environmental bio-remediation programmes in china
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Environmental Bio-remediation Programmes in China
Dr. Wang QimingCounsellor for Science and Technology
Embassy of P. R. China to IndiaMarch 7, 2008
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Priority of food and steel Looking back the Chinese history over last 150
years, much of the time was in wars, invasions, turmoil, revolutions and class struggles
Therefore, for a long period, food and steel placed as top priority in the national policies
This has caused the country’s large areas for mountains, lakes, grasslands and forests being cultivated for development of food yielding
As the result, by the year of 1970’s, China’s eco-system had suffered a great deal of deterioration to a critical point --- dust-storms threatening Beijing in a pace much faster than before
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In recent 30 years, China’s development so fast that the pressure of environment and natural resources ever enhanced
Major environmental degradation includes: Soil and water erosions Land desertification Grassland degradation Forests shrinking Water resource shortage
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Soil and water erosion Total soil and water erosion area 3.56 million
km2 37% of total national territory
water erosion: 1.65 million km2
wind erosion: 1.91 million km2
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Land desertification Total land desertification area 1.6
million km2, 16.7% national territory Changes in last 50 years
Land desertification increases 1,560 km2 / year from 1950s to 1970s
Land desertification increases 2,100 km2 / year from 1970s to 1980s
Land desertification increases 2,460 km2 / year in 1990s
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Grassland degradation Natural grassland area 2.8 million km2,
28% of total national territory Percentage of degraded grassland
10% in 1970s 20% in early 1980s 30% in mid 1990s
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Water resources shortage Water shortage: 100 billion m3
Crop loss by drought: 80 million tons/year Water shortage in cities
There are 669 cities in China 400 cities have water shortage problem
Water pollution Eutrophication: a major threat of water pollution 56% lakes in China polluted with eutrophication,
such as Algae blooms
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A task for survivalIn order to protect the ecological environment, the Chinese government has launched a number of mega bio-remediation programmes: Protection of nature-reserves Three-North Shelterbelt Programme: Green Great Wall Conversion of cropland to forests and grassland Restoration of lakes through conversion of cropland
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Protection of nature reservesLegislations on nature reserve protection
State Council on China Conservation Strategy released in 1987
Regulations on nature reserves protection in 1994
Rules for land management of nature reserves in 1995
Regulation for wild species protection in 1997
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National programmes on wild life protection and nature reserves development
State Administration of Forests Initiated “National Programmes on Wild Life Protection and Nature Reserves Development” in 2001
Goals: to rescue the endangered wild animal and plant species; to expand and improve the development of nature reserves, sanchary ; and to restore and develop rare wild life resources
Objectives: by the year 2020, construct a total of 2,500 nature reserves with total area of 172.8 million hm2, 18% of the national territory
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National programmes on wild life protection and nature reserves development
The first stage (from 2001 to 2010) focusing on projects saving 15 key endangered wild lives including:
Animals: panda, crested Ibis, tiger, golden monkey, Tibetan antelope, Yangtze River crocodile, elephant, gibbon, musk deer, Przewalski’s gazelle, wild deer, crane
Plants: cycad, orchid plants
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Achievements A total of 2,349 nature reserves set up as of June
2006 Total area of nature reserves: 1.5 million km2,
15% of total territory 14 wild animal conservation and breeding
centers, 400 rare plants breeding centers constructed
Endangered wild life species a steady increase Wild panda population: 1,000 Wild elephant population: 270 Wild musk deer: 1,300 Wild tiger: 100 Wild Tibetan antelope: 75,000
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Distribution of national nature reserves (core areas shown in green dots)
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The tiger breeding centre in Northeast China, the biggest in the world, having 800 tigers
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Panda conservation and breeding center in Sichuan Province, China
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Tibetan Antelope Reserve in Qinghai Province, China
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Migration bird reserves at Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province
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Three-North Shelterbelt Programme Goals: developing forest shelterbelts ; red
ucing sand-storms, soil and water erosions ;protecting eco-system in northern China
Objectives: In mountain area: to restore and increase forest coverage In plain and oasis: to build crop-shelter forest network In loess plateau: to build soil and water conservation fores
