enfp 251 module 0

Steven Waidelich

Prescriptive Analysis Egress Structural Fire Alarm and

Detection and Smoke Control

Water-Based Suppression

Performance Analysis Design Fires Tenability Human Behavior RSET vs ASET

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Applicable Codes

International Building Code 2006 and 2018

National Fire Protection Association(NFPA)

NFPA Standard 101, Life Safety Code

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems

NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances

NFPA 70, National Electric Code (NEC)

NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code

Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC)

UFC 1-200-01, General Building Requirement

UFC 3-600-01, Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities

UFC 4-02-01 Mass Notification Systems

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Offices -Area A

Atrium -Area B

ConferenceCenter - Area C

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Construction type – IIB

Automatic Sprinkler System and a secondarywater supply

Minimum one sprinkler riser or combinationstandpipe system riser

Fire pump

Water supply to required fire pumpsSlide 12

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Floor Occupants Per Floor Required No. of Exits Provided No. of Exits

1 676 3 3

2 621 3 3

3 204 2 4

4 314 2 2

5 6 2 2

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Floor

Total Occupant load (People)

Required Stair Entry Door Width

0.2*Total Occ (inches)

Provided Stair Entry Door Width (inches)

Required Stair Width

0.3*Total Occ (inches)

Provided Stair Width (inches)

1 676 135 297 NA NA

2 621 124 132 186 192

3 204 41 66 61 96

4 314 63 66 94 96

5 6 2 NA 20 NA

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Level Maximum Diagonal Measurement (feet)

Required Separation Distance (feet)

Provided Separation Distance (feet)

1 311 104 370

2 306 101 548

3 317 105 259

4 321 106 259

5 NA NA NA

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Building:-Has three distinct occupancies-Was constructed with occupancy separations that meet Life Safety Code 101, Chapter 6, Table 6.1.14.4.1 for occupancy fire resistive separations-Was constructed of reinforced concrete-Used metal curtain walls

Windows:-Triple paned, designed to handle up to 100 mph wind

Foundation: -Driven piles with concrete pile caps to distribute the building loads from the reinforced concrete columns for the five-story building

Stairwells: -Reinforced concrete with two-hour fire rated fire walls-On floors one through three, the balcony walls around the open office plan are one-hour fire and smoke rated.

The facility is protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system and meets the International Building Code requirement for having half the perimeter open to the public way.

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Construction Type IIB

Building Height 65 ft.

Phase 1 current area per floor 150,342 ft2

Constructed Building Square Footage

The facility design follows the International Building Code Section 506.2.4 exception and Section 508.4

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IBC 2015/ UFC 1-200-01 Building Classification

Construction Type I-IV IIB

Allowable Height 75 ft. 65 ft.

Allowable Area 23,000 23,000

Allowable Stories 4 4

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2-hour fire rated walls:Stairways, elevator shafts, and utility shafts

All other areas are fire and smoke barriers

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Fire alarm is Class A

Voice evacuation integrated with MNS speaker system

Separate visible appliances

Simplex Annunciator panels are located near each entrance and exit doors, as well as on the outer balcony or in the hallway near each elevator lobby on each floor

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Fire Alarm and Mass Notification System

Multi-Candela Addressable Combination Strobe Assembly

Fire alarm panel Simplex 4100U

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Duct smoke detectors in the air handling supply and return ducts

Smoke detectors in elevator lobbies, over the main fire alarm panel located in the fire pump and riser room

Manual fire alarm pull stations

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Sequence of Operations for Atrium Smoke Exhaust Fans.

.

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Building has: Combination automatic wet pipe sprinkler Class I standpipe system Fire Pump – Peerless Model 5AEF12

Horizontal Split Case Pump rated 1000 GPM @ 235 psi

Standby Power Standpipe System:

3 - 6” combination standpipe riser

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Automatic Sprinklers

Potter Vane Type Water Flow Alarm

Sprinkler System initiate devices:

Tamper switch

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Class I standpipe system ranging between 4 and 6 inch standpipes, located in Stairs 1, 3, 4, and 5

4-way fire department connection

Existing 6” standpipe riser in stair 3 with 2 ½” hose valves on floor landings levels on all levels

Remaining stairwells have 2 ½” hose connections

Two 2 ½” hose valves on the roof on Stair 3 and 4

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Prescriptive Analysis Prescriptive analysis was designed and met

requirement for building intended occupant loads and use.

Occupants are using the building outside of the design and current use does not for safe use for event occupancies in the atrium

Egress

Structural Fire Alarm and Detection

and Smoke Control Water-Based Suppression

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521mod0 - Slide 47

Life Safety Compliance Options (2018 NFPA 101 4.4) Design Fire Scenario 1 is an atrium design fire involving an electrical fire

igniting a portable stage. the impact to egress and substantial number of people exposed to the

fire. Design Fire Scenario 2 on the second-floor reception mezzanine, involves

refreshments using chaffing dishes and has a Sterno can overturning and igniting the table. This scenario was considered due to its location and impacts

Design Fire Scenario 3 is a single workstation fire that was considered due to the 100 plus workstations on any given floor. a traveling fire, and again it was shown to not be a factor for impact to the

staff or surrounding area for egress.

