energy consumption index (IEA20)
Aggregated indicators can be useful …
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Data for IEA 20 (Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA).
* Temperature correction using heating degree days
Data source: IEA, Energy efficiency indicators.
x x+ 5 x+ 10 x+ 15 x+ 20
( years)
Residential energy consumption index (IEA20)
Aggregated indicators
Disaggregated indicators
Different message!!!
We need more disaggregated data to get the full picture
© OECD/IEA 2018
Understanding aggregated indicators requires attention
Energy intensity (TFC/GDP) changes (1990-2010)
Intensity decreased more in country X
-3.0%
-2.5%
-2.0%
-1.5%
-1.0%
-0.5%
0.0%
Av
era
ge
an
nu
al
pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge Quiz!!
Which country has decreased more its
energy intensity?
(Country X / Country Y)
Can we say that Country X has improved
more in ENERGY EFFICIENCY?
(Yes / No / Maybe)
Country X Country Y
Data source: IEA, Energy efficiency indicators.
© OECD/IEA 2018
-3.0%
-2.5%
-2.0%
-1.5%
-1.0%
-0.5%
0.0%
Av
era
ge
an
nu
al
pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
Aggregated indicators are sometimes used inappropriately
Country X intensity reduction was mostly due to structural changes,
while country Y improved more in energy efficiency.
Energy intensity (TFC/GDP) changes (1990-2010)
Data source: IEA, Energy efficiency indicators.
Country X Country Y
© OECD/IEA 2018
What further data are needed to track
energy efficiency?
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Energy efficiency indicators: what level of detail?
End-use
efficiency indicators
Process/appliance
efficiency indicators
TPES/GDP
TFC/Population
….
Energy use /ton steel
Heating /square meter
Aggregated
Indicators
Energy use /# TVs
data requirement
Commonly available
data: Energy Balances
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Energy efficiency indicators: definition
An efficiency indicator explain how much energy is needed to provide a certain service
generic
energy efficiency indicator
energy consumption
activity
3
2
0
3
5
0
3
7
0
© OECD/IEA 2018
Indicators for residential
energy efficiency
indicator
energy
activity
For each end-use:
Space heating*
Space cooling*
Water heating
Cooking
Lighting
Appliances (energy use, stock, diffusion)
Refrigerator
Freezer
Dishwasher
Clothes washer
Clothes dryer
TV
Computers
* Temperature corrected, using HDD & CDD
# of dwellings floor area (m²)
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Residential: matching energy and activity
# of dwellings
floor area (m²)
Space
heating/coolingWater heating
QUIZ
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Residential: matching energy and activity
# of dwellings
floor area (m²)
QUIZ
Appliances
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AppliancesAppliance stocks
Residential: matching energy and activity
floor area (m²)
QUIZ
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Indicators for services
# of employees Floor area (m²) Value added ($)
energy efficiency
indicator
energy
activity
For each end-use:
Space heating*
Space cooling*
Lighting
Other building use
Non-building use
* Temperature corrected, using HDD & CDD
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Indicators for industry
Value added ($)
Energy efficiency
indicator
energy
activity
For major ISIC subsectors (by energy product)
Paper
Chemicals
Other non-metallic mineral
Basic metals
Physical production (t)
© OECD/IEA 2018
Industry sub-sectors
energy balance: sub-sector
19 sub-sectors
•Chemical
•Iron and steel
•Non-ferrous metals
•Non-metallic minerals
•Pulp and paper
.... etc.
Basic Oxygen Furnace
Electric Arc FurnaceDirect Reduced Iron
Cement
Clinker
Pulp
Recovered paper
Paper and paperboard
AluminumBauxite
Primary
Recycled
Ethylene
Propylene
BTX
Chemical pulp
Mechanical pulp
Newsprint
Household sanitary
Alumina refining
Inked
De-inked
Printing + writing
19 sub-sectors
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Indicators for transport
energy efficiency indicator
energy
activity
Transport segment passenger / freight
Transport modes
road, rail, air, water, etc.
Vehicle
stockDistance
travelled
Passenger-km
or
tonne-km
Occupancy
Load factor
© OECD/IEA 2018
Transport: defining energy efficiency
Transport MORE and FARTHER with LESS fuel consumption
e.g. Is it more energy efficient to use public transport instead of personal cars?
Quiz!
(Yes / No / Maybe)
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Transport: defining energy efficiency
Transport MORE and FARTHER with LESS fuel consumption
e.g. Is it more energy efficient to use public transport instead of personal cars?
Needs detailed ACTIVITY data in addition to fuel consumption…
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Activity data needed for transport indicators
Activity and structure
Stock of vehicles
Vehicle-kilometres
Passenger-kilometres
Tonne-kilometres
V-km =
P-km =
Avg. load =
5km + 5 km = 10 v-km
6 passengers * 5 km = 30 p-km
p-km/v-km = 30 / 10 = 3 p/v
© OECD/IEA 2018
Indicators link activity and energy data – the reality
Need to understand the accuracy of both the energy and activity data – size of error terms
Think about data in indicators
generic
energy efficiency indicator
energy use + ε
activity + ε
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How to collect
energy efficiency data?
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The IEA EEI data collection
Agreed by member countries in 2009 (IEA Ministerial)
Developed with international community of experts,based on historical work on indicators (Odyssee, LBNL, etc.)
A user-friendly Excel template (available online)
Collects energy consumption and activity data
Covers four sectors: residential, services, industry, transport
A publication: Energy efficiency indicators Highlights
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Energy Efficiency Indicators Highlights – new edition coming out soon!
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The end use data collected by the IEA
Statsland
Residential
Services
Industry
Transport
Space heatingSpace coolingWater heating
CookingLighting
AppliancesOther
Space heatingSpace cooling
LightingOther
Iron and steel
Chemicals
Paper
Basic metals
Other
Textiles
Passenger cars
Other
BusesPasseng. trains
Freight trainsTrucks
Oil
Natural Gas
Renew. & waste
Heat
Electricity
Other
Country Sector
(…)
End use Energy product Energy indicator
Per capita energy intensity (GJ/cap)
Per dwelling energy intensity (GJ/dw)
Per floor area energy intensity (GJ/m2)
Per unit equipment energy intensity (GJ/unit)
Per VA energy intensity (GJ/USD PPP 2010)
Per services employee energy intensity (GJ/employee)
Per physical output energy intensity (GJ/t)
Fuel intensity (liters/100 vkm)
Passenger-kilometer energy intensity (MJ/pkm)
Tonne-kilometer energy intensity (MJ/tkm)
Vehicle-kilometer energy intensity (MJ/vkm)
Other
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The IEA energy efficiency indicators (EEI) template
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The EEI template: starting point for data collection
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The EEI template: helps identifying data gaps and issues
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Methods used to collect data for indicators
Administrative sources
before starting new data collection
Surveys
representative sample
possibly expanding existing surveys
Metering and measuring
costly but very effective for monitoring specific equipment efficiency
Modelling
complementary to surveys or stand alone
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Tools to develop indicators
Fundamentals on statistics:
to provide guidance on how to collect the data needed for indicators
Includes a compilation of existing practices from across the world
https://goo.gl/Y8QD1G
Essentials for policy making:
to provide guidance to develop and interpret energy efficiency indicators
https://goo.gl/agcNg2
Both available also in:
Spanish
Russian
Chinese
© OECD/IEA 2018
Country practices database
A platform to share expertise worldwide:
practices are available in a searchable database.
Contact us and share your practice!
https://www.iea.org/eeindicatorsmanual/
© OECD/IEA 2018
Key Messages
Detailed end-use and activity data are crucial.
WHY:
highlighting priority subsectors,
understanding energy efficiency trends,
monitoring policy effectiveness.
HOW:
raising awareness of detailed data needs,
adapting data collection to the country profile,
sharing expertise across countries and organizations.
© OECD/IEA 2018
www.iea.orgIEA
© OECD/IEA 2018
Understanding where energy is used: the importance of end-use data
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