t In grassland: to plant shrubs for protection of grassland In desert areas: to develop diversified ecosystem by planti
ng wind-break and sand-fixing trees
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Three-North Shelterbelt ProgrammeScope of project
The Three-North Includes Northeast China, North China and Northwest China
4,480 km length from west to east 500-1,400 km width from north to south Total project area: 4.07 million km2
40% of the total territory area Biggest nation-wide afforestation project in
China
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Three-North Shelterbelt Programme
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Project tasks To increase forest area from 23 million
hectares to 60 million hectares To increase forest coverage from 5% to 15% To increase total wood stock volume from
720 million m3 to 4.27 billion m3, a 6-time increase
To enlarge the area of economic forest from 1 million hectares to 3 million hectares
To build a farm-shelter forest network, increasing crop yield by 10%-15%
To control soil and water erosion To stop expanding of land desertification
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Change of Forest Coverage of China
8. 60%
12. 70% 12%12. 98%
13. 92%
16. 55%18. 21%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
1950s 1973-1976
1977-1981
1984-1988
1989-1993
1994-1998
1999-2003
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Three-North Shelterbelt Program: so far A total wood stock volume
raises from 720 million m3
to 990 million m3, an increase of 270 million m3, far less than planned
Planting economic forest 3.71 million hectares, higher than planned
Fruit production 12.55 Mt Farmer income increased
up to ¥ 17.5 billion Yuan
Yuan and Rupees 1:5Yuan and Rupees 1:5
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Three-North Shelterbelt Program: Results
Planting 0.91 million hm2 of fire wood forest
Producing 5.47 MT of fire wood every year
Meeting demand of 6 million farmer households for cooking fuels
Inter-cropping model of forests mixed with crops, vegetables, grass
Greatly improving productivity
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Three-North Shelterbelt Program: results
Desertification control effects △ 4.76 million hm2 of wind-break and
sand-fixing forest planted in stage 1, △ 20% of desertification land under
control △ Not a good indicator
Soil & water conservation effects △ 5.52 million hm2 of soil and water
conservation forest planted in stage 1 △ 40% of the eroded area under control △ A good indicator
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Restoring forests and grassland from low yielding cropland
Project goals: converting low and unstable yielding, sloppy and sandy farmland into forests and grasslands by planting trees/ grass ; increasing vegetation coverage ; and improving ecological environmentMain players: individual household of farmersA model of public private partnership
---- a much difficult task
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Project of converting cropland to forests and grassland A pilot project initiated in
1999 in Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu 3 provinces
Implementing with a large scale in 174 counties of 13 provinces in 2000
Expanding to 25 provinces in 2003
All sloppy land with degree above 25°needs to be converted
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Converting Cropland to Forests and Grassland
A differentiated subsidy policy: government provides grains and monetary subsidies to farmers
Yangtze River watershed region and southern China: 2,250 kg / hm2·a (rich farmers)
Yellow River watershed region and northern China: 1,500kg / hm2·a (poor farmers)
Monetary subsidy: ¥ 300 Yuan / hm2·a Subsidy period: 2-year for grassland conversion, 5- yea
r for economic forests, and 8-year for eco-forestsGovernment provides compensation for afforestation:
¥ 750 Yuan / hm2·a Yuan and Rupees 1:5Yuan and Rupees 1:5
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Cropland to forests and grassland
Problems: Farmers prefer to economic forests (fruit trees)
Policy 1: Planting ecological forests no less than 80% while economic forest no more than 20%
Policy 2: No grains or cash subsidy for economic forests beyond 20%. only afforestation compensation fee applies
Challenges:
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What is after?After due time, living allowance offered to project farmers, all in cash:
Yangtze River watershed region and southern China: ¥ 1,575 Yuan / hm2·a
Yellow River watershed region and northern China: ¥ 1,050 Yuan / hm2·a
Allowance period: 2-year for grassland, 5-year for economic forests, 8-year for eco-forests
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Results so far In Tenth Five-Year Plan (2000-2005), a total area for
conversion to grassland: 12.6 million hm2
9.27 million hm2 of cropland restored to forests Afforestation on barren land: 13.6 million hm2
Sealed hills for afforestation: 1.33 million hm2 Fixed CO2 equals to emission of 3 million cars in 11
years Forest coverage in the project area increased by 2
% Total government subsidies: ¥ 130 billion Yuan; a
verage ¥ 3,500 Yuan per household; 10- 45% of farmers total income
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Results so far Donting, Poyang and Honghu Lakes, the three
largest in the central China, increased by 1,400 km2, flood holding capacity increased by 10 billion m3
After project completion, water area of the three lakes is expected to increase by 2,900 km2
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