energy fossil fuels what are fossil fuels? spatial distribution and consumption of oil, coal and...

ENERGYFOSSIL FUELS

• What are fossil fuels? • Spatial distribution and consumption of

oil, coal and natural gas• Change of use of fossil fuels through

history• Sustainability? Do we need anything

more than fossil fuels?• Case study: Algeria

Energy consumption

Fossil fuels:79,5% Fossil fuels: 64,5%

Fossil fuels

• combustible materials made from fossilised remains

• non-renewable

• contain hydro-carbonscoaloilnatural gas

Coal

• extracted from the ground

Why is coal so important?

• the most common source of electricity world-wide

• the safest fossil fuel to transport, store and use

• abundant coal reserves coal users are guaranteed security of supply at competitive prices electricity supplies for industrial and domestic use are assured

Coal’s role in the world

• Over 23% of primary energy needs worldwide are met by coal.

• 39% of global electricity is generated from coal  • 66% of global steel production depends on coal • Spending is increasing on technology research

and development programmes to improve thermal efficiency and reduce GHG and other emissions.

Uses of coal

• solid fuel to produce heat through combustion produces CO2 and SO2 environmental damage (e.g. acid rain, global warming)

• electricity generation• can be converted into liquid

fuels like gasoline or diesel• steel and cement

manufacture

TOP 10Producers Consumers

China China

USA USA

India India

Australia Russia

Russia Germany

South Africa South Africa

Germany Japan

Poland Australia

Indonesia North Korea

Ukraine Ukraine

TOP 10 per capitaProducers Consumers

Australia Australia

Greece Greece

Czech Republic North Korea

South Africa South Africa

Kazakhstan United States

Poland Germany

Bulgaria Taiwan

USA Canada

Germany Russia

Canada Ukraine

Oil (petroleum)

• liquid – brown, black, greenish

• important primary energy source

Uses of oil

• fuel (e.g. transport, heating)

• plastics

• lubricants in engines

• roofing tiles

• e.g. fertilizers, medicines – indirect need of oil

World consumption: roughly 77 million barrels of oil a day

Top 10Producers Consumers

Saudi Arabia USA

USA Japan

Russia China

Mexico Germany

China Russia

Iran Brazil

Norway India

Venezuela Canada

Canada France

United Kingdom Mexico

Top 10 per capitaProducers Consumers

Qatar Singapore

United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates

Kuwait Qatar

Norway USA

Brunei Canada

Equatorial Guinea Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Brunei

Oman Israel

Libya Australia

Gabon Norway

TradeExporters Importers

Saudi Arabia USA

Russia Japan

Norway Germany

United Arab Emirates France

Nigeria Italy

Mexico China

Iraq Spain

Libya India

Algeria Turkey

Oman Thailand

Oil reserves

• Saudi Arabia• United Arab Emirates• Iran• Russia• Libya• China• USA• Qatar• Norway• Algeria

OPEC

• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

• established in 1960• 11 member countries• Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,

Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela

• international headquarters in Vienna

Natural gas

• a gas produced by the anaerobic decay of organic material

• usually found in oil fields and natural gas fields, but is also generated in swamps and marshes in landfill sites, and during digestion in animals.

• commercially produced from oil fields and natural gas fields

Uses• Power generation• gas turbines and steam turbines • natural gas produces less greenhouse gases. For an equivalent

amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30% less CO2 than burning oil and about 45% less than burning coal

• Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels

• Natural gas vehicles• Compressed natural gas (and LPG) is used as a clean alternative to

other automobile fuels• countries with the largest number of natural gas vehicles: Argentina,

Brazil, Pakistan, Italy, and India

• Domestic use - cooking and heating• Fertilizer - a major feedstock for the production of ammonia

Reserves

• Russia• USA• Canada• UK• Indonesia• Iran• Norway• Malaysia• United Arab Emirates• Mexico

Use of fossil fuels throughout the history

Crude oil prices since 1861

Fig shows oil prices affected by political instabilities.

Sustainability of Current Oil Production

Less Than 10 Years United States CanadaUnited Kingdom Indonesia* Norway Egypt Argentina Australia Ecuador

Less Than 50 YearsChina Nigeria*Algeria* Malaysia ColombiaOmanIndia Qatar*Angola RomaniaYemenBrunei

Less than 100 Years Saudi Arabia* Russia Iran* Venezuela* Mexico Libya* Brazil Azerbaijan Trinidad WORLD

More than 100 YearsIraq*UAE*Kuwait*Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Tunisia Uzbekistan

*OPEC MembersWORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation.WORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation.

TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Reported Proved Oil Reserves of Major Middle East OPEC Oil Producers in the late 1980s (13)(in billion barrels)

1986

1987

1988

1989

Saudi ArabiaKuwaitIraqIranUAE

169.294.547.148.833.1

169.694.5100.092.8

98.1

172.694.5

100.092.8

98.1

257.6 97.1

100.092.9

98.1

TOTALS 392.7

555.0

558.0

645.7

Coal production - Coal consumption

Natural gas production by area

Natural gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios

Country By 2000

Beyond 2000

Needed in 2010 (EIA)

Saudi ArabiaKuwaitIraqIranUAE

1.51.00.51.00.5

no plansno plans2.0no plansno plans

5.23.24.22.12.1

TOTALS 4.50 2.00 16.80

Predictions of the use

The future of fossil fuels

What will happen in the coming century?

• Coal is most likely to remain for longer. 500 billion tones of coal, about 200 years’ worth, remain underground. ( figure 2)

• Oil and gas are the most likely to run out within the next century.

• Over the last 25 years, various predictions have been made about the supply of crude oil. According to these figures, we should have run out of oil by now!

• However, more oil’s fields are discovering by the time!

Proportion of energy in future

What could replace fossil fuels?

• solar, wind and hydro energy

Case study: Algeria

• north of Africa• population: 32.1

million • area: 2,381,740 sq

km• official language:

Arabic• major religion: Islam

Economy

• depends on fossil fuels• the second-largest gas exporter and the 14th in

oil • Industry growth rate is 6%• GDP per capita: $6,000

Production and consumption

The source Production Consumption

Oil 1.52 million bbl/day

209,000 bbl/day

Natural gas 80.3 billion cu m

22.32 billion cu m

Electricity 24.69 billion kWh

22.9 billion kWh

Electricity generation by source

• Fossil fuel: 99.7%

• hydro: 0.3%

• nuclear: 0%

• other: 0%

Sonatrach dominance