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Design fires were selected as to meet NFPA 101 performance based designs:◦ The atrium fire was selected due to the location and most likely

for a fire to occur.◦ The mezzanine fire was selected based on the location and

potential for egress to be impacted due to the open balcony and conference center being interconnected to the space.

◦ The third design fire is the single workstation, also called cubicles. Selected due to construction and location of exits. In addition

the potential to spread be for the sprinklers are activated to control the fire.

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Fuel Material Orientation

Scenario 1 – Atrium Fire Carpet, Plywood. Horizontal with Podium vertical orientation

Scenario 2 – Mezzanine Fire High Density Polyethene Horizontal orientation

Scenario 3- 3rd Floor Office area signal workstation

Particle Board desk, with plastic laminate

Horizontal particle board desk with plastic laminate.

Plastic and Textile Laminate Vertical orientation

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Scenario 1 was chosen.It is an atrium design fire involving an electrical short igniting a portable stage

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U.S. Air Force General Joseph L. Lengyel, Chief of the National Guard Bureau and member of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, addresses Air National Guard Airmen and civilians March 26, 2018 at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland. Lengyel discussed the National Defense Strategy and how ANGRC members work to implement it.(Air National Guard photo by Master Sgt. Marvin R. Preston/Released Slide 53

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Stage Located on First Floor. Photo U.S. Air National Guard photo/Tech. Sgt. John E. Hillier.

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Atrium fuel package◦ Stage has a back drape made of fire resistive

polyethylene and cotton◦ Stage floor is constructed on carpet tiles covering

plywood ◦ Carpet is of unknown mixed, but assumed to be ◦ Ignition source is assumed to be an electrical source

igniting the stage floor◦ Podium is assumed to be plywood with melamine oak

laminate.

�̇�𝑄 𝑡𝑡 = 𝛼𝛼𝑡𝑡2

𝛼𝛼 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 � 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠2 � 𝜋𝜋t= 160 Seconds (from Slide 57)

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5 Stories, 4 occupied131’ x 285’ business occupancies2 stairways North & SouthStairs are 48” clear widthStair doors are 33” clear widthStairs are 7” x 11”Landings have 4’ x 8’ floorFirst Floor Exit sign is LEDCorridor is 6 ft. wide48-7=41” w/boundary layer

Maximum flow Stairs 18.5 person/min/ft.18.5 x 3.42 63 person/min36” door specification24 person/min/ftEffective width 24” x 2=48 person/min

Speed on stairs212-2.86 ft./minx212x0.175)12x 1.85=22.2 ft. + (2x4)=30.2 ft.38.2/105=0.36 min/floor

Time 40 minutes-calculated; 5-7 minutes during drills-actual

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Total Evacuation TimesEquation 2: RSET = 𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑 + 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 + 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 + 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒+ 𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒

Floor Detection and Notification

Time,

𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑 + 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎(sec)

Pre-movement and Action Time,

𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 + 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖(sec)

Travel

Time,

𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒(sec)

Stairs Travel Time

𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒(sec)

RSET Total Time

(sec)

1.5 times RSET

(sec)

1st 35 60 40 0 135 202

2nd 35 60 101 14 210 315

*3rd floor balcony

35 60 33 269 397 596

Note: *Third and Fourth Floor are combined.

Tenability Criteria

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Smoke Density of 0.15 [1/m] (SFPE Handbook Table 61.3)

Visibility of 6.8M (SFPE Handbook Table 61.3) Temperature of 55oC (pg. 2377 of SFPE Handbook)Determine smoke layer heightoMore than 6 feet above floor

• Method 3-LSC Section 5.2.2o Less than 6 feet in any space

• Method 2-LSC Section 5.2.2

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Scenario demonstrated the current design for non assembly activities is properly designed.

The scenario shows with the stage and combustible the current smoke removal system and egress component through the stairway doors is not adequate.

The scenario shows the stairway width while adequate for non atrium events, cannot support occupant loads greater than 330 person.

Toxicity levels are modeled showing HCN, and CO levels below the incapacitant levels, and death.

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Performance-Based Analysis Performance-based design analysis with the atrium

fire has smoke on the 3rd floor , while visibility is sufficient for evacuation, it will slow the evacuation

Exit capacity is does not meet the occupant loads when atrium events are held.

The stairway doors are designed for 149 persons where the occupant load is assumed to have an occupant load of 774 people.

First floor has ample exit capacity even with the obstructed south end of the atrium.

Dr. Fredrick Mowrer, PE Dr. Christopher Pascual, PE Dr. Richard Emberley Jacqueline Nino Robert Plonski, PE Jhasmine Ellis Andrew Carmain, PE Jason Woo Jack Smeck, EIT Judy Biddle Kimberley Waidelich FPE 596 Classmates